Introduction to Inductive and Deductive Reasoning | Infinity Learn
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- čas přidán 29. 07. 2019
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This helped me remember:
IN-ductive (as in the word IN-crease) is something that starts at something specific/small to explain something bigger/general (it "increases")
DE-ductive (as in the word DE-crease) is something that starts at something general/big to explain something specific/small (it "decreases")
hey thats a cool mnemonic manovuer lol, helped me too thanks
thank u you angel
I'm gonna report you for being so clever and helpful. ❤
very nice! thanks for sharing
Your comment was more helpful than this long video.❤
I have sifted through so many explanations of this and have always been confused. The way you semantically explain these topics are SO HELPFUL. This is an amazing concise way of understanding this. Thank you
Thank you so much Jacob for your appreciation. We hope that you understood the concept. We are glad that it was helpful for you. This really motivates us to do better.😊😊
Same here bro
what a nice and simple way to explain this! i was struggling to see the difference in my sociology studies hahah thank you so much for the video!
Same, the struggles real with some stuff this course is throwing at me lol. Spending more time understanding the words in a question then the actual question itself!
me learning it for geometry
If you watch the next video, it gets pretty wild.
*Light Yagami has entered the chat
*_on January 21, 2004, serving a life sentence in a California prison, Beyond Birthday died if a mysterious heart attack._*
@@waryful3 😂🤣
@@WizaGaming have you read bb murder cases?
@@waryful3 no lol
I like Death note
Aren’t all mangoes raw? Ripe and unripe perhaps. 😂
Now I can’t focus on the vid. I kept thinking about this
I cant focus on the Vid as well hahaha wtf
bruh
Your mangos are bloody raw!!!
Damn I can’t watch this now
Very simplified and understandable! Thank you
Explained it better than my teacher and it was under 5 minutes too (QVQ)
I primarily think with deductive reasoning and I have a friend who primarily thinks with inductive reasoning. The issue is that she fails to realize her inductions are probabilities based on an educated guess. She mistakes her inductions to be true certainties. She has a lot of emotional biases from particular personal experiences that cause her to stereotype unfairly.
Youd be hard pressed to function in this world with primarily, or only, deductive reasoning. Many of the premises in deductive reasoning can only be reached by induction in the first place. Deductive conclusions require that the premises are inherently true by definition. In the video example "all fruits have seeds" is a premise that was reached by induction. It is perfectly possible that a mango could grow without seeds through genetic mutation, so the deduced conclusion required induction. Deductive conclusions are often useless because of this. You should already know the conclusion because it is necessary based on the established premises. Inductive reasoning is the foundation of pretty much all scientific investigation.
The other reply is right on. I will add that inductive reasoning leads to generalizations, which is exactly what early man used to survive. Think of how many lions you would need to run into before you concluded they are to be avoided unless you were hunting them, etc. Intelligent thinkers use inductive reasoning almost exclusively. How else could you make quick decisions, or life-changing choices?
question? are you still her friend 2+ years later, or did this issue ruin the friendship in the long run?🧐
@@melaniepatterson1636 it ruined the friendship in the long run. She had anxiety disorders
Thank you for the fundamentals.
I understood with such short amount of time. Very good usage of examples and not just explaining it. Plenty thanks!
This was also very helpful for me. ❤
The only, out of many videos and explanations... did this video make sense to me!!! Thank you!
"Mango is a fruit" and "all mangoes are fruits" mean exactly the same thing, but these sentences are considered to be both general and specific statements. I don't think that this video is as clear and great as everyone is making it out to be.
That's a great observation you have there. Actually "Mango is a fruit" and "all mangoes are fruits" would be quite a good example of deduction because that is literally what deduction is - just saying the same thing in different ways. A good analogy is having a jigsaw puzzle. You start with jigsaw pieces and once you finish the puzzle you still just have the same thing you started with - jigsaw pieces, but they have been rearranged.
This video is arguably incorrect in its definition of deduction and induction. I say "arguably" because it uses a definition that is commonly used in various academic fields by people with an insufficient understanding of logic. The definitions offered in the video don't really offer value. Deduction is not reasoning from the general to the specific and induction is not reasoning from the specific to the general. In fact, you can use the exact same premises to draw inductive or deductive conclusions - it depends what you want.
So, here is the actual (and meaningful) definition of deduction and induction:
Deduction is any argument where it is claimed the conclusion is certain to be true if the reasons (premises) it is based on are true.
Induction is any argument where it is claimed the reasons (premises) provided for believing the conclusion, increase the likelihood of the conclusion being true.
I say "claimed" because you can have an invalid deduction (the conclusion does not follow with certainty based on the premises). Deductions are judged based on validity/invalidity and soundness/unsoundness. To be sound the deduction must be valid and the premises must be true.
