How do Superconductors work at the Quantum level?
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- čas přidán 11. 06. 2024
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Maglev video on Lesics channel: • The Fastest train ever...
0:00 Onnes discovers "magic"
2:51 Meissner effect
4:05 What causes resistance
6:09 BCS Theory
8:11 Cooper pairs
9:11 Bose-Einstein condensate
11:28 First room temp superconductor
11:53 Maglev trains
12:25 Audible special offer
In 1908, Dutch physicist Heike Onnes figured out how to turn helium gas to liquified helium for the first time. He cooled Mercury and found that all its electrical resistance went away. Electricity in a superconducting wire will continue to flow virtually forever with no added energy. Superconductors also expel magnetic fields. So if you put a magnet over a superconductor, the magnet will levitate. How is this possible? Quantum mechanics can explain.
In 1933 by Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld found that when a metal is cooled while in a small magnetic field, the flux is spontaneously excluded as the metal becomes superconducting. This is known now as the Meissner effect. Superconducting materials expel magnetic flux fields. Since magnetic fields cannot pass through it, a magnet over a superconductor magnet lifts up in order for the flux to flow to the opposite pole. This is what causes levitation.
In 1957 John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer proposed what is now called the BCS theory. We need to first understand what causes resistance in the first place. Inside of a metal, the outermost electrons in the valence shell, being furthest away from the nucleus are so free to move around that a sample of metal can be treated as a bunch of atoms surrounded by a sea of electrons.
But as electrons travel through the material, the atoms, which now have slightly positive charges because they have given up an electron in their outer shell are in the way so they collide with atoms that may be vibrating. This causes the electron to scatter and it ends up giving up some of its energy to the atom, causing it to vibrate a little more. This added vibration causes the whole lattice to vibrate a bit more. This higher vibration results in heating up of the metal and is how energy is lost due to resistance.
To understand how resistance goes away, I have to tell you about Fermions and Bosons. A particle with a half integer spin is called a Fermion, named after Italian scientist Enrico Fermi. A particle that has an integer spin is called a Boson, named after Indian scientist Satyendra Bose.
An electron can have a spin of +1/2 or -1/2, so it is a fermion. A Photon can have a spin of +1 or -1, so it is a boson. It turns out that while any number of identical bosons can occupy the lowest energy level in a quantum system, two or more identical fermions cannot occupy the same energy level in a quantum system. This is called the Pauli Exclusion principle. This is why you can only have 2 electrons in any given orbital of an atom.
However, bosons have this restriction, and can pack together in one low energy state, when a bunch of them around, especially at low temperatures.
As an electron moves through a conductor, it attracts the positive ions that make up the rigid lattice of the metal. This attraction distorts the ion lattice, moving the ions slightly toward the electron, increasing the positive charge density of the lattice in the vicinity. This positive charge density attracts other electrons. At long distances, this attraction between electrons due to the displaced ions can overcome the electrons' repulsion and cause them to join. These two electrons form a combination called a Cooper pair.
When two electrons come together in this way, their half spins interact in such a way that together they form an integer spin. They start behaving like bosons instead of fermions. They are no longer subject to the Pauli exclusion principle, so now they occupy the lowest energy level possible.
The collection of Cooper pairs starts acting like one entity or unit - this is called a Bose-Einstein condensate. So all Cooper pairs together act like one giant electron. There is no resistance because the condensate cannot go to any lower energy state, so no interaction with atoms in the lattice occurs, hence zero resistance.
#superconductors #cooperpairs #boseeinsteincondensate
The interaction of the electrons in a Cooper pairing is very weak, so it typically only happens at very low temperatures. As the temperature gets above the critical temperature, the Cooper pairs get disrupted because there is enough energy to break them up. So superconductivity is lost. It’s the formation of Cooper pairs through their interaction with the phonons of the material that are the cause of superconductivity.
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Yes, I said "degrees Kelvin" -- My first high school chemistry teacher always said "degrees Kelvin" for whatever reason. It stuck with me. Old habits die hard. If you want to nitpick, it should be just "Kelvin" with no "degree" before it. Why you ask? Because Kelvin is on an absolute scale, whereas degrees are usually assigned to units that have an arbitrary scale, i.e., not measured against something absolute.
