Vikings, Basques and the Fishermen who Changed the World
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- čas přidán 15. 04. 2023
- We often look at history through the actions of great individuals, technological developments and natural events that initiate social, political and economic change. Sometimes animals play a role in those changes - such as the domestication of sheep, cattle and horses thousands of years ago as sources of food and burden or the ability to travel quickly and provide their riders with a battle platform. But despite those benefits, Europeans nevertheless continued to some degree to be constrained in their ability to travel long distances across oceans by the limits of nutritional deficiency- that is to say, disease borne of malnutrition. But all this began to change when the Vikings began to dry and store a fish called the Cod, whose particular makeup was unlike that of other fish. When they introduced it to other Europeans, the Basques in particular began salting the cod, which made the fish even more resistant to spoiling, and allowed them to travel great distances by ship. Tied into this new ability to travel was the discovery by fishermen of America - long before the celebrated explorers that we all learned about in school. These fishermen were feeding the impoverished and famine affected population of Europe with American Cod centuries before their monarchs began their official scramble for control of the New World, and the story of how they came to do it is one not widely known. Moreover, its also not widely known, that the Cod played a substantial role not only in the survival, economy and independence of the colonies of North America, but they facilitated significant social, political and economic progress that has led directly to the formation of the liberal democracies we live in today.
#cod #documentary #vikings #basque #history #columbus #exploration #fishing #conservation #cabot #america #newfoundland #canada #bristol
All footage used in this montage is for educational purposes. It remains the property of its respective creators, and is gratefully acknowledged in the end credits. Copyright Disclaimer- under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. Please contact us on info@heroesandlegends.com.au if you have any concerns about its use. The concept and some of the data used in the video was drawn from Mark Kurlansky's book: Cod- a biography of the fish that changed the world. Grateful acknowledgement and a great read!
Content:
00:00
0:02:55 Basque Prehistory, Roman and Post Roman History
0:10:05 Eric Thorvaldsson
0:12:45 Leif Erikson and the American Viking Colonies
0:18:47 Basque Cod Fishing during the middle ages
0:23:10 The Hanseatic League
0:25:07 Hy-Brazil & the Croft and Jay expedition of 1480
0:27:55 John Cabot / Giovanni Caboto and his connection to Columbus and Vespucci
0:32:04 Joao Fernandes Lavrador
0:34:57 Pre Columbian Atlantic Crossing by of Alonso Sanchez de Huelva
0:37:12 Jacques Cartier's voyage to Canada
0:39:01 Other Pre-Columbian Atlantic Crossings:
0:55:09 The English move into Canada, Salt Problems and the Portuguese alliance
0:59:30 John Smith, Jamestown and the Pilgrim emigration to Plymouth
1:00:00 New England Cod fishing economy and the Codfish Aristocracy
1:05:08 Caribbean exports and the Molasses Aristocracy
1:07:10 The Trade and Navigation Acts; Stamp Act and road to Revolution
1:11:33 John Adams and the Post Revolutionary claims on Fishing Grounds
1:23:34 19th C. Evolutionary theory and Infinite Resources
1:26:50 Clarence Birdseye
1:29:33 Harry Truman, Continental Shelf Laws and the Icelandic Cod Wars
1:37:00 Decline of American Fisheries and Conclusion
ERRATA / CORRIGENDA:
1. while there's no doubt that Eric was grossly exaggerating the charms of Greenland, we do know that during the medieval warm period some isolated farming was possible. I hope viewers will forgive my "milking the meme" for added humour.
2. Hy-Brazil was an Irish Celtic legend about an enchanted island somewhere off the western coast, shrouded in a dense mist that made it difficult to find. It was said to be a paradise, with music, feasting, and eternal youth, and was ruled by a powerful wizard or druid. In the video I suggested it might have originated with Basque or Viking sailors.
3. Its been pointed out the the Basque language is called Euskera or Euskara, not Euskadi.
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For an audio-narration only version of this video please visit the Heroes and Legends Documentary Channel Podcast, via Spotify, Itunes or other leading broadcasters.
The narrative is beyond excellent. I learned more history in this document than many a history class. Congratulations on the editing and selection of historic images, drawings, photos, video and movie clips.
Thanks so much! Comments like yours make all the hard work worthwhile!
@@heroesandlegends Totally agree well said.