For an induction, you can have strong/weak arguments (depending on the support the premises offer for the conclusion) and cogent/uncogent arguments. A cogent argument would be a strong argument (premises make it highly likely that the conclusion is true) that also has true premises.
Here is a real example of deduction:
A
B
Therefore:
A and B
Or in words:
I have a cat.
I have a dog.
Therefore:
I have a cat and I have a dog.
This is known as the "Conjunction rule of inference".
Some things you will notice:
1. It reasons from the specific - and yet it is still a deduction. Deductions can have general or specific premises.
2. It doesn't offer any new information - deductions can't create new information because they are just revealing what is already indirectly known - they are drawing out the facts of the premises.
3. Note the conclusion (A and B) contains the premises (A, B)
4. You can judge the validity of the argument without knowing what the letters stand for based solely on its form. This is why deductive logic is known as also known as "formal" logic.
Now let us make an induction:
A
B
Therefore:
C
Or in words:
I have a cat.
I have a dog.
Therefore:
I like animals.
Some things you will notice:
1. It uses the exact same premises as the deduction - I have just changed the conclusion to be an inductive one. Inductions can have general or specific premises.
2. The conclusion can still be wrong. Perhaps I hate animals and the only reason I have a cat and dog is because they were given to me by a friend and I don't want to offend my friend by getting rid of the animals. Or maybe I have kids and they like the animals.
3. The conclusion (C) does not contain the premises (A and B).
4. You can't judge the argument without knowing what the letters mean. There is no way to tell that A and B result in C unless you know their meaning.
Final remarks. You might think to yourself that deduction is useless - given the conjunction example I gave you. But what you need to remember with a deduction is that it is made up of lots of small steps which are often obvious in isolation but they all add up to a none obvious conclusion. Eventually you end up with deductions that look like this:
Starting premises:
1: If T then (B or E)
2: Not E and T
So we can make the following deductions:
3. T and not E (Commutativity rule of inference based on premise 2)
4. T (Simplification rule of inference based on our deduced premise 3)
5. B or E (Modus Ponens rule of inference based on premise 1 and our deduced premise 4)
6. E or B (Commutativity rule of inference based on our deduced premise 5)
7. Not E (Simplification rule of inference based on premise 2)
Therefore:
8. B (Disjunctive syllogism rule of inference based on deduced premises 6 and 7)
I know you won't understand the argument I just presented, but I hope you can see that it is not obvious from the starting premises the conclusion is B. You needed to make lots of smaller deductions that add up the the final conclusion B.
I hope this helped you.
Your energy and enthusiasm are unmatched. thanks.
Teacher delivered 1 hour lecture ,I didn't understand but you made me understand within 3 minutes.
Now I get it. Thank you for explaining it clearly.
Not sure if this was what it was supposed to be used for, but as a nursing student... this was the easiest explanation I have ever seen. Thank you.
Most welcome, Team Monke!
We are glad you liked our video.
Keep watching! 🙂🙂
this video made inductive and deductive reasoning more comprehensible for me.
Great job! It is finally clear to me about inductive and deductive reasoning.😊
Her illustrations were top-notch. I got it on the spot!
THANK YOU! your the only video that explained it so clearly and amazingly THANK YOU!
Great video! Immensely helpful! Thanks!
Thank you for explaining it better than my teacher
Thank you for this. it really helped me to understand well inductive and deductive reasoning well.
Thank you! very helpful way to better understand the differences and good examples to understand as well.
Thank you i needed this my connection was bad in mathematics and this was the topic and i had a hard time understanding with the powerpoint because it contains examples only.
Please upload more videos on biotechnology and molecular basis of inheritance
Your videos on genetics and calculus were superrrrrb
Thank you
thank you, i have learned much better on the video rather than self studying
Thank you so much! This was a great explanation!
Thank you for the great explanation! Question: Aren't the statements in the deductive model specific statements? Directly compared to the statements used in the inductive explanation, I see no difference. Please help so I can finally understand this!
What a way to teach..you made it easy ...
Great video, thanks!
Educative video with beautiful illustration.
it was so helpful for me, thnx
Thanks for the fundamentals ❤️
What a great explanation!!!
explanation very very clear . thanks 🙏
Thankyou so much for this video presentation, it really helpful when it comes to my reflection paper huhu...
Mathematical induction is actually a form of deductive reasoning. Also It has been said that induction is a reasoning from the specific to the general. However, there are many inductive arguments that do not have that form, for example, 'I saw her kiss him, really kiss him, so I'm sure she's having an affair.'
Good point. But I think it's important to understand that the argument is incomplete here. If you follow the "rabbit rule", you'd see that the element "affair" (that's in the conclusion), is missing in the premises. You could frame it in multiple ways, e.g. "I saw her kissing him. People kissing are always having an affair. So, she's having an affair". It seems to me that this is a deductive argument. Don't you think so?
