18. Aggression II
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- čas přidán 2. 06. 2024
- (May 12, 2010) Robert Sapolsky continues his lectures about aggression in humans but also continues to talk about other emotions and what goes on in the brain to cause these various emotions.
Stanford University:
www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology:
biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on CZcams:
/ stanford
props to the camera man your ability to follow robert does not go unnoticed
That's actually not a beard. It's just his auxiliary network of neurons.
MrCerebellum2 lmao
dude. that's kind of funny yet kind of mean.
ソトヤママリアテレサ maybe MrCerebellum2 has suffered damage to his amygdala ;)
What a wonderfully geeky thing to say!
Like a real life Plo Koon
For anyone enjoying these lectures in 2019 and forward, Sapolsky's new book Behave covers pretty much the same territory as this lecture series with ever-so-slightly different organization. For audio learners, though the audio book is not narrated by Sapolsky himself, he has chosen a dynamic reader who conveys the material clearly and entertainingly. If nothing else, the book is an excellent companion piece that reinforces the material he covers here.
Awesome thanks
watching in 2020. thanks!
good to know! thanks!
Thanks a lot for the info
I have that book, it's pretty awesome :) not that expensive either, so definitely a good investment for anyone who cares about this topic
More interesting than watching a movie - check
Funnier than a standup comedian - check
Cheaper than university tuition fees - check
P
it seems that your frontal cortex has enough neurons.
@@nancybauer4079 loophole is
Indeed - who knew that CZcams could be so entertaining and educational?!
we have no tuition fees in university in germany
I must have a frontal lobe impairment because I know I am supposed to be working but I can't stop watching these videos.
I am eating up these lectures..
He is brilliant isn't he ..
This is soo good for a change from entertainment video or news. Living in this era where we can see a wide variety of videos, and essentially free, this is nice.
Yep, me too! Got his book "Behavior" as well. :)
Binge watching in 2018
I still am. I end rewatching these from time to time.
This professor makes learning science a lot of fun.
These lectures have given me so much context for my own neuroses and validation for my own struggles; they have changed how I think about myself. I originally came here for the emergence lecture and decided to watch the whole series out of curiosity, and now I'm here with a completely different understanding of things, and a vastly richer world to live in. Dr. Sapolsky has got to be one of the best lecturers I have ever seen, spinning together an intricate web of philosophy and science that reminds me why I love learning, and that there will always be more to love and appreciate and discover in the world. I cannot appreciate this series enough
Then U are not the only one
Same here.. 👋🏻
These are the notes for these lectures. A couple are out of order
124 pages of gold
basicrulesoflife.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/robert-sapolsky-biology-human-behavior-2nd-edition3.pdf
I have now watched all of these lectures and I think they've changed my life, or at least how I think about things. Late last year, I started reading Ed Wilson's work on sociobiology and human nature, THEN I found out about Sapolsky, read Behave, then found these lectures. I'm in awe of his skill at lecturing- I stay in rapt attention to everything he says. This is my favorite lecture, by far. At about minute 50 when he calls a break because he's obviously about to lose it, emotionally, I gained even more respect for the man. He clearly cares deeply about how our justice system treats those of us who are neurophysiologically broken, and that means a lot to me because it's something that I care about. Very glad these lectures are available. I'm a biochemistry major minoring in psych (in my 30s , haha). I want to study behavioral pharmacology in grad school, but these lectures have been making me think about changing my plans. Thanks again, Stanford, for making these available.
@bill Bloggs wow, is your rudeness a result prefrontal cortex damage?
What did your trajectory end up looking like? :)
These are the notes for these lectures. A couple are out of order
124 pages of gold
basicrulesoflife.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/robert-sapolsky-biology-human-behavior-2nd-edition3.pdf
*1:31:05 "The opposite of LOVE is INDIFFERENCE" and then the phrase changed to "The opposite of HATE is INDIFFERENCE at 1:31:25
love and hate are the same thing
@@we-must-live Where has this been mentioned ?
@@Noobener in this comment!