Being from Massachusetts, the story of the Cod hit home . Our Portuguese markets still have dried Cod in baskets for bucalou (sp) and traditional Friday meals . The overfishing by the Japanese ruined our Cod stocks from which they never recovered . Great documentary!
I so agree !!! I am amazed , one new fact after another . Wow ❤❤
As a 100 percent pure Basque, I have had great interest in our cultures history my whole life . I consider myself quite knowledgeable on Basque history. I have watched this film at LEAST 5 times, and keep discovering new facts every time I watch. Incredibly well researched and presented. THANK YOU
Wow, I'm glad you found it worthwhile! Thanks so much for watching!
The basque were nearly as great as the french, but the french were cooler hats.
@@svensebastian2712no they don’t
This doco is one of the most enlightening pieces of info I've watched in 20 years, to hear a Basque person's views on it are even better, I had one night in San Sebastian while drivi g back to Scotland back in the 90's, I went and had a few wines in a few wee cafes round the place, very nice folk, great to know these brave folk were going and catching and trading with the cultures there
No one is 100 percent anything.maybe by nationality.maybe 99.9 at most by dna
Can't fault the Basques for hiding their secrets. I never told anyone my favorite fishing hole either.
Never under estimate the value of a secret. You can see this throughout history in many traded commodities. Some close guarded secrets are lost to time. Very well done documentary. I love cod.
True!
Cod has a worm peculiar to it?
Absolutely Great Documentary!! As an ex-Maritimer(PEI) I can attest to the veracity of this video. We grew up on cheap delicious cod, and also on herring and lobster. I love the many ships depicted herein. With the codfish moratorium, many fishermen turned to alternate products such as Crab.. Newfounlanders sure had a tough life.
Thanks for sharing!
Hello from summerside
This was a truly great historical overview making connections seldom investigated. Kudos to all who produced this monumental work.
Glad you enjoyed it! I appreciate your generous comment!
My country, Portugal, has a fixation on bacalhau. We eat it not only during the religious event that you mentioned, around Easter, but also Christmas. "Norwegian bacalhau" is the type of cod we most hear about. Still, despite it being so proeminent in our culture, I never knew there was so much history behind it
The Basque secrecy regarding their cod fishery reminded me of the secrecy surrounding the location of the spice islands, as well as the Arabian source of frankincense and myrrh, and the secret ingredient that gave the Chinese a monopoly on porcelain. All these would also make great videos.
Agreed! I touch upon the Spice Islands history in the Magellan video. So much was going on outside of Europe that would be of interest, so I'm sure I'll come back to it at some point. Thanks for watching!
also silk was a secret in its day . this is a great documentary.
Another example is how the Mali salt and gold traders held the location of the West African gold deposits a secret from North African merchants
Basque secrecy regarding fishing is a huge part of their personality. I am 100 percent Basque and I don't know a single one of us who is honest and forthcoming about our fishing locations. Lol
Eroski
Basque ship merchants from Spain were the first to help the Founding FAthers even before the war, and during the whole war supplied the patriots with 170.000 Spanish Dolars, 215 bronze cannons, 30,000 muskets, 30,000 bayonets, 512,314 musket balls, 300,000 pounds of powder, 12,868 grenades, 30,000 uniforms, and 4,000 field tents. Without this supplies, USA would not exist today.
Wow what a documentary! My compliment to the researchers!
Glad you enjoyed it! It was fun to research but I wasn't sure if my viewers would appreciate the fishy subject!
It was you! I'm proud of your efforts. I research my family history and do the authorship. I know only to well your effort expended.
Amazing work thank you! I wish more people had this approach, to syncretize all the different factors contributing to a given phenomenon, be it cultural or otherwise.
Thanks so much! Some like it, some don't, but it's how i enjoy telling stories, so you're stuck with me! I appreciate your support!
I’m sure you’ve read this countless times, but I really do appreciate your presentations and perspective on history. Thank you for your contribution.
I appreciate that! Thank you so much for supporting me!
Stunning production in its content in every way. Nothing much more to add. Thank you.
Thanks so much for that generous praise! It really means a lot!
Well spoken..
This is so dense and interesting. I’ve been enjoying your videos lately and this already seems like one of your best
Wow, thank you! Mark Kurlansky's book "Cod" blew me away, and I'm sure you'd enjoy it!
Thank you, I never put that missing link of the Basque to the Vikings. That answers questions to many question.
Glad to help! Thanks for watching!
