Muon Colliders ▸ KITP Blackboard Talk by Nima Arkani-Hamed (IAS)
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- čas přidán 12. 03. 2023
- Blackboard Lunches are talks intended to explain the science of one program to the other KITP program participants, locals, and scientists outside of a specialized field. These talks lead to cross program communications that work towards KITP's goal of maintaining the unity of theoretical physics.
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Fascinating. Thank you.
Nima YOU CAN NEVER GIVE UP> You are the ONE
It's Always exciting to listen to a new Nima Presentation.
Nima has an awesome mind. He really needs to take care of himself physically so he'll be around for a long time. Nima, get that dental work done and make sure to eat healthy and exercise daily... I promise you won't regret it and you will be able to think even better.
The masslessness of the photon, compared to the massive nature of the Higgs particle, is indeed a fundamental aspect of particle physics that raises intriguing questions. Photons are massless because they are gauge bosons associated with the electromagnetic force, described by a gauge theory with a symmetry called U(1) symmetry. This symmetry dictates that the photon must be massless to preserve the gauge symmetry of the theory.
On the other hand, the Higgs particle's role in providing mass to other elementary particles is tied to the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking in the Standard Model. The Higgs field interacts differently with particles that have different electric charges, resulting in varying masses for these particles. This interaction explains why particles like electrons, quarks, and W and Z bosons have mass while the photon remains massless.
The profound nature of this relationship extends to the quantum vacuum and condensed matter systems. The Higgs mechanism plays a role in particle physics and understanding phenomena like superconductivity, where particles acquire effective masses due to interactions with collective excitations in the condensed matter system.
Exploring these connections further can lead to deeper insights into the fundamental principles of nature and the interplay between particle physics and condensed matter physics. The distinction between truly massless particles like the photon and extremely light particles like the pion is important in understanding the fundamental properties of particles and their interactions within the framework of particle physics.
Studying the couplings of the Higgs boson is essential for verifying the predictions of the Standard Model and exploring possible extensions or deviations from it. Experimental measurements at particle colliders like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) play a crucial role in studying these couplings and probing the properties of the Higgs boson in detail.
[A1]. Direct Detection of Dark Matter: The direct detection and interaction cross-sections of dark matter particles, particularly in the context of WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) models, are very small. Experimental efforts, including those at the LHC and direct detection experiments, have not yet observed dark matter particles. Simple WIMP models are not ruled out by current null results, but they require future colliders with higher energy capabilities to probe these models effectively.
[A2]. Physics Beyond the Standard Model: The discussion extends to scenarios beyond the Standard Model, such as supersymmetry (Suzy) and other theoretical frameworks. The LHC's null results have prompted reevaluation and refinement of these models, leading to the exploration of variants and alternative theories. Some of these theories predict particles at energies higher than those accessible by the LHC, necessitating future colliders with greater reach.
[A3]. Evolution of Theoretical Ideas: Theoretical ideas in particle physics have evolved over time, with ongoing reassessment based on experimental data and theoretical constraints. The landscape of potential new particles and phenomena continues to be explored, with a focus on both the Higgs boson and the search for new particles beyond the Standard Model.
[A4]. Importance of Future Accelerators: Future accelerators are seen as essential not only for further studying the Higgs boson but also for potentially discovering new particles that may be beyond the reach of current experiments. There are reasons to anticipate the discovery of new physics beyond the Higgs.
The dynamic interplay between theory and experiment in particle physics drives ongoing research and exploration, with the hope of uncovering new fundamental aspects of the universe!
Nima Arkani-Hamed's (IAS) discussion regarding Higgs factories, muon colliders, and the physics involved is incredibly detailed and showcases your deep understanding of particle physics. Here are some key points, from Nima's discussion.
[B1]. Higgs Factories with E plus, E minus Collisions: Building Higgs factories with electron-positron (E plus, E minus) collisions, initially at around 240 GeV and potentially higher energies, can maximize the production of Higgs bosons. This approach offers precision in measuring the Higgs boson's properties and couplings.
[B2]. Proton-Proton Colliders at 100 TeV: High-energy proton-proton colliders, such as those operating at 100 TeV, can produce millions of Higgs bosons and provide insights into Higgs self-interactions, WIMP dark matter models, and vacuum fluctuations at higher energy scales.
[B3]. Muon Colliders: Muon colliders offer a unique combination of precision (comparable to E plus, E minus colliders) and high energy (comparable to proton-proton colliders). The muon's point-like nature enables clean collisions, and the rich initial state allows for a variety of physics studies, including classical electroweak radiation and exploration of vector boson interactions.
[B4]. Electroweak Symmetry and Radiation: Muon colliders at energies around 10 TeV can effectively produce classical electroweak radiation, revealing aspects of electroweak symmetry and the behaviour of vector bosons (W and Z bosons) similar to photon radiation in electromagnetic interactions.
[B5]. Muon Collider as a Vector Boson Collider: The muon collider can be viewed as an electroweak vector boson collider, emphasizing its potential to study electroweak interactions comprehensively, similar to how the LHC is often seen as a gluon collider due to strong interaction studies.
Nima's insights into the capabilities and physics potentials of different collider configurations demonstrate a nuanced understanding of particle physics research and the quest to unravel fundamental aspects of the universe. He covers a lot of ground regarding muon colliders and the challenges, involved in their operation. Key points from this discussion:
[C1]. Muon Production and Cooling: Muons are produced by colliding protons into graphite, generating pions that decay into muons. These muons initially have low energy and a spread in momentum. To achieve high luminosities, the muons must be tightly focused and cooled, which involves reducing their spread in momentum by a factor of about a million. Cooling is a non-conservative process that involves passing muons through materials like lithium hydride to lose energy without thermalizing the system.