@@Noobener
He literally said in the same minute of the lecture as your quote that love and hate are extremely similar brain processes, so much so that people regularly confuse which of the 2 they are experiencing
Okay, so were Professor Sapolsky and I the only ones that caught the significance of him referencing the 1840s when he meant the 1980s, and then saying "I won't go there." There being how it related to earlier in the lecture. I'm absolutely in awe of how how swift and fluid his cognitive flexibility is!
omg, I've been watching this series from the beginning, and this lecture just unlocked all kinds of explanations for things going on in my life because of my brain pathways. Freakin' everyone should watch this, for reals, regardless of the teacher being human and flawed like everyone, the material is enriching beyond my wildest dreams.
In the Middle East they call these types of lectures about the brain and mental illnesses "Blasphemy".....look up Dr. Wafa Sultan who was a Syrian Psychiatrist born in Syria who tried to get treatments for their acute forensic mentally ill and violent but was called a "Blasphemous" person and hunted to be killed in Syria by the leaders there. They wanted to kill her because they knew she would tell the world that Middle East refuses to purchase Antipsychotic medications (the only treatments which work for the mentally ill and psychotic/manic) because the Middle East leaders don't want the Phamaceudical companies whom are owned by the USA to profit from this. So instead they allow their mentally ill to suffer inside their illnesses or ship them all to the USA and Canada for treatments. One injection of Antipsychotic medication for ONE person is $3000 a month. Now add this up for the entire world.....USA cannot pay for the whole world to get mental health treatments. Middle East need to stop allowing their violent to take over and treat them instead so people can live in peace.
Can't imagine why anyone would binge watch GoT while this briljant series of lectures is available (October 2019)
Do both. GoT is applied neuropsychology.
I just don't get tired of listening to his lectures. He is just amazing. Very easy to understand.
these lectures got me through undergrad psychology
I'm so happy that he's paid to talk to us. I love his lectures.
These are the notes for these lectures. A couple are out of order
124 pages of gold
basicrulesoflife.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/robert-sapolsky-biology-human-behavior-2nd-edition3.pdf
that ending of the tanks and carnivore biologists was a straight up fever dream
(2019) i randomly watched one of these lectures and immediately became hooked ! i even watch them in my sleep ... >_
You should watch it when your frontal cortex is more active.
@@bendadestroyer sure, what time would you say is best, for most / those keeping a regular 'western lifestyle' ...
if, say we decided to spend 20 hours learning something new. say two hours a day for 10 days, what hours would you rec.
This amazing series made me realize the intrusive tragical thoughts I’ve having is because my amygdala is bigger and extra sensible to interpret reality as a threat.
How did you find out your amygdala is bigger? MRI?
@@ericadelnigro6780ptsd diagnosis
xi nao
Whenever I watch a lecture that i think is his best one yet Sapkolsky just blows me away again with the next one.
A true professor. Captivating, brilliant and of course, untimately knowledgable about his subject. To me, who have had many hours of college(3 B.S. degrees - zoology, medical technoloty and nursing) it seem difficult to be able to take notes from this guy b/c it's ALL important.
Medical technology??
Is that like Hotel Management and Culinary Arts and Criminal Justice?
@@lockandloadlikehell They’re the one that test your blood , laboratory test , X rays , etc. , Degrees that you mentioned are for low IQ’s at least in the past but now it’s changing smart people going to other degress and business degrees , that’s sad to see smart people driven by money now , at least we still have Sapolsky.
Love this guy. Great ability to explain concepts in a digestible way.
I wish Dr Robert Sapolsky would renew these at some point, I feel at 10 years old the level of neuroscience has leapt forwards
I can't stop watching these lectures these are so fascinating.
I like the way he would use the inability to cry as a defence in a witch trial.
This lecture is awesome. I enjoy all of Mr. Sapolsky's lectures. He is brilliant.
@57:00 Prof Saposky talking about the feature of normative aging, how we "come into our own" stop caring about impressing people and what they think of us saying it's just the brain damage... I couldn't tell if he was joking there and I'm pretty good at detecting humor. What a G when it comes to screwing with his class. Like that Nelson Mandela reference at the climax of his soccer story in aggression 1. lol!
A wonderful and educational service to the public to have these lectures online. W all know, live with or deal with so many of these mental health issues. Destigmatizing them is critical for compassion, diagnosis and treatment. Thank you
These are the notes for these lectures. A couple are out of order
124 pages of gold
basicrulesoflife.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/robert-sapolsky-biology-human-behavior-2nd-edition3.pdf
This and all the lectures in this series are simply amazing!