All film sources used in this montage are listed in the end credits. As these videos are solo efforts put together over many long sleepless hours, mistakes are quite possible - corrections are most welcome and will be posted in an Erratum in the description section and below in this pinned comment. Thanks for your support, and Enjoy!
ERRATA / CORRIGENDA:
1. Its been pointed out the Basque language is called Euskera/Euskara, not Euskadi.
Definitely one of your most interesting videos so far. A great example of how history can revolve around such apparently mundane axis an almost Douglas Adams esc delve into fishing histroy. Thank you for your efforts that was really enjoyable.
Really really well done.
. byeee😊😊
Excellent! Thank you for your great work!
@@johnruddick686 Thankyou, it means a lot to have that kind of appreciation!
Your sources of investigation on the producing of this video should be school material for our children. In fact, this very video should be used instead of the ancient history books (or their electronic versions of today) in every school all over the world.
Today, upon the discovery of your vlog , I have learned more history in less than two hours than in my three generations time on this planet.
Thanks amigo, keep the good videos coming.
Greetings from Toronto.
Wow, thanks so much! As an amateur, one-man band, who loves history, and a good story, it means a lot to read such a generous comment! Much appreciated!
@@heroesandlegends To Jorge Petraglia also: I am a school teacher and students will watch a video such as this one and get more from it than having to read....uughh say the students to having to read. So many students will do anything besides having to 'read', and many will take a lower grade rather that do the reading. But....a video will get everyone's attention and keep their attention.
I gave my whole hearted congrats for this excellent and much needed History in a previous comment, but I'll gladly give it again....BRAVO...!!
That's very generous of you, thanks so much! I agree that it's sad that fewer young people choose to read. However, perhaps video and interactive online education will turn out to be a gutenbergian shift in education technology that may yet bear fruit.
What an excellent documentary. Enjoyed it very much. Well done!
Thankyou! It means a lot!
I haven’t watched this video yet but I’m so excited to watch it all! Thanks for the amazing content, your cadence and voice make for a great listen as well!
That's very kind of you - i appreciate your support! I hope you enjoy watching it as much as i enjoyed making it! The book by Kurlansky is brilliant, and i drew a number of key points from it (see end credits)
Fantastic movie.
I used to live in Portugal and salted cod is king .
Great content, narration and lack of distracting music. Again, thanks for all your hard work and excellence!
Many thanks! Seems the no music approach is the way to go. Thanks for watching, and for your generous comment!
im portuguese. Bacalhau is very important for us but i learned somethings here today. Tks for the great story telling. I subed btw.
Thanks for the sub! I appreciate your taking the time to view my content!
I found this very informative and very interesting. Terrific job!
Thanks so much!
Kurlansky wrote several books expanding on this history of Basques, Cod and Salt. Highly recommend them and more of his work! Thanks for this video and mention of the books.
It was an awesome read, and worthily recommended!
@@heroesandlegends Salt ties all the loose ends together. Humans great need.
@@zworm2 Salt was the only book I bought twice, and after lending them out, I still don't have a copy!
@@waitaminute2015 That whole series, including the Basque book link together so well. Big Oyster also!
@@zworm2 I'll have to check out Big oyster. Thanks
A really amazing and comprehensive explanation. Very impressed with the depth and detail in your videos. ❤😊
Thank you so much! I appreciate your support!
This is my sort of documentary . It sounds right . Well done . You are appreciated .
Wow, thank you!
As a Canadian, this documentary is indeed amazing and eye-opening as it reveals and ties together the mysteries of knowledge !
Glad you enjoyed it! It means a lot to read comments like yours!
I really appreciate Canadians...
🇨🇦
For being so "normal" 8n spite of us Southern Neighbors ... 🇺🇲
😘 🇮🇪 🇺🇲
@@josealbert4596try again. And keep going. "Minnesota vikings"
he has eaten the Portuguese, who were also around possibly before Columbus
@@Trebelsi You have eaten the Portuguese: possibly the Portuguese visited America, and precisely Newfoundland, and also Greenland, before the discovery of America by Columbus
This is excellent. The first documentary of yours I have seen. You gained a subscriber today - more please.
I'm just an amateur sharing stories i find fascinating. Thanks so much for coming along!
