EML | Dr. Anand Ranganathan at IIT Madras
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- čas přidán 6. 04. 2024
- Extra Mural Lectures (Estd. in 1982) - Flagship lecture series, IIT Madras aiming to facilitate interaction between students and speakers from diverse fields.
Anand Ranganathan, a scientist and author, holds a BSc (Hons) from St. Stephen’s College, Delhi, and a PhD from Cambridge, UK. He worked at the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology before becoming a full Professor at Jawaharlal Nehru University. His lab focuses on Tuberculosis and Malaria.
Anand Ranganathan writes and appears frequently on television debates, on Politics, Media, and Science. His columns have appeared in Swarajya, DNA, NL, Firstpost, and Quartz. He is also the Consulting Editor of Swarajya.
Find us on :
📱 Instagram: / emliitm
📝 Twitter: / emliitm
🌎 Facebook: / eml.iitm
📧 Email: head@eml-iitm.org
Annamalai Anna . Please vote for him 🪷🙏
IIT Madras is already a well-established world class tech. institution!
Very bright and open conversation with Prof. Dr. Anand Ranganathan Ji is great as usual encouraging us to be more objective and empathetic at the same time, a true dharmic mindset, of course.
We need more people like Dr. AR to speak more on Science and hope our Govts listen to such sane voices for the betterment of life.
Ranganathan Sir🫡
Unbiased RW Intellectual.❤
Unbiased😂😂😂
@@humanbeing6838 he criticise bjp better than INC
@@humanbeing6838 ofc unbiased , he has criticized bjp many times
He is not RW. He speaks his mind on everything and whatever he believes. He doesn't defend RW he has some things he likes about the current government and many things he doesn't like, he is neutral. The problem is that when you are neutral and unbiased against an enemy that uses all forms of deception and hypocrisy then you will be dead and buried neutral while the enemy lives and thrives.
@@udbhavmehta8702 completely agreed
Love the student-led conversation. This is the kind of cultural enrichment that IITs did not have before; will make for more well-rounded graduates. Dr. Ranganathan looking sharp!
The edit at starting was lit. I could feel the nervousness of the host at starting but that is IIT where chances given to everyone KUDOS.
yup I remember my first hosting experience at my annual day in school. after some time it eased as the event went ahead... those times u r nervous to fail n hve to speak exact words that hve been written in a language which is not ur language
just using this comment bcoz its at top.
1. I think he's wrong on NPA. the govt hasnt let off the banks.
2. security, security of r nation has also helped businesses in creating a secure atmosphere, which he points a bit at end of that answer.
digitalization.
3. young honest people in politics can bring changes rapidly or some leader being transparent 100pc n broadcasting his/her daily activities n how funds r used.
many will follow it if people start supporting it.
4. those who started vaccines within a month hve their people suffering like anything..
I applaud the students that did such a capable job hosting this conversation. Unlike students in 'advance' countries, most of them have not had the social and schooling experiences, or the leisure to practice such extramural conversations before coming on stage here. Kudos to IIT-M for creating an opportunity for that to happen.
They are IIT students, not some lowly eng college!!
@@bambu3954 I wasn’t commenting at all about how smart they are in solving math and physics problems. As engineering college students, albeit an IIT, they must be. In general, I believe the classroom system in Bharat doesn’t allow them sufficient opportunities to practice conversation and debate skills in a formal manner. Happy to be proven wrong.
@nrusimha11 my bad, my cryptic statement! Meant to say, despite the IIT prowess, very surprised the students asking the Q&A are reading prepared scripted questions and don't even counter answers given on geo politics and current affairs. Surely they should be reading some newspaper!!
@@bambu3954 np. It is complicated but the same reason why Bharateeya make excellent employees for multinationals but haven’t yet started multinationals in Bharat. The situation is surely changing as we speak.
Many excellent multinationals already there in Bharat - TATA, Mahindra, TCS, Wipro, Infosys etc. Many, many more are needed, with higher standards of original thinking and chutzpah.
As an alumni of IIT M nothing would make me happier if you could bring in Abhijeet Iyer Mitra. His knowledge and expertise is deeply needed by us.