[C2]. Challenges in Phase Space Reduction: The challenge lies in reducing the six-dimensional phase space (X, Y, Z, momentum X, momentum Y, momentum Z) occupied by the muons. This reduction is necessary to make the collider efficient and worthwhile. Achieving such a reduction involves innovative cooling techniques and precision control over muon trajectories.
[C3]. Demonstrated Cooling Progress: While historically, cooling muons was deemed impossible, recent advancements have shown promising progress. Although full cooling to the desired factor hasn't been achieved yet, initial results demonstrate the feasibility of cooling muons significantly, with discussions centred on repeated cooling passes to achieve the desired reduction.
[C4]. Neutrino Radiation Concerns: Neutrino radiation is another aspect of muon colliders that has been a topic of discussion. The production of muons also results in the production of neutrinos, which presents challenges and considerations in collider design and operation.
[C5]. Excitement and Potential: Despite the challenges, the potential of muon colliders is immense. They offer the ability to study fundamental particles, such as the Higgs boson, with unprecedented precision and energy reach. The excitement stems from pushing the boundaries of what was previously thought possible in collider technology.
Thanks to Nima's detailed explanation, which sheds light on the varied technical complexities and many potentially exciting breakthroughs presented in muon collider development. This highlights both the excitement and remaining challenges in this field.
During this UC Santa Barbara, KITP (Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics), Blackboard Talk provided by Nima Arkani-Hamed (IAS), he has touched on some of the additional challenges and considerations regarding muon colliders, including neutrino radiation, beam-induced background, and the need for innovative solutions to mitigate these issues. Here's a summary of these points, raised in the conclusion and his closing remarks made, during his speech:
[D1]. Neutrino Radiation: Muons decay into high-energy neutrinos in colliders, which can lead to concerns about radiation exposure, particularly in specific directions where the neutrino flux is concentrated. Solutions like wiggling the beam or tilting the machine are proposed to mitigate this radiation impact.
[D2]. Beam-Induced Background: Muons constantly decay, leading to beam-induced background effects as their decay products interact with the surrounding material. This presents both challenges and potential opportunities that require careful management and innovative approaches.
[D3]. Question of Insanity: Despite these challenges, the overall consensus is that the muon collider concept is not insane. While there are criticisms and scepticism, there are no glaring showstoppers, and the excitement and potential of such a project are widely recognized.
[D4]. Excitement and Timing: The excitement for muon colliders stems from their novelty, innovative technology, and potential breakthroughs in particle physics. The timing for serious consideration and action on such projects is emphasized, as current expertise and enthusiasm may not persist indefinitely.
Nima's profound insights, serve to highlight the depth of his understanding and insight to our complex and multidimensional world, existing as aspects worth your attention, demand a considered if not more complete form of contemplation, we need to be exhaustive and thorough in our understanding, to possess even partial, near anything a complete appreciation, potential values we know and findings which continue to grow, mechanisms and reasons beyond its mere existence alone, found in more than one place, he is far from alone and this muon collider, might be the best project, he has yet to be proposed.
If C^Squared exists to describe 100% Linear Momentum * 100% Angular Momentum, does F^Squared exist to describe 100% Electro * 100% Magnetic?
Also, does F(Magnetic^squared) : K(C^squared) exist where the force of magnetism is equal to a zero-K mass? note: these are also just words to me
Both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature. (A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close.)
Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. Therefore, the gluon is a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. An artificial Christmas tree can hold the ornaments in place, but it is not a real tree.
String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension? What did some of the old clockmakers use to store the energy to power the clock? Was it a string or was it a spring?
What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine.
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules:
“We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr
(lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958)
The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with some aspects of the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose, and the work of Eric Weinstein on “Geometric Unity”, and the work of Dr. Lisa Randall on the possibility of one extra spatial dimension? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics?
When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if Quark/Gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks where the tubes are entangled? (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry.
Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Gluons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other.
Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change.
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Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons?
Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension?
Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons
. Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Could the production of multiple writhe cycles help explain the three generations of quarks and neutrinos? If the twist cycles increase, the writhe cycles would also have a tendency to increase.
Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. ( Mass=1/Length )
The “Electric Charge” of electrons or positrons would be the result of one twist cycle being displayed at the 3D-4D surface interface of the particle. The physical entanglement of twisted tubes in quarks within protons and neutrons and mesons displays an overall external surface charge of an integer number. Because the neutrinos do not have open tube ends, (They are a twisted torus.) they have no overall electric charge.
Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms.
In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137.
1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface
137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted.
The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.)
How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter?
Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles?
I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. This topological Soliton model grew out of that simple idea. I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles.
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I honestly don't understand why this guy is getting so much exposure ?
To my mind he's either describing stuff that's already all but self evident to anyone who's tried to keep abreast of current physics or he' got nothing.
I really don't understand this comment. He's working on interesting things, like geometric structures for calculation of amplitudes. He's always out front promoting spending the entire science budget on a bigger collider though. I think scientists need some new ideas in that area.
Someone once said, if you dont have anything nice or worthwhile to say, it maybe best if you just keep quiet. He's pushing for something, which the overall consensus is that the muon collider, as a concept is in fact quite sound, definitely anything but insane. I realise, the "Future Big Ring", is a pretty horrible placeholder for a name... perhaps you can work on this for him Eris, that would be very nice of you! - Have a lovely day :)
Which i just a long winded and slightly self important way of saying that he's he's really got nothing.
Frankly and for my money, CERN has actually been something of a disappointment, for example non of the Super Symmetry Particles that were so confidently expected have turned up yet and so on.
Be Cool
Cyrogenicly suspended from the chill I experienced, having listened and discussed what that man just brought to the table in that conversation. I see merit and I'm blind in one and have deep pockets, with very short arms. Made more sense to me, than a WiFi network on the Moon.