Note to self: 30:08 Phineas Gage
38:30 Not an organic impairment of knowing the rules, but an organic impairment of following the rules
So now the question is does evil exist or if you can obliterate a person's goodness by destroying their cortex is moral behavior simply and evolved response?
Man, Robert talks so fluidly. Notice how he doesn't say: ummmm or aaahhh between thoughts. He doesn't even really pause. I mean Im sure he presents this class every year but he has this stuff down. My basic azz brain has to pause the vid to let my thoughts catch up every few minutes. Robert is great though. Really interesting stuff.
i wholly agree, how do you learn to without even taking a breath 😊. his brain is BRIMMING with factoids snd great stories, its hypnotizing, i wasn't even PLANNING on listening to this but my youtube is on autoplay and for whatever reason youtube chooses to play this more often than anything else, i wake up every morning to this guy's lectures, omg can you imagine what kind of kid he was, i bet he's GREAT at cocktail parties ....im habituated, what a mind!
God I love my field of psychology 50 years of study and still not bored even when I know and taught 95% of it. Ah but the deliciously novel 5%.Yum, dessert for the brain!
I have crabs
@@Bruh-ft2sh 😳
I dropped out of school. Shot dope and was one of the fortunate ones to actually MAKE more money than most in the lifestyle… now that i am off that and clear headed. I feel like I made huge mistake by leaving school. Especially after a week or so of listening to this man.
I should be studying for my graduate robotics final, instead I spent a whole day watching these lectures. My cortex needs to do a better job!
Watch Tim Urban's Ted talk on procrastination.
@@raymondwilson293 added to Watch Later
@@UserName-ii1ce lol
love these clear explanations
Quit school after tenth grade and I’m still here.
Great stuff.
I'm a bit thrown off by the change in mic qualty. Almost like someone else is talking.
***** i heard he upgraded his beard to full 7.1 surround sound
If I just washed my hands extensively, then I'm less likely to pick up stuff from the ground. Mystery explained :D
Brilliant lecture.
Thanks for these lectures - the way Dr. Sapolsky explains makes it easy to understand concepts in the moment - which increases my ability to retain the information. Love these classes!
I love this guy!
Favorite series of lectures to listen to for fun. Robert Sapolsky is captivating, witty and excellent at translating information in a way that others can easily comprehend.
Amazing Professor, such a divine mind.
All our love to Dr Sapolsky!! 🌹
❤️❤️❤️
Imagine if everyone improved and understood communicating even 25%.
brilliant man and seminar.
Jeez, What a great prof! Understood entire lesson without having any background on subject! Ya' gots' to find a way to bottle these communication skills sir. Thank you SU for sharing Robert with us.
These are the notes for these lectures. A couple are out of order
124 pages of gold
basicrulesoflife.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/robert-sapolsky-biology-human-behavior-2nd-edition3.pdf
Robert Sapolsky’s lectures are my go to background filler. Not only is he brilliantly fascinating but his delivery has a melodic cadence that is pretty addictive.
Truly. Well said!
I never fall to sleep listening to him. 😉
1:23:39 in Chinese, both "evil" and "nausea" are 恶
Interesting!
I had a right temporal lobectomy (removing my right Hippocampus, and Amygdala). All of this definitely applies to me (I have pretty bad executive functioning).
I think it’s awesome you’re here and carrying on the best you can. That must be incredibly challenging.
He knows so much and speaks so fast. Can't imagine what Sapolsky would be like if he were coked up.
He has his own brand; not necessary.
Thank you for sharing your classes online ❤
No female criminal behaviour due to frontal cortex damage mentioned. Supposedly the cases are there but they don't seem to be common. Is this one of the 'if, then' cases? If female, then... criminal behaviour is unlikely? Anyone know?
They were mentioned in the last lecture
This was one of the most interesting lectures… thank you for this education.☺️
Brilliant lecture. Should not be cut at the end.
Mama says alligators are on'ry 'cause they got all them teeth and no toothbrush
I love the tank core story. Dr. Sapolsky is fantastic.
corps*
The video ended while I was completely in in awe about the army tank story! :( I wanted to know Professor Sapolsky's thoughts on the matter!
Why you do this Stanford?!
The video folks are not professionals :-)
probably an automated system which cuts off at the allotted time and the lecture overran. Could use a little AI to overcome this.