Totally😊
His/Her
@@avyay9442 thunder thighs tamizh sundari/ neela momo
He is secretly leftist. Pseudo pro hindu
@@avyay9442 thunder thighs tamizhsundari/ neela momo
Good Job , IIT MADRAS for inviting Anand Ji! A society without variety of opinions is mere a flock of sheep.
As always anand sir is delight to listen
I was there during this lecture there and it was absolutely amazing, anand sir was so amazing that he stayed back after lecture for questions and I got an opportunity to ask him a question, it was the best😍
Here is the podcast analysis report based on the provided transcript:
# Podcast Analysis Report
## Data Preparation
The provided transcript was formatted as required. No further data preparation steps were needed.
## Basic Statistics
- Total word count: 8807 words
- Top 10 most frequently used words (excluding stop words):
1. India (37 occurrences)
2. government (28)
3. opposition (22)
4. people (21)
5. science (20)
6. nation (19)
7. country (18)
8. years (18)
9. believe (16)
10. democracy (14)
- Top 10 least frequently used words (excluding stop words):
1. abatement, absconding, acceding, accedes, accelerators, accent, accepting, accessory, acclaim, accommodating (1 occurrence each)
- Total conversation time: Approximately 70 minutes based on the transcript length.
## Sentiment Analysis
The overall sentiment of the podcast episode is neutral to slightly negative. The speaker discusses various challenges and missed opportunities in India, which contributes to the negative sentiment. However, he also acknowledges India's potential and diversity, adding some positive sentiment. There are no major sentiment shifts throughout the conversation.
## Topic Classification
The main topics discussed in the episode are:
1. **Role of government**: The speaker discusses the confusion around the role of government in India and how it often infringes upon areas it shouldn't, like running businesses.
*Key excerpt*: "The job of the state is not to run businesses. The job of the state is to allow businesses to run using a productive labor force."
2. **Free speech and secularism**: The importance of free speech and the state of secularism in India are discussed.
*Key excerpt*: "Right to free speech is obviously secondary to your right to survival. This phenomena is exploited by politicians who thrust upon you that look, let me first take care of your next meal, you take care of your family, your job, all the basic necessities of life, and then you come to criticizing us or talking about what is right, what is wrong."
3. **Scientific progress and missed opportunities**: The speaker highlights examples of missed scientific opportunities in India, such as delays in vaccine development during COVID-19 and underutilization of traditional medicinal knowledge.
*Key excerpt*: "We should be not just honoring Laxmi Kati, we should be honoring her work. And the best way to honor her work is to take that forward. Where are the Adanis and Ambanis who could make those hundreds of Laxmi Kati Institutes and then reap the billions of dollars that will come later on?"
## Insights and Future Directions
- The podcast raises important questions about the role of government in a democracy and the need for a clear separation of religion and state. Further exploration of models for secular governance could be valuable.
- India's scientific potential, especially in areas like traditional medicine and vaccine development, emerges as an under-tapped area. Research into ways to better harness and commercialize this knowledge could yield significant benefits.
- The discussion hints at deeper philosophical questions around the meaning of life, happiness, and the human condition. These could be rich areas for further dialogue and inquiry.
## Key Takeaways
1. The role of government in India is often confused, with the state unnecessarily involved in running businesses rather than enabling a productive economy.
2. Free speech is a fundamental right, but it is often suppressed by those in power under the guise of meeting more basic needs first.
3. India has immense scientific potential, but has often missed opportunities to be a world leader, as seen in the delayed domestic vaccine development during COVID-19.
4. Traditional Indian medicinal knowledge, as embodied by figures like Laxmi Kati, could yield breakthrough treatments but is at risk of being exploited by foreign researchers.
5. Secularism, in the sense of separation of religion and state, is an ideal that India is still striving towards. The state's involvement in religious institutions and affairs suggests more work is needed.
6. Opposition parties in India often fail to effectively fulfill their role, neglecting to robustly question the government on issues like the misuse of investigative agencies.
7. From a cosmic perspective, human existence may be meaningless and shaped largely by chance. Finding happiness and meaning is an individual quest.
Please ask your student questioners to practice understanding and asking the questions with some "life* and passion.
Please remember Ranganathan is a rare guy of great intelligence in many facets of life, so you guys must be prepared to get max benefits of his knowledge. You IIT Madras has just only got pass marks this time
sad but true
Still they had guts to face such a stalwart who was all at home wth them .