But then, you might ask, why do we say "degrees Rankine," since that is ALSO on an absolute scale? Good question. These terminologies are really just man-made rules that sometimes make no sense. Do like me, and say whatever helps give you better clarity for physical processes like this.
This comment is so useful, thanks for clearing up the whole issue :)
Yeah I've got a headache in my head. The pedantry of commenters is sometimes informative LOL.
Have you considered making some atomic physics basics for children videos? Your graphics plus your ability to simplify and translate advanced concepts would be extremely useful in explaining things like gravity, atoms, EM waves, etc to children.
@@austinmcneill8002 I have several videos on these subjects already. Hopefully, some children do watch them. If you find a subject I haven't covered before, feel free to suggest them.
Tell me, Arvin, why are you unable and unwilling to answer my question? Why no scientist is able to answer it and why all of you are scared of it to the level that they never even respond back? Yes, it is the question about some clearly wrong claims of science that are in our textbooks and they are easily provable to be wrong through experiments along with other experiments that are provable to be correct but they show different pictures of reality compared to what our textbooks do... So, what kind of science we have today which is afraid to look at facts and arguments and, instead, behaves like a religion that has its creeds and will not abondon them regardless of facts prvoing them absurd??? So, are you one of those guys who runs away from questions that prove the uselessness of contemporary science in theoretical physics? And, please, do not send to me those comments with claims that this science has created the computer and phone I am writing these comments from... Before even trying to write this nonsense, tell me how ideas about Big Bang and Balck Holes have contributed in development of computers and phones...
This channel is like finding a gem for new people.
Been here for a few months. Absolutely love it.
Call me an idiot, but I actually can't understand what you mean by "a gem for new people"?
@@chriswalker7632 Its a saying. Like he found a diamond between rocks. gem is a nother word for jewel.
@@bojanlorber611 So he said "it's like finding diamond between the rocks for new people" - makes perfect sense? Like, what does he mean by "new people"? - are the new people rocks or diamonds? Or for old people are diamonds just another rock? Or for new people a rock looks like a diamond would for an old person not impressed by rocks?
@@chriswalker7632 Im not sure if you are joking about his punctuation or choice of words, but if you are not, he meant the people who newly discovered the channel. e.g. new subscribers
This is literally the clearest explanation I have seen on CZcams about superconductivity.
exactly
I havent seen a better video that explains supercondictivity
True.
You mean you cant understand by this explaination
Fr
@@sayedalis3350 no he says he haven't seen any other video which explains superconductivity as good as him
Agree. This is by far the best video explained in layman’s term
This is the only channel I watch at slower playback speed. It's so information dense.... to a layman like me.
I wish I had a dollar for everytime I've rewound his video to try and better grasp a concept he is explaining to us students.
Same
I do it to.
The more of these types of vid you watch, you'll find in time you start getting a rather well rounded amateur physicist understanding and can pick it up easier. That said, I have to give up on some vids when it gets into complex theoretical arguments based on math.
I love astronomy but to understand the macro I find it helpful to understand the micro because all the elements here are out there in the furthest distance of the observable universe. Whatever is here on earth is out there. We're the dust of third generation stars (so the current thinking goes).
What is your name from/What does it mean? I always say that word not knowing what it is or remembering where I heard it lol...
Arvin Ash is a mind reader. He knows what type of video we want.
Indeed my friend ;)
I'm no mind reader. I'm just curious about the same things most of my viewers probably are.
@@ArvinAsh that's why we are here always 🙃
@Death is our worst Enemy Mrs. Anderson from 6th grade grammar class, you really have to stop stalking me. Lol. Well, if you want to be super strict, the word that would go in between those two words that carries the same meaning as my intention would be "that" not "as"
@Death is our worst Enemy
1) This is a physics channel, not a grammar channel. Grammar is important, but not the most important thing here. Corrections are grateful, but stop being annoying because some argument injured you.
2) I don't know very much about english grammar (my mother language is not english), but I understand that implicit use of conjunctions is valid, like in "that", at least in popular language.
3) Cognitive Dissonance? Seriously? What a good psychologist you turned out to be. Presenting valid arguments is not "Cognitive Dissonance".
4) Your latest argument seems likely a form of running away to avoid a valid argument.