He tells this story at "A Primate's Memoir" as I just read the ending in this free sample:
books.google.com.br/books?id=gpfonu4ce28C&pg=PA126&lpg=PA126&dq=carnivore+biologist+army+tanks&source=bl&ots=te5P9rL9fl&sig=ACfU3U373eJKJcorxl7LH1ARohb95yS1fw&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=carnivore%20biologist%20army%20tanks&f=false
But there is also no conclusion, just three comic possible true endings of what has happened: a) Biologists and Colonels still together in cahoots; b) This was an exercise for the army to get info from scientists in general; c) Colonels were actually herbivores...
I expected more from this story! xD
1:23:40 the guy in the audience got his insular cortex activated :)
Amazing info.!
Not followers. No religion here. Just a number of refreshing and highly interested folks. Peace out.
Why am I here? Why can't I stop watching these lectures?
Why wouldn't you be where the Best of the Net is, assuming you have a Thinking, Curious Brain?
oh god this is continuing with the same topic and just from where we left off, but with double the speed O.O
my pencil be blessed!
You're truly an inspiration! I love your lectures.
I love these lectures! I love this guy!
The key diagram, which is the central focus of this whole important lecture, is the one on the right-hand side blackboard. It remains out of the camera angle for nearly all the 1h 45' of the lecture. Finally, the camera operator deigns to take in the full diagram at 53:12. This is the key illustration of the critical connections at work between the limbic system and the frontal cortex, with activation of various dopamine pathways. This cameraman consents to let the diagram shine in its full glory for 2 seconds from 53:15 to 53:17, to abandon it entirely at 53:20, never to be seen again.
Nothing more frustrating for a dedicated student of this whole course on Behavioral Neurobiology, offered on CZcams by Stanford Un., who is following the series of the 25 (or 27) lectures. Viewing that diagram early on, as soon as it becomes the center of the discussion, would have been essential to any viewer. After all, our Incredibly Learned Professor has lavished all his attention on his self-made sketch to make it nearly self-explanatory. Whatever drawings are on the boards are so critical for viewers who are not in the classroom to allow them to fully follow Prof. Sapolsky's rapid-fire presentations.
Note that this neglect persists throughout the whole series of the lectures. This is the irritating weakness of all those videos. If the explanation is correct that this operator is a film student at the university who's given a chance for developing camera skills, it is tempting to believe that this student is under 25, with a frontal cortex not yet fully mature, and has not yet completely understood the dynamics of teaching and those of viewing videos of those lectures. For this operator, the interest is not in the intellectual teaching process of our Incredibly Learned Professor, but in following his photogenic personality at the center, finding satisfaction only in focusing on his beard, pony tail, and moving arms.
Even when our Incredibly Learned Professor, in his Aristotelian ambulatory style, rushes from the left towards the right to point with his left arm to the famous diagram, the camera, obstinately stays focused on Prof. Sapolsky's fascinating figure, barely condescending to include some portion of the arm pointing towards the diagram, but never switching to a full take of the sketch, that we got only for a few fleeting seconds, way towards the end. What a pity.
Dont try to stroke your ego and ask questions during a lecture,thats just really bad form and a unwritten rule,we are here for this guys presentation and your input is not required ,great mind and presentation of this subject manner
I'm glad to listen to Stanford for the first time and continue. It makes sense after I read the "The Whispering Room" by Dean Koontz. I would recommend to everyone who had not read yet.
MD (Medulla; Dixtroisen medicine to keep heart pumping for blue star patients.) per Camino Winds by John Grisham.
the voice of the “stanford university” woman at the beggining is so relaxing
He is indeed amazing.
The effects of damage to the frontal cortex is some of the craziest shit I've heard in my entire life.
Man, it feels like the vide was cut before he got to saying the most interesting thing about that conference and its consequences
this is gold
My frontal cortex is asking me what kind of test we are having after this class. "Tomato, hammer, cheerios, grape . . ." "Person, woman, man, camera, TV."
was scared slightly when the william's syndrome description sounded slightly like myself, but the rest of the lecture was amazing.
Never thought I’d make it to Stanford
This professor just has that natural sauce to capture my attention
anyone still following this in 2017?
Prof had assigned our class to watch the Schizophrenia lecture for extra credit. Since then, I've watched the entire course. Some lectures, like this one, I think I've listened to three times now..
I have watched them all in 2017, 7 years does change some things, but it's still an amazing time useage. listen to these, let them into your brain. we are all one, peace and love my friend
best professor
2018!