I applaud the students that did such a capable job hosting this conversation. Unlike students in 'advance' countries, most of them have not had the social and schooling experiences, or the leisure to practice such extramural conversations before coming on stage here. Kudos to IIT-M for creating an opportunity for that to happen.
Appreciation is due for their initiative. However, it is important to know how the audiences - inside the hall and outside thru YT - see and remarks, even critiques. TRUE "enlightenment" has 3 key milestones - active listening, internal reflection and analysis, seeking clarity as relevant , internalise the final essence. That is road to success, period.
I was very happy to see this interaction of IIT M students.
Indeed he's great person to intract with, his articulation of facts hits the heart.
It is an eye opening conversation, thanks to the hosts and guest's frankness
Excellent conversation!!
One of the best talk i have seen in person
❤ Sir ji, river of love and knowledge
with elections all year around at some level or the other India is enormously rich in having hundreds o established democratic institutions and there is not even an iota of space for any other political mode under any leadership!
Thank you, very informative
Very brilliant , unbiased facts presented by Sri. Ranganthan, hats off to him👏👏👏
Brilliant as usual
The narrators and the 1st Student needs some more public speaking training ❤ other then everyone is kudos in their field.👌
Confidence man, confidence.
These IITIANS are bookworms nowadays not much personality. That's why not all of them are in ivy league colleges who consider overall personality and ECAs.
@@ajaxjaiswal3442 can you plz tell what is ivy league ?
Well illustrated seculrism,economy, govt's way of working
A very important talk and discussion to be preserved, and to be widely circulated and repeatedly aired. About 100 Laxmi Kuttis, The Ambani and Adani are more into Airport and power business, and modern youth are more into IT and entrrtainment.The Government is today more like Wizard of Oz distributing awards , Knighthood to hold to their chair and relevance. About Adani and Ambani, perhaps they are not in the know about Laxmi Kutti at all despite her being awarded with Padma Sri. And Adani and Ambani are always interested in ROI( return on investment, So it is the government to create a 100 Laxmi Kutti, does RamDev know of it ?
AR is open in an academic institution as it should be.
It's important to recognize that the IIT Madras students, like many high-achieving individuals, may primarily focus on academic excellence due to the rigorous preparation required for exams like the JEE. However, it's unfair to judge them solely based on their nervousness during the interview. Nervousness is a natural response, especially when faced with the opportunity to interact with esteemed professionals like Anand Ranganath. Instead of criticizing, let's appreciate the courage it takes for these students to step out of their comfort zones and engage in real-world scenarios. This experience provides invaluable learning opportunities for them to develop not only their technical skills but also their communication and interpersonal abilities. By offering constructive support and encouragement, we can help them grow into well-rounded professionals who can excel in both academic and practical endeavors.
How to get the message at the decision making level.
Will still say PSU is not necessarily loss generating Co. and privatization is no magic wand. All that matters is efficiency of the board and vision. AR is great at things he knows ,poor at things he doesn't. The problem essentially is our nature of pushing losses to extent.
How on Earth are you missing IBC, yes MDM is a great scheme ,but IBC is the single most important bill in financial world. Along with Liberalization as well. It is absolutely the business of Govt to be in business not as intervening at will kind of guy but as an observer.
One of key aspect of sovereignty of state /country is its effectiveness of Taxation.
Even those who run parallel govts in sub-saharan try to tax. One is in a fool's world to say Govt has no business in business, which PM Modi said for messaging the pvt sector, we will be more welcoming than prev govts. He meant Govt has less business in business
Anand is viewing Atheism from Darwinian lens , that's a pity to say the least, darwin didnt bring atheism in west let alone east. In Hinduism of 9 school of thoughts Atheism is one , entirely in sync with theistic schools. To say "Hinduism is a way of life" AR is quoting SC judgement nothing else , to crudely put Its a pathway of seeking the Ultimate , Ultimate can be GOD, truth , power whatever. And I say it as an Atheist.
To quote Albert Camus without providing the background of schopenhauer and nietzsche is a crime
1:10:45
what was the question
Opinion on Ladakh. 6schedule? Sonam Wangchuk?