Everything seems easy to understand when it is taught by a good teacher❤️
The concept is explained so simply and is really easy to grasp❤️
Absolutely the best video explanation I've (yet) seen for superconductivity. Thanks!
Glad it was helpful!
i’ve probably watched 9 videos trying to explain and visualize the same things but i didn’t understand it until your video. fantastically well made!!
Woah! I can't thank you enough for making such wonderful content and making it freely available!
There are not enough superlatives to describe just how good Arvin's videos are. The attention to details, concise definitions of terms, and intelligent visual presentations makes learning easy and fun. I now have some clarity on how and why superconductivity works. Thanks!
Just love how he explains same thing I read during my masters degree wish I'd known about this channel before ❤️❤️❤️
How are your videos so comprehensible without giving up sophistication? They are vitamins for the mind! Thank you.
I wanted this for ao long......
How much time is an "AO"?
@@simoneevaldodaurelio555 ao long is a person.... nothing to do with time.
It was very satisfying hearing that "..coming up.... Right now!" again
From this fantastic explanation we can see that the division between fermions and bosons is an artificial one. Same goes for the integer/half-integer spin.
It's just a useful convention/classification to somehow group the particle zoo into something resembling a sound model but there's clearly an underlying symmetry that can explain superconductivity and more.
Brilliant video!
Wonderful👌
Next up , is about the spacetime fabric in details😃😎
Well done. It must take a lot of effort to pull such a video together and have it appear so wonderfully smooth.
Oh finally, my favorite physics channel posted a video :))
Such extreme quality science video's are a huge amout of work .
Its remarkeble at wich speed they make these .
If i make a DIY video over 10 min. Long i have to edit like 40 h .. let alone the high use of very detailed graphics ☆☆☆☆☆
I found your channel through Lesics channel. I am pleased to found this channel. The content was so well explained. These type of videos are also called Simply Awesomely. Thank you for your work. 👍🏼👍🏼
This is the best explanation of superconductivity on CZcams. The animations allows the concept to absorb in your intuition. Thank you Arvin Ash.
You just gotta love this stuff esp with Arvin Ash touching it so kindly Thanks Sir
Incredible explanation, very complete and deep, thank you very much !!
So cool that you guys shouted each other’s videos out in your respective videos.
So far I couldn't imagine how cooper pair looks and expulsion of magnetic field lines. But after watching this video I got clarity on these topics of superconductors.
Amazing. This guy can explain everything.
Thank you for including the narrative!!! Very useful for reviewing the material. Great explanation not seen elsewhere.
Yo arvin, a video on the pauli exclussion principle would be really useful
Noted!
@@ArvinAsh Yes Please
@@ArvinAsh
I second that. I’ve heard the Pauli Exclusion Principle referenced in describing how Neutron stars form. But, I don’t understand it.
this is key, because one thing that is lost in the "electrons filling in shells" diagrams we see all the time is that electrons don't fill shells individually, because there is no such thing as an individual electron. If you have 50 electrons in 50 states, each electron is in a superposition all 50 states in such a way that swapping any 2 electron labels flips the sign of the state. Weird, but it leads to the PEP...though it is much deeper.
I also second that. It would be nice to know what causes somebody to come up with it, and why it should be the case, going beyond just memorizing 'how' it supposedly works.
I am sure only Arvin could explain it better than anybody else.
Brilliant explanation! I'm very grateful🤗
What an Explanation! Hats OFF sir
I love the video Arvin, I hope the scar is healing up well!
Wow! This is the best video I have ever seen on Superconductivity. I kind-of had a little knowledge about Superconductivity, but no one tells the theory better than Arvin Ash. Thanks.
Well simplified explanation
Thank you.
Thanks a lot, Dr Arvin ... you are the best. I wish to see longer videos & lectures. I have never seen a summarized visual subject such as this, although I have read so much about this topic!
I wish to see you explaining real mechanisms visually about the space-time fabric nature as growing MASS changes its behavior & characteristics.
Probably one of the best super conductivity videos I've seen, really helped me understand allot thank u
Hi Arvin, thanks for the video. The best illustration and explanation of superconductivity I have seen.
I think this channel became my favorite one
Very perfect Explanation
Great video, thanks for your fabulous work 👍
This was one of the best learning experiences ive ever had in my life and of the best learning videos ive ever seen. Thank you, that was awesome
Awesome content !