I haven't made a single comment on youtube in at least 7-8 years, not ever "bothering" the effort. Discovered your channel a week ago and have now plowed through every single one of your full-length documentaries to this point, enjoying and appreciating them all very much. I think for me, your ability to contextualize, relate, and nuance these often eluding characters of history is what I fell in love with. The quality is incredible (particularly for a one-man-show!) , and I just gotta thank you for enlightening me. The Quakers would have been proud!
Wow, thanks for the encouragement. It really means a lot!
For such a long doco I didn't miss a bit. One of the best I've seen on any topic, Right amount of humour without going off topic and when it does slightly it's extremely interesting i.e. the bits about European history , the amount of research is commendable, and also considering it sounds very much like an Auzzie narrating it shows the environment is a global concern , on that, I read it would take thirty years of no fishing for stocks to get back to where we once were, it appears we are too greedy/ short sighted to do what's needed.
Thanks so much for your generous comment!
The Basques are the honey badgers of Europe. I say this with love & respect.
like us Portuguese are the anus of Iberian Penninsula 🤔
Unbelievably interesting video! Congratulations.
Thanks! I enjoyed making it! As usual, the more I read, the more my mind was blown, so I crammed it full of the usual rabbit holes I love exploring in my videos
@@heroesandlegends It's such an interesting take - the fishermen who got there well before anyone else but kept it on the low i.e.to keep the benefits among themselves! You back up the premise very convincingly with your forays into fisherman psychology!
Yes, it takes one to know one 😉
@@heroesandlegends It’s cross referencing into different but related areas - history, psychology - to get salient points to stand out in relief, and to put it all together in a convincing and appealing way! 👍🏼
It was the men of Bristol that Cabot turned to, as they hunted the cod out in the Atlantic finding the Canadian coast in the process.
The fishing grounds were kept secret being passed from generation to generation, as the northern fishing grounds were sown up by the nordic states.
In Bristol, salt cod is known as toerag
Answered so many questions I've had! Love this channel!
Thanks for taking the time to view! Im glad you enjoyed it!
I really liked this docu. Aswell as your broad perspective. And your slogan to go with it. Keep it up!
Thankyou! Just a history lover having a go at sharing stories I find interesting
This is so deep. I love history and bravo 🤙
Thanks so much- I enjoyed making it! Appreciate the thumbs up!
This video is amazing. I've always wondered why it took almost 40 years after the fall of Constantinople to venture out west for a new route to Asia. Those 40-ish years finally feel like they're getting filled in, and what amazing things to learn about them!
Thank you ❤
Thanks for watching- Sure, I pulled a long bow on occasion, but the book by Kurlansky is a great read and motivated me to make this video. I appreciate your support!
Absolutely fascinating you've thoroughly debased the traditional Columbus narrative in a very convincing way. Thanks.
Yes, the more I read, the less I like him, and the more surprised I am at how he got so much oxygen. Thanks for watching!
Terrific . Thank you and all the teah.
Oh my cod...how interesting!
Thanks!
"You know what baccala is? It's salted cod. We taught the world how to eat!" --Junior Soprano, who with his late brother ran North Jersey during the Second Cod War.
This was a fantastic documentary and history lesson. Thanks for uploading !
Glad you enjoyed it, thanks!
An excellent documentary...lots of history that was directly connected to the Codfish industry that I was not aware of. It was also a very dynamic time in the discoveries of this "New World", and Columbus was just one of many from various countries that opened it up, and he was certainly not the first.
I thought about the great series: "Connections", with James Burke. This would have made an excellent Connections show..!!
I had to laugh....at around 56:20. the narrator has mentioned the French Revolution and shows a man about to be guillotined, and says..."But we're getting ahead of ourselves." !!
I thoroughly enjoyed this....I learned a lot.
Thanks for the generous review- it was a fun one to make, and I learned a lot in the process too!
Many thanks, what an awesome documentary
Thanks so much for taking the time to watch!
Absolutely Proud to be a retired Irish trawlerman 🎉🎉 this documentary was the cherry on the icing Thank you 🎉
It takes a fisherman to understand a fisherman! Thanks for watching!
I never knew about the origins of the "Pound Sterlin." This reportage is truly remarkable.
Such rich and deep information on interesting topics thanks for another great video!
I'm glad you enjoyed it! It was a fun one to research and produce!
@@heroesandlegends One quibble: the U.S. founders were concerned with taxation and economics yes, but the lofty principles of the declaration and constitution aren't made lies by that--the issues of human freedom and individual rights can't be separated from economics though they are of course more than that.
Thank you for a most interesting overview.