Great Anand sir
Bjp is bad, congress is worse
Unfortunately Indian elections is a decision between bad and worse
So pls vote bjp, we are blessed that bjp does development and gives equality to all religions simultaneously, something that congress will never do,
Congress strategy to win elections is keep India poor by not developing and then divide the Hindu votes based on caste lines, then give freebies as India has been kept poor, and appease Muslims as if they are the 1st citizen of India
And win
Whereas bjp is 1000x better in development and doesn't appease anybody
PPL shud realise
Congress era= priority 75% to Muslims and Christs, 25% to hindus
Bjp era 50 -50 to all religions
As the pampering of Muslims have gone, that's what bothers Muslims as they cannot accept equality
Which party is worse phenomenon happens in every country whether be it USA or Britain.
BJP is worse and Congress is bad, might be the correct say.
I agree brother... bjp atleast has some focus on Nation's growth..
i think after reading congress menefesto i think congress is fatal
@@India_Uncensoreddepend from where u are seeing
So happy the policies have led to highest number of billionaires in India. Eradicated poverty and unemployment in India. Hari Om.
When are you bringing JSD? Engineer turned litigant !
🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻.
I always love Dr Anand Ranganathan Sir who is fountain head of knowledge. Wish and pray for his health and longevity
imo, concept of freedom of speech is a nuanced one. First, and foremost - that right is not "offered" by the State to the citizens. Humans are born with it. One need not prove so. That's why its called fundamental right. In practice it means - 1) Freedom from the State or its agents for exercising right to express 2) Guaranteed protection from retribution from the State or its agents *after* the right to express has been exercised 3) Guarantee of legal process to determine whether freedom to express has been used to disturb law and order, divulge state secretes, entice people to violence leading to damage to property, animals or harm to other people. Public at large, or individuals or state agents have no right to arbitrarily determine whether right to express has been misused. Only the courts have that right and a proper process MUST be followed to prove it. It's beyond me why a learned person like Dr Anand would want to make a careless statements like, "..else many reporters will divulge state secrets" The laughter in the audience should be matter of concern after this statement.
Why are some parts edited out?
I like to refer to a very uncommon, student led many decades long successful initiative that arose in a very unexpected place. ( kyoto tachibana shs band unofficial fan blog)
I pray Anand Renganathan, Jai sai deepak and Abhijit Mitra help dismantle the NGO factions who r bent upon disrupting the laws and policies that benefit theAam Admi. It is a herculean task to protect a country massive as India ...with porous borders, multilingual, multicultural and has many political parties with a hidden agenda to bring down the country
It's simple the world is never perfect. we just have to choose the less of the worst.
who in India is not involved or interested in Indian politics?
Ever since the arrival of cell phone and internet, everybody has became politically more aware. In last general elections, percentage of women voters was higher than male voters percentage.
@@beaconlight2016also current govt is giving great push for getting people interested in govt devisions and policies...
Nobody
Those who say 'I am not interested in politics', 'I Don't know anything'
I feel like if you're in a democracy it's your duty to be aware about politics, otherwise you have no right to complain about stuff. Political awareness is need of democracy
Am sure the IIT Madras will have better interviewers/ questioners selected than those we have here.
Exactly, i was too feeling the experience and knowledge gap.
These Students are also learning, why you expect perfection from bachelor's students? Let them also get exposure.
@@IlmiMulhid your point is also valid actually.
I would expect brighter, sharper students in the IITs unlike any vanilla college@@IlmiMulhid
@@sureshbharadwaj7403 they come after clearing jee, not after some vocational training, they're basically bookworms, it's IIT which is giving them exposure by organising such events.
We are low on the happiness index because of our missed opportunities. 😢
Somewhere in his speech ,he mentions the greatest decision taken by the government to help the corporate is mid day meal scheme by Mr .Kamaraj. How does this decision help the corporate ? Can someone please explain this.
Students should have asked that but didn't said anything
Students should have asked that but didn't said anything
Well fed children are better students ànd better workers, employees, entrepreneurs.
He answered this once on some news channel, wherein he said that it was a good move for the malnourished kids in the villages of BIMARU states.
Study Bhagawat Gita-- you will be happy. Your life will become meaningful.
0.10 ; I wanted to ask from IIT Madras that if Javed Akhtar has achieved more than what Abdul Kalam has achieved that's why his picture come earlier than Abdul kalam's picture or is it somewhere related to the victim card theoryz
Complete Privatization is not a good idea as it may seem on surface as it can be more profitable. Its eventually going to make private players very powerful and work against interest of common people. We have to see how this played out in US against their own people. Today their Banking and Industry are ruining their common ppl and they are not even aware.