@@pazesantos No, it's not. Because not all people that are kissing are having an affair. You can, however, noticed that *most* people *you* have seen kissing are having an affair. Therefore, making the argument inductive.
@@pazesantos It's also possible that the argument OP provided here is an abductive reasoning. Which mean the conclusion is the explanation to the premise, not an extrapolation or generalization to wider samples.
Another example of abductive argument:
1. _"I heard the door opened 5 at AM -> It's probably my husband that just returned from work"_
The argument here doesn't suggest that most people that hear the door open in the morning mean their husband return. It just states the best explanation to *her* situation.
The same thing can be said for _"I saw her kissing him -> She's having an affair"._ There can be many other explanations. It might be an act, it might be forced, but the best explanation (according to OP) is she's having an affair.
Thank you so much i really like your explanation
Thank you. Love the example of manggo…
Thank you it was really helpful
Conditional reasoning is reasoning that involves statements of the sort If A (Antecedent) then C (Consequent). This type of reasoning is ubiquitous; everyone engages in it. Indeed, the ability to do so may be considered a defining human characteristic.
Excellent explanation !
Thanks a lot I fully understand now
Thank u mam for your all videos it helps me a lot. 👍👍
Superrrr. Do more videos like this.
It is interesting
Hello
Thank you for your nice channel
Would you please send videos about “ Logical Reasoning “ and “ Critical Thinking “
After watching your video, it became very easy to me.
The Best explanation.
simple but great explanation
LUV YOU BRO! UR A LIFESAVER!
Whenever I watch any video of this channel, I am always 💯 percent Clear. Same in this case
Thank you so much. You explained it brilliantly.....
2:12 this is an example of predicate logic but we know that statement 2 is false .... There exists some fruits which don't have seeds therefore premises is false so can't make sound argument
Wow!! Very helpful!!!
Thanks alot for this wonderul explanation!! >w
such a simple method thanku
thank youu , these videos saved me
Thank you!
Explained very well.
Thanks for sharing this.
Thank you, Ishita!
Glad you liked it.
Happy Learning! 🙂🙂
Thank you for explaining
This content is transcendent. I read a kindred book that was a transformative journey. "The Art of Meaningful Relationships in the 21st Century" by Leo Flint
This was really helpful. Thank you. :)
Your welcome.
thank you for your video, very helpful and informative! And easy, which was the most importart part :D
Welcome to Abstract Neuro sc. Keep up.
Great video! Thank you Indian lady!
Wow, this saved my life
please also make a series on Einstine Theory of Relativity
Thanks for the suggestion :)
Einstein?
@@asiong2752 yes! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity
now all i need is a note book and a rival
As always you always make great videos thank you ^^
You're most welcome Lakshmi and Thank you so much for your appreciation. We are glad that you understood the concept. You motivate us to do better. Keep watching our videos. 😊😊
Nicely explained👍
I really love your video ❤️
Could you please make a video on cross product of vectors and dot product of vectors
It's incorrect. There's a different between conclusion and assumption. If one "Concludes that the mangoes are anything without examining all of the mangoes then it fails to be a conclusion and remains only as an assumption.
No let me help you out here and make an easier example for you. When a woman has dated 5 men who have all cheated on her, based on just little sample from the billions of men in the world she can still make a statement that men are cheats. This woman has not examined all men or dated all men but she has concluded based on the few she has been with. Yes so it may sound like an assumption to you but that’s her truth that all men are cheats. So I literally get what you are saying but it still makes sense that inductive reasoning makes you generalize stuff based on few specifics you know.
@@downTo2Earth what an explanation! 😂
Thanks a lot ☺️...
Please start making videos on reading section of gre
Please make video on practical geometry it is very hard for me to understand the angles and construction
Thank you so much 😊
Great explains
video was quite helpful
Easy to understand. Thank you.
You're most welcome. We are glad that you understood the concept. We are happy that we could help you learn. You motivate us to do better. Keep watching our videos : )
Thank you 💕
Thank you ma'am
Thank you soooo much❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️
Thanks.
Did you get interviewed for Tricia Takanawa's position as well?
Thanks 👍
Thanks
You are best teaching channnel please teach class 12 please
Thanks,
Excellent
Thank you so much
Tq so much mam☺☺☺😊😊😊
I love learning
But how do we define what is a general statement and what is a specific statement? Mago is fruit can be a general statement I think....
Great video
1:18 why yes, yes it is
Oh my god im definitely exhausted i dont now why our school is asking 10 sentences in every inductive and deductive reasoning 😔😔😔😔😔😔😔
thanks a lot
superb & vry clr