You explain it in a brief with nice manner.
great video, learned alot more than I expected.
This channel is a good place to learn everything about science. Many thanks for this video.
Another excellent presentation, thanks Arvin
Thanks for the shows, great work.
Another great video Arvin, Thank you. I hope you will do a video on "Photosynthesis at Quantum level" one day !!
Excellent video. Took me a while to sift through it, but it was explained thoroughly and well put together, as per usual.
Excellent video. Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video.
This is super cool! Please add more...
Excellent Explanation. Thank you.
I had difficulty understanding how cooper pair works, but now you have explained it quite nicely, I am happy to finally understand it.
This is some truly fascinating stuff. Thank you.
Excellent job, really thank you
This video is inspiring, he broke it down so simply.
What an excellent explanation, thank you sir!
awesome animation with the cooper pairs
I loved this video!! Very informative and right up my alley!!
Thanks a lot for Nice Explanation !
This is objectively a great video! Well explained.
What an incredible 🤩 explanation!
Wow... what an awesome explanation!
Very well explained, sir. I was finding it hard to understand BCS theory. Thank you
Excellent job. There was a lot of information I wasn't aware of even though I've been a physics spectator for a long time. Thanks!
Thanks for the Engineering channel link, great add for my youtube feed. :)
The way you describe the topics is awesome......
Please sir continue this great work.....
The best explanation for Superconducting I have ever seen... Thanks a lot ✨✌️
Thankyou so much! This was such a mystery
God bless you brotha, this video was so educational & made easy to understand.
One of your best pieces of work Arvin! I learnt sooo much watching this!
Exclusion = differentiation, divergence or boundaries, barriers, limits = duality.
Duality is the origin of the Pauli exclusion principle (quantum stars).
Bosons are dual to Fermions.
Spin statistics theorem:- Symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- wave/particle or quantum duality.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- Dirac equation.
Inclusion is dual to exclusion.
Randomness (entropy, uncertainty) is dual to order (syntropy, certainty) -- the Heisenberg certainty/uncertainty principle.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction, projection) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
The word entropy means "a tendency to diverge" or differentiate into new states, reductionism (science).
The word syntropy means "a tendency to converge" or integrate into single whole state, holism (religion).
Divergence is dual convergence, differentiation is dual to integration, reductionism is dual to holism, division is dual to unity.
Positive charge is dual to negative charge -- electric charge.
North poles are dual to south poles -- magnetic fields.
Electro is dual to magnetic -- Maxwell's equations, electro-magnetic energy is dual.
Photons, light or pure energy = duality.
Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy, gravitational energy is dual.
Apples fall to the ground because they are conserving duality.
Gravitation is equivalent or dual to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality).
Duality creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Great explanation for superconductivity.
Explained very well
Thanks Arvin, I have been trying to understand superconductivity for a while, reading various articles etc., but your video helped me finally make sense of it. I agree with other comments that you have taken your videos to another level with this one. I appreciate your videos. Thanks.
Great to hear! Glad it was helpful.
This is the best explanation I ever have.
Thank you sir
This channel is superb!
omg i found a gem. thank you for these amazing videos.
The best Explanation of Superconductivity ever on CZcams. 🙏
Thankyu sir for the Great Content.
Very helpful in me trying to understand superconductivity. Thanks.
Another top notch vid. I think of all the science that went before this 13 minute vid that you explained so well.
Very nice explaining video
Your scientific explanations, to philosophy, and compare them together, and bring them more in to lights, is respected.
Exclusion = differentiation, divergence or boundaries, barriers, limits = duality.
Duality is the origin of the Pauli exclusion principle (quantum stars).
Bosons are dual to Fermions.
Spin statistics theorem:- Symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- wave/particle or quantum duality.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- Dirac equation.
Inclusion is dual to exclusion.
Randomness (entropy, uncertainty) is dual to order (syntropy, certainty) -- the Heisenberg certainty/uncertainty principle.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction, projection) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
The word entropy means "a tendency to diverge" or differentiate into new states, reductionism (science).
The word syntropy means "a tendency to converge" or integrate into single whole state, holism (religion).
Divergence is dual convergence, differentiation is dual to integration, reductionism is dual to holism, division is dual to unity.