Thanks for watching!
Very insightfull. Thank you.
Glad you enjoyed it!
There were Portuguese expeditions by the Corte Real (father/sons) as early as the 1470's, and there are many who think the Corte Reals might have been the first to sight Newfoundland (Terra Nova). Moreover, there are certain sites in/around Newfoundland that were first named by the Portugues (e.g., Bacalau).
Yes, we could go on and on! So many fascinating stories that we never seem to learn at school. Thanks for watching!
No.
Vikings were the first Europeans to find the Americas. Also Newfoundland. This at least 470 years prior the Portuguese.
@@oneshothunter9877 I agree. But there's a Province of Canada named after a Portuguese mariner. None by a Viking name, not that I know of.
@@Janeka-xj2bv
On the Canadian island New Foundland a place now called "L'anse aux Meadows where it is believed that Vikings/norsemen had a little trading station/village has been dug out.
It is today believed that, Vikings visited, or lived there for a period of time. Newest research suggests that the place was established around 1050 o so, but obviously they must have been around before establishing a settlement.
Don't know if that's what you're talking about?
Btw. The first Vikings (from Iceland) arrived Greenland the year 980, according to some sources exactly 984.
Fun fact is that, it is believed that the ancestors of Greenlanders today arrived around same time as the Vikings, or even 100-200 years later in time.
It was one of those norsemen who accidentally found the coasts of todays Canada/USA when blown out of course on route to Greenland from Iceland.
@@oneshothunter9877 a mere 2 artifacts were allegedly found at that site and the rest is imagination and speculation add mythology contrived into existence for a variety of reasons mostly political. Almost like Catholicism and Christianity we revisited haven't you heard in fact however ironic that might be LOL
it was an amazing documentary. thank you.
Thanks so much for your encouragement!
Excellent documentaries. I’ve watched 3 of them today. The way you narrate and the perspective used to explain things is exceptional.
Many thanks for watching!
Greetings from the New Jersey shore NE USA.
A most excellent history lesson!
Thanks so much!
Great work! Always learning something new watching these documentaries! 🤯🤯🤯
Thanks! Much appreciated!
I'm only three minutes in and I'm already hooked. Thank you! I know I'll love this.
I hope it's worthy of your finishing it!
@@heroesandlegends more than halfway through and its excellent. I love it when I find stuff that I don't already know about.
wow... I had no idea, excellent stuff, really well done and of course just makes so much sense
Thankyou for the generous comment!
quite an eye opener,super good documentary.
Thank you very much!
Excellent documentary. Thanx!
Thanks! I appreciate that!
I thoroughly enjoyed!
Thanks so much!
Excellent, thank you.
Thanks! I appreciate your support!
I’m not sure how I didn’t already know about this channel, but this documentary is great! I really like that it’s a serious documentary with memes included.
Thanks so much- being an Aussie and a gen-X makes memes and humour almost compulsory!
@@heroesandlegends well don’t start casually dropping the C word… 🤣🍻
My mum would be most displeased, so don't worry!
Thank you posting this excellent production, a riveting watch.....
Glad you enjoyed it! Thanks for your support!
@Heroes and Legends documentary channel no....thank you sir...!
Very informative documentary. I salute the work and research you had to invest. I am now so much wiser. THANKYOU.
Thank you, it means a lot to read that!
Bro that was all the levels! Kudos
Thankyou very much!
Going through Newfoundland in the 60's and to visit a Newfie friend I found many there crediting the English West Country as their origin and even with a bit of Devonshire words and accent. A seaman I met in Candas in 72 was telling me of Soviet trawlers sweepn up in a long line then going to a giant factory ship to offload their catch then return to continue. So the Newfie fishing banks dead. The EU and I preume ofthers are doing the same around Africa now. We need one thrd of the sea left fallow with breeding areas also. Then a limitation on fishing beyond that with bottom dragging and poison fishing entirely banned.
As an amateur angler myself, i concur
This makes a lot of sense, can’t believe this is the first time I’m hearing about this!
An example of reality being crazier than mythology!
Thank you
This one was really good! Interesting stuff
Thanks!
Outstanding !!!
Thankyou very much! I appreciate your taking the time to view and comment!
fantastic documentary
Thanks so much! Glad you enjoyed it!
Amazing work! 👏
Thanks a lot!
This was fun to watch ✌️
Thanks, it was fun to research and put together. I appreciate your taking the time to watch!