Brilliant. J Sai Deepak is another brilliance.
Any guesses on the similarity between the two people hogging the social media nowadays, i.e. Prashant Kishor and Anand Ranganathan? Ans : They voice their opinion with such conviction that even absolute drivel sounds like that they are pearls of wisdom. Remember there is often a big difference between opinion and wisdom. Disclaimer: Not 100% of their views are drivel.
That Marathi chap on podium 🎉
We are, as Dr. Anand Ramganathan, also confused by his convictions.
Dr. Anand, can you initiate Laxmikutty’s lab of medicinal plants and come up with something life saving? Anything? Will the business entities not entertain such an idea, coming from you. Your word will carry weight.
Talked sense but need to see well beyond why government is enforced to pry in businesses as India lack proper political governance. Leaving businesses to run businesses and India, asking for a chaotic climate ever for any party to governing.
Respectfully, Dr. Ranganathan is mistaken about brain drain. Students who receive education supported by societal resources possess tangible economic value, particularly in an environment capable of acknowledging and fostering that value. An easily quantifiable metric is the compensation offered by tech giants like Google, Microsoft, or Meta to high-achieving Bharateeya graduates. It is reasonable for society to expect that its most motivated graduates will contribute to improving the living standards of the community that nurtured and educated them, leading to a more comfortable standard of living for everyone.
Instead of asking why SC doesn't define what is freebee and welfarism, let them take help of expert committee of their choice.
The problem is education that can promotes or encourages free speech but if you see in most colleges if you ask question in lecture or outside lecture, you are threatened to ruin careeer, second before criticizing Politicians we should ask can we explain or ask our own parents something critical?
No those who having less fighting capabilities
Are going abroad
When we talk of all round development of a student, the students need to display a basic knowledge of current affairs or geo politics. Really sad that these students maybe brains but...
As an ardent admirer of Anand, I think he is at times unfairly critical of the present government just to do the monkey balancing or not sound partisan. He is criticising just for the sake of criticising. It’s such a mammoth task of unimaginable proportions to manage a democratic country like India of 145 crore population with such diversity And also there is no template or model to even look at anywhere in the world
38:52@ because Politics has become a big business without loss and risk of production , storage, financing management and obviously external influence wanting to sabotage indian growth
❤❤
I think Anand ji got a little carried away in this conversation - He compared himself to Kejriwal and then seemed to indicate that democracy is in danger in India - both are wildly inaccurate.
This is the problem of atheism and toomuch scientific thinking. You miss out being happy and exploring the unknown in spiritual realm. Whereas they profess for a scientific bent of mind in everything, they outrightly shut their minds to exploring spirituality and are very dogmatic. Life is meaningful if you can derive happiness to so many things in life.
Would I be called again?😂😂😂😂
Ans: Yes!
BJP to farm laws lekr aayi thi lekin aap bol rhe ho BJP repeals and antinationals step
Wapas liya isliye
why cant we speak in any indian language if we cant use English aptly and stutter at an event opening?
CPI(M) got 25 Cr from DMK in TN
Putting Javed akhtar infront of people like of Kalam, S Somnath is idiotic.
The present medicine-mafia will never let people like Lakshmi Kutty rise. Presently Baba Ramdev is the target.
For opportunities lost with Lakshmi Kutty Scientists and Pharma Lobby need to be blamed full
We need to carry Lakshmi Kutti's Will!!
this IIT people & their obsession with indian passport value, such a demeriting thing
Will he substantiate the lies about present central govt?
Yes, brain drain and vasudhaiv kutumbakam are contradictory.
If they were going to censor bits of this video, then why not allow other channels to upload clips recording by the students on the phone. Spineless organization of this event.
Which parts did they censor? Time stamps?
@@shatdharsanamuttamkumar775 Towards the end, one can catch a couple of out of place sentences on religion. They did not show the full conversation for those "controversial" topics.
What a man is he tru hero you are Sir Anand Ranganathan
Most unfortunately the examples AR takes are from this govt. This creates an impression that bjp and Namo are the villains and others are heroes.
Indians get out and vote otherwise the Nehru days will be back!