2018! :) I introduced a friend to Sapolsky & she absolutely loves him.
I love when he goes 'ooooh'.
I remembered Phineas as getting the bar through under the zygomatic arch and out the fore crown, which cleaned his frontal clock - forehead would have missed the orbitofrontal cortex. Any other angle would have destroyed premotor, motor areas.
The lever vs pulling difference may have some consequences regarding drone strikes versus boot on the ground, even though it's not as direct an analogy still. For those in charge, the soldiers in the ground are the lever.
1:03:45 Relationship between socio economic status and thickness of frontal cortex and resting metabolic rate. High receptors for glucocorticoids that atrophy neurons in this area.
Hes so easy to understand I just love him ngl
that ending left me with so many questions
The relationship between the pre-frontal cortex and amygdala described around 1:06:00 (in which each one tries to inhibit the other) reminds me of Plato's allegory of the soul in "Faedrus". According to the myth, the soul is described as a chariot consisting of three parts: a black horse (representing desires), a white horse (representing emotions) and a charioteer (representing reason).
The charioteer (logic/reason -> "pre frontal cortex") tries to "inhibit' the horses (impulses / emotions -> "amygdala"), and of course the horses try to resist! It seems to me that Plato described in over-simplified terms how human nature works. Today we can examine human tendencies in scientific terms, but nevertheless the model is pretty similar.
It immediately reminded me of freud's ID and Superego the way he described it😂
I’m on 2018.
2019 we still out here.
This is like a time machine. I'm from 2019.
@@PeterGregoryKelly 2020
2021!
We survived last year
Wow the reality of metaphor is extremely interesting, I hope I get to write an essay about that one day
Listening to this lecture was actually very intriguing, although I haven’t finished highschool yet.
Just a few notes arising from the last, truncated, Army story :
I remember it as the Abrams M-1 tank.
Coursing predators , whether alone or in groups, are most prominently dependent on their attentional skills. Playing/fighting skills also (social playing/fighting) depend upon developed AND innate reflex arcs. So, social and environmental learning adds to - practice improves some - reflex arc development.
Working and playing with wolf, I saw distinct learned cognition of whether an object was animate vs objects that were predictable (and thus not composed of edible parts). Adult wolves are bored by preditable inanimate movement, although always attentive to new stimuli.
There is another attentional difference between wolves and neotenous domesticated dogs. Wolves appear to have far faster reflexes under cognitive control, as their bite strength varies superbly in situations of blinding speed equivalent to serious lethal encounters. Dogs aggressively engaging a wolf will find themselves bearing serious wounds so quickly that most humans do not even see the strike. Yet most wolf social fighting is air bites, hip and shoulder checking. Firing a tennis ball at a wolf, the faster one throws it, the more accurate the midair catch, while a dog is better at gauging gravitational arcs, far poorer at pure speed accuracy.
But, back to strategy. Strategy of lion prides, wolf packs, and coyotes have all been attributed to both individual responsiveness (attention) and in some cases, clear dispersal to strategic points and tactical drive or deception of prey. Corner-cutting is attentional, reflexive/cognitive, agile.
Hyenas, by the way, can kill female lions when a group of hyenas encounters a lioness. However, EVERY time a big male lion encounters any amount of hyenas, at least one hyena will be dead, the male lion uninjured. Thus you have evolutionary support for males' roless in lion prides, especially when you include the continuing protection of present cubs. Successful lion prides mostly have two males, one of which is reproductive, and the other usually a sibling of his. An adult male reproducer is in severe trouble if he is solo male in a pride.
Wolves, although males are 20% to near 50% larger, also retain a cubs-first eating pattern, enforced most often by the reproductive female.
Painted dogs are the most social predator, with many interesting and to us, often admirable, social traits. They are critically endangered due to heavy human fragmentation of habitat.They do the most alloparenting of any complete (both sexes. Gender is a word meaning the ending of words in romance and germanic languages, and is not properly applied to actual males, females, or intersex individuals) social animal. Wolves are also highly altruistic, with strong alloparenting, although this has been attributed to the closer relatinoship in the smaller wolf packs.