Some sources have claimed the Basques and Bretons had been fishing the Grand Banks off Newfoundland eventually creating St. John's as their base of operations soon after 1450 or so.
Yes, indeed! It was an eye opening history to read about! I hope you enjoyed my humble presentation of it
Bravo, Bravo!!
Thankyou so much!
Awesome, love the content.
Thank you very much!
Awesome doco mate.
Thanks a lot! Glad you enjoyed it
As an American from the south… I LOVE the way he says “molasses”
As an Aussie, all I can say back is "thanks, mate!"
Thanks
Thanks for this fun and enlightening take on the heroic saga of the cod and those who loved it close to extinction. The recent marked increase in N. Atlantic sea temp may further reduce the cods number. The human fate may follow the cod, as corrective action to save the atmosphere hasn't been timely.
Amazing, well done Sir.
Glad you liked it!
What a wonderful tale and so detailed which is why l feel so sad that you didn't mention that the sigat plantations were started using mainly indigenous and white slaves, many from the failed rebellions in Europe at the time, the Monmouth rebellion for a staty. It was only because of the enormously high death rate amongst the Europran slaves and the hugh cost of continiously replacing tham thatthe idea was formed to use peoples who were more able to withstand the conditions. Luckily for the settlers, these were easily bought from the rulers of the coasts of West Africa and the many Arabd found there who were already plying their trade sending slaves back to Arabia and North Africa.
I mention it in my video on the Irish problem. Wherever they were sourced from, it was a horrible life to live. Thanks for viewing, I'm glad you enjoyed it.
Great doc have a subscribe
Thanks so much! Welcome aboard!
Thanks!
Thanks so much for your generous support!
I love these full length videos
Thanks! It's not to everyone's taste in this age of instant soundbites, but i enjoy the research and can't help sharing everything find interesting. I appreciate your support!
@@heroesandlegends You’ve got a new subscriber right here my friend! I know ya have to try to please the masses but I definitely hope to see some more of these longer form videos, you do a fantastic job. Thank _YOU_ for all of your hard work and research; I’m 38 and have a hard time learning by reading, so folks like you genuinely help me a great deal. Looking forward to your future content, I have no doubt it will be excellent!!
Hopefully my next project- Nikola Tesla, will be ready in the next few weeks. Stay tuned!
@@heroesandlegends I definitely will be! Thanks so much!!
It’s such a shame the Cod fishery’s were destroyed. They could have been exploited literally for ever! If it wasn’t for greed. It’s crazy to think that cod fishery’s were more sustainable when most of the coastal population worked in the industry than they are now with only a relative handful.
Fantastic time 👏🏻
Thankyou very much- comments like that make all the hard work worthwhile!
When I was a kid, my idol was Charlie the Tuna from StarKist tuna.
The mention of American 'Clippers' in the War Of 1812 is a bit suspect. At that time 'clipper' was simply a slang word for a fast ship. The 'Clipper Ship' came later. The same schooners used in the slave trade were privateers in the War Of 1812. I worked on building a replica, to the design of one captured by the British Navy. The British Navy made a practice of taking careful measurments of captured vessels that impressed them and the detailed plans are still available.
Bloody amazing video! I knew some of this. But, wow! You have covered so much more!
Thanks for sharing your knowledge on sailing ships. There is a lot to cover and its hard to get every last detail precisely right
This really ties in with all the wharf finds area finds on curse of oak island show. No treasure just docks for fishing boat repair.
I wish they would just get on with it though! How many seasons have they been digging? And still, nada! Frustrating!
The Basques got my attention, being Irish thus of Basque DNA orgin. I'm excited to watch ...
Excellent Documentary, excellent.
Zorionak eta eskerrikasko !!! (Congratulations and thank you very much in Basque).
I hope i didnt murder the pronunciation of your language- thank you so much for watching!
So good!
Thanks!
Very interesting and entertaining video. Compliments!
Glad you enjoyed it, thanks for watching!
Very well done 👍
Thanks so much!
Great !
Thanks for watching!
Very well done documentary..koodoos to you..
Thanks a lot! I'm glad you enjoyed it!
excellent subject
Glad you liked it, thanks!
Good one
Thank you! Cheers!
Adam Smith is not a believer in unrestricted capitalism. He is an opponent of monopolies, particularly royal charter companies, and mercantilist capitalism. His central doctrine is: markets can rational determine prices.