He has always been a pro Modi and pro bjp and that's why he cannot see any negative...he has risen after 2014 so it seems he was like kangana who thinks thatvhame azaadi 2014 ke baad mili...bhwi saheb hai kya..scientist hai political analyst hai...hai kya..ye sirf satire hi karte hai...inko standup comedy karni chahiye..😂😂😂😂😂😂
Why have you edited out a few clips? Don't do that. At least being one of the top education institutes in this country, don't be afraid of the facts at least; why this kind of secularism?. Why are you afraid
lack of articulation and speaking skills in IIT students is amazing. they cant even read from a card properly. come to any private school in bangalore. children can speak well and be beutifully original. end of the day iit gives you a highly paid IT job. good luck iit madras.
Yet another keyboard warrior who can speak nonsense from the comfort of his chair.
@@pratikzade2310 😂😂😂😂triggered???Please look at the video yourself. How pathatic the students articulation is? Any way goodluck to IIT madras students for their next IT job or a food/grocery delivery startup.
Modiji will do all he can!! But 75 years of Nehru rule has damaged Bharat!
Anchor is very "डरा हुआ"
Undergraduate from JNU 🤣
now the IIT Bombay has ruined his image after mocking Ramayana. In such way that I couldn't tell you😢. Pls do check it out 🙏
What. proof ramayana in Ayodhya ?
@@tsMuthuraman-hm6wg the Ram temple itself is the first proof which exists before Islam came into being, next the the Ram setu which is mentioned in Ramayana exit almost all the place's exists, third in shrilanka, viatnam, Indonesia Their many temples of Hindu deity even in shrilanka Ravan is worshipped as for sure he was the king of Lanka,etc. their are many bro. And yes Ramayana isn't just ayodhya it's just birth place of lord RAM.
Know you give me the proof about Allah ?
@@Yashwankhade_ Islam. doesn't try to mask real Indian history .
But ramayana , maha bharatha. etc are lie stories aiming to hide real history ,
@@Yashwankhade_ That. temple remains dated 8th century CE.
So , ramayana happened then. ?
@@tsMuthuraman-hm6wg the actual time is way older than your imagination but as when the kundalini of shree Ram was checked in planetarium software of nasa it came it to be about 7000 years and even the Ram setu is 7000 years old. You didn't and what's the proof of Allah.
Does he know what he is talking about....msp to farmers is needed, corporate taxes are needed look at electoral bonds and a disparity in dividends of CEO vs salaries of workers. A blind bhakth. We are not USA, or Singapore....we need to develop in our own way.
He is commenting on subjects where he has no expertise. Banks, for example. It is his personal opinion and interpretation
Everything is interpretation only.
Pathetic the quality of IIT students reading from a script the questions like a parrot!!😂
Who's the girl? Can't even construct a proper sentence.
Are we speaking propaganda in the IIT premises?
Only Propaganda is commis !! A failed idealogy is still follow by people like you
You are like a person who can't have the place for facts and knowledge.If you don't like it that doesn't mean everything is propaganda.Even the critics of him listen carefully so just have the patience and try to listen.
We're talking left, right and centre in IIT premises.
Can Mr. A R explain how an uneducated, unlettered person by name Valmiki could compose 24000 verses in chaste sanskrit called ramayana ?
Muthu Raman,that's a long story. First,try to understand what is said in Ramayana.
@@Anil-gp4ge What. is. said. ?
@@tsMuthuraman-hm6wg Most of the religious scriptures were written by unlettered men.Being illiterate does not mean that being ignorant.Don't confine yourself in tiny little egoistic cocoons
@@Anil-gp4ge It. Is. fake.
The. scriptures. can. not. be. written. by. illiterate. people .
If. you. have. doubt!, ask the present TN governor !
@@Anil-gp4ge Only. Blind. believers. can believe. that .Dont. be. a. frog. in. the. well of. blind. faith. .
Who is this speaking in English coming unprepared stuttering all the way throughout his speech introducing Mr Ranganathan... Pathetic... Do you think he will get a job?
Blaming Nehru and Gandhi for everything is Anand's hobby..
Than You have never listened him clear fully
It is healthy hobby. Every one should follow it.😂😂😂
Where would he be without them😂😂😂😂
Nehru is responsible for the cultural destruction of Bharat. He was controlled by Communists and Muslims