Interestingly hyenas (spotted are the largest of four species) are closer to the Felidae than to Canidae, just as the highly social likon is a felid. They both hunt in canid-like ways, although lions really retain the ambush characteristics of felids. Once, before the dispersal of Canidae, ancient hyena species numbered over 30 species. It seems that canids entering the scene outcompeted the more doglike hyena species, leaving only the four.
Unlike wolves, the two larger hyenas are known to eat humans when opportune. They are as mythologized in Africa in the same vilifying way as wolves and coyotes are by Europeans and Euroamericans, another case of the misattribution of fiction as fact mentioned by Sapolsky in the limbic/FC-ACC discussion.
Just today a pair of wolf biologists published a letter calling for neurological/evolutionary study of the hypothesis that some , but not all, humans hereditarily have antiwolf responses (I am inclined to bet that epigenetic and cultural misattribution of amygdala-mediated predator fear is in the mix. Maasai and more ancient Mediterranean boys and heroes equated overcoming of lions with manhood test, and Inuit/Inupiat, spearing a polar bear, are analogous traditions. The Euro- gun hunting arising in the 1800s is a safe aberration of something having to do with predators and social protection)
Yes, That makes a lot more sense. The Sherman had other virtues. For example the German Tiger II was only made in tiny numbers - about 500. There were about 50,000 Shermans made.
Is Jordan Peterson your hero?
When you say the lion is uninjured in his encounter with multiple hyenas, what exactly do you mean? Untouched, unharmed, unbroken..?
"[49:48] I suspect ultimately saying that in a small handful of places, if you have no frontal cortex at all, we’re talking about neurology. [49:54] If you’ve got any frontal cortex, we’re talking about morality and soul, and even all of that. I suspect it will eventually make as little sense as lacrymal glands drying up. [50:06] Ok I’m obviously just on the edge of tirading. So let’s take a 5’ break."
This is a tremendously revealing self-comment. Here, we can see our Incredibly Learned Professor delighting in the bizarreries of past human judgment - revealed by cool and rational research as conducted by his frontal cortex. But this does not preclude his own emotional reactions to the data, thus giving a play to his own limbic system, as often expressed in his little personal remarks of joy or disgust, "interesting", "exciting", or"whoa!", "depressing", even "absurd", or "insane".
When he so delights in highlighing the ridiculously fanciful intuitions of the past, they are immediately exposed as the product of "insane"and tremendously ignorant moral/social considerations. While, by contrast, he extols the illuminations from advancing scientific brain and behavior research in radically transforming our worldview. The implied suggestion is that many of our current beliefs about human nature and behavior may in the same manner suddenly or gradually change in the near future as an effect of new research data.
If we read Professor Sapolsky’s six previous books, all the way to his recent magnum opus BEHAVE (2017), we cannot fail to be struck by his passionate interest in the repercussions of progressing neuroscience in undermining the fallacies now accepted as given dogma in many of our current social practices and moral beliefs - and especially the failings of the legal system to update some of its backward rules.
In this critical manner, he joins the wave of scientific criticisms animating many scientists in brain research, such as, for instance, the empirical psychologist Daniel Kahneman.
ROO BOOKAROO, June 28, 2022.
I love my frontal cortex after watching this video, i'm gonna try and keep it safe
Gosh I love his brain 🥰
whatever he talks about starting 1:24:00 is really cool. The stuff of metaphors
So well, I was taking notes of the lecture, very focused and my sister threw a matchbox at me. First I was scared but then I felt anger.
Now I tried this on my sister, I yelled her name and she just flinched and looked up at me in confusion. (She was listening to music)
Second time when I yelled at her she was making food.( This time she got angry).
So my observation is that when you are focused( activated foetal cortex) and someone disturbs you, you immediately get angry(amygdala activates) because you loose the focus (deactivation of frontal cortex). And the other emotions like fear or anxiety can lead to anger because now your amygdala is activated.
Best sleep medicine ever.
We're amazing..
What’s going on with your frontal cortex if you’re the kid who chooses the hand with only 1 chocolate but only because you’re too distrusting of the hand with 5, believing that the 5 must be poisoned if someone would just give them away? And what if that distrust is coupled with not wanting to seem greedy or to be verbally punished for gluttony?
Sweetness.
1:27:00 to 1:29:00 outlines the importance of the socratic method/street epistemology. Becoming rational is not very different from just taking the beliefs you already have and asking yourself "can I justify this belief?"
Christ he's an amazing lecturer
52:13 yay my brain is turned all the way on