Positive charge is dual to negative charge -- electric charge.
North poles are dual to south poles -- magnetic fields.
Electro is dual to magnetic -- Maxwell's equations, electro-magnetic energy is dual.
Photons, light or pure energy = duality.
Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy, gravitational energy is dual.
Apples fall to the ground because they are conserving duality.
Gravitation is equivalent or dual to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality).
Duality creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
fantastic job
Another ho so complex subject made approachable by mr Alvin. Thanks!
Nice way to explain
First time here. So well shown and explained. Thank you.
Arvin Ash the people's champ! Thanks for everything you do brother
Man.... This is so beautiful!!!!
Thanks for the explanation 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👌🏻👌🏻👌🏻👌🏻
Fantastic video thank you
Great job in explaining superconductivity 👌
This video is gold
Hiya I have to admit I'm a FAN ur content is engaging,educational, Not dumbed down.Thanks so much.Now I need to get up to speed, so I can really comment
Very clearly explained🔥
This is something I've wondered for a long while now. Thanks, man. :-)
Liked this one a lot, thanks
Thanks again boss for another wonderful video
Outstanding video - a masterpiece
Wow! I may have to watch this about 100 more times, but I am finally seeing the light at the end of the maglev train! Thank you so much!
Exclusion = differentiation, divergence or boundaries, barriers, limits = duality.
Duality is the origin of the Pauli exclusion principle (quantum stars).
Bosons are dual to Fermions.
Spin statistics theorem:- Symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- wave/particle or quantum duality.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- Dirac equation.
Inclusion is dual to exclusion.
Randomness (entropy, uncertainty) is dual to order (syntropy, certainty) -- the Heisenberg certainty/uncertainty principle.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction, projection) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
The word entropy means "a tendency to diverge" or differentiate into new states, reductionism (science).
The word syntropy means "a tendency to converge" or integrate into single whole state, holism (religion).
Divergence is dual convergence, differentiation is dual to integration, reductionism is dual to holism, division is dual to unity.
Positive charge is dual to negative charge -- electric charge.
North poles are dual to south poles -- magnetic fields.
Electro is dual to magnetic -- Maxwell's equations, electro-magnetic energy is dual.
Photons, light or pure energy = duality.
Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy, gravitational energy is dual.
Apples fall to the ground because they are conserving duality.
Gravitation is equivalent or dual to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality).
Duality creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
I’ve learned so much from this video because it’s hard to visualise some of the content just be reading books. Thanks for the great animation.
Studied this at university, never really got that cooper pairs acted as bosons, now I do! And then to top it off you told me what a phonon was - far more interesting than the standard "lattice vibration" that I was taught.
Thank you... The way you explain, I thank you...
Superb lesson Dr Ash. Kudos. This one's a keeper. ;)
This is by far the best explanation of super conductivity I have ever seen. Thank you!
Exclusion = differentiation, divergence or boundaries, barriers, limits = duality.
Duality is the origin of the Pauli exclusion principle (quantum stars).
Bosons are dual to Fermions.
Spin statistics theorem:- Symmetric wave functions (Bosons, waves) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, particles) -- wave/particle or quantum duality.
Spin up is dual to spin down, particles are dual to anti-particles -- Dirac equation.
Inclusion is dual to exclusion.
Randomness (entropy, uncertainty) is dual to order (syntropy, certainty) -- the Heisenberg certainty/uncertainty principle.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction, projection) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
The word entropy means "a tendency to diverge" or differentiate into new states, reductionism (science).
The word syntropy means "a tendency to converge" or integrate into single whole state, holism (religion).
Divergence is dual convergence, differentiation is dual to integration, reductionism is dual to holism, division is dual to unity.
Positive charge is dual to negative charge -- electric charge.
North poles are dual to south poles -- magnetic fields.
Electro is dual to magnetic -- Maxwell's equations, electro-magnetic energy is dual.
Photons, light or pure energy = duality.
Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy, gravitational energy is dual.
Apples fall to the ground because they are conserving duality.
Gravitation is equivalent or dual to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality).
Duality creates reality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
WOW, Homeslice! I've been watching your channel since you had about 20K subscribers, and I remember telling you the content was so good, it was strange that your subs were so low. GREAT job building up your base!
Once again A very fine video, thanks man!