How Potatoes Saved The World
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- čas přidán 30. 05. 2019
- Don't forget to go check out Step Back History's video over at: • The Great Law Of Peace
What is your favourite international food? Italian spaghetti bolognese, Indian curry, Irish coddle, Chinese Kung Pao chicken, or Belgian chocolate? These all have one thing in common, other than the fact that they’re delicious. They all rely on Native American plants.
Before Columbus stumbled upon the wrong continent, famines regularly ripped through Europe, Africa and Asia.
After 1492, tables everywhere were introduced to corn, potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, chocolate, vanilla and many other foods.
Now, over 60% of the food consumed worldwide originated in the Americas. But how did the Native Americans create and manage these incredible crops. What amazing effects did they have, and how did potatoes and bird poop create the modern world. Well, Let’s Find Out.
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SCRIPT WITH FOOTNOTES AND SOURCES: pastebin.com/BQCDb6gr
SOURCES (Affiliate Links)
The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, 30th Anniversary Edition, Alfred W. Crosby and Professor J. R. McNeill - amzn.to/2QFGRU8
1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, Charles Mann - amzn.to/2MmZdKU
Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems Third Edition - amzn.to/2Mktb2m
The Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru - amzn.to/2EKDoi8
Peru: A Short History by Professor Emeritus David P. Werlich Ph.D. - amzn.to/2I9Swqe
Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants , Nikolai Vavilov - amzn.to/2JQRgf0
Other Sources
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
SOME SFX TAKEN FROM AGE OF EMPIRES II
MUSIC BY www.epidemicsound.com/
THANKS TO pixabay.com/ AND vecteezy.com/ FOR MANY OF THE VECTOR IMAGES
All images are taken from Creative Commons or used in accordance with fair use. If one of your images has been used and I have forgotten to attribute please contact me by email or on twitter I will instantly resolve that.
Why have you scrolled this far down? No one reads down here.
#nativeamerican #nativehistory #americanhistory #Indiginous #nativeamericanhistory
Music by Epidemic Sound: epidemicsound.com/creator
Making this video really detailed my diet. I ate cassava crisps along with about 10000 calories worth of other junk.... For research purposes obviously.
Don't forget to check out Step Back History's video here czcams.com/video/4vHaeuC_Fao/video.html
At least when you eat 10,000 calories worth of junk, you end up producing great videos whereas I only produce self-hatred.
@Proud Bangladeshi গর্বিত বাংলাদেশী based overly descriptive Bangladeshi poster
So... how many varieties of potatoes do you think companies like Monsanto may have? Something is not adding up here.
Cassava crisps????? My guy, just eat garri, peanuts, and sugar soaked in cold water next time! or Eba and egusi soup! LOL!
damn it this video should come with a hunger warning cuz it really makes you want to eat
Stranded alone on Mars? There is a potato for that!
With Matt Damon guano!
lol
Mars is potato
I understood that reference. :)
What movie is that? I forget only remember that matt damon is the stranded astronaut
Thank you Native Americans for Potato, Chili and Cocoa
DUCK thank nature, we natives did nothing to make them exist. We say thank pachamama meaning thank nature. Many of our ceremonies is about thanking nature
And tobacco too.
And marijuana and cocaine
@@fragolegirl2002 ...which tribe are you from?
Blue Sky northern Quechua and chachi(cayapas)
The Americas fed the world, but at the cost of their very existence
@ggg Sadly only 5 million Native Americans left in the US. Only 1.6 million in Canada :(
@@nicksalvatore5717 Diseases at the time were quite deadly sadly.
@@ZunaZurugi There's been a lot of warfare towards and purposeful impoverishing of my peoples though, within our own lands.
@@LeoMidori Well thats just an little Extra. Warfare was nothing new to those lands tho, not a big Factor.
@@nicksalvatore5717 Actually only less than 1 million in the US. The rest are wannabes... Only a true native will know!!!
6:30 "before Fourteen Ninety Two"
displays 1942.
I am fail
@@CogitoEdu but we love ❤️ u anyways. Have a potato 🥔
@@CogitoEdu I was like am I missing a clever joke here what?
@@CogitoEdu that's weird cus I usually say 1965 or something meaning 1465
Dyslectic editor?
The 🥔 is such a versatile food. Bake it, smash it, fry it, steam it, cut it into chunks, slices waffle fried, steak fries, gator tots and more. 🍟
Potato Candy as well. An Appalachian treat.
Boil 'em, mush 'em, stick 'em in a stew
Like Bubba from Forrest Gump
By us Italians, a HUGE thanks to the Native Americans for tomato and chili! Seriously, you guys are the best!
@Time Machine ok, what have us to do about it? I bet you're not even native american.
@Time Machine i would Say more anglos than hispanics.
@@luchocabman6272 the Spanish killed more of them lmao
@Time Machine 😀😀your own “people” were slaughtered by your own “people” , and neighbourhood tribes ,
sacrificed alive for centuries before evil euro’s got there .
So.....l
Don’t forget to thank your neighbour for that 🙄🤣🤣
Native Americans are actually pretty cool. I'm ironically growing Cherokee Purples this year. They're a splendid tomato variety that has a natural slight smokiness to their flavor
"There's a potato for that" should become a meme :D
(Grey screen)
Struggling with insert problem X here.
(suddenly turns to color)
NOW THERE'S A POTATO FOR THAT!
Order you limited edition potato merch now!!
I second this. "Lost both your legs in a horrific traffic accident? There's a potato for that!".
I'm imagining a "put a bird on it" portlandia episode
Except in Latvia. Potato is only dream...
@@CogitoEdu T-shirt. Or mug. Guaranteed best sellers. While you're at it, order an
"r" for your your.
Proud to be of native American descent 😎 thank you ancestors
Así mismo, i AM not 100% indigenous but I am proud of saying I'm descendent of the original people and have a profound respect for them... Saludos de un Nicaragüense 🇳🇮
@@Drskopf me neither but I'm Ecuadorian and I have kichwa, kitukara and guancavilca blood running through my veins con orgullo 😎
@@sapointi my people used to be called Chorotegas, Matagalpas, and many more almost all of them lived on the Pacific and central part of Nicaragua, they all have a common language Nahuatl, yes is the same one from the Mexica Kingdom or AK as Aztecs, many of them escape the persecution from their sacrifices and ended up coming to central America which is still mesoamérica after all
@@Drskopf woow that's so awesome thanks so much for telling me 🙏🏼 I don't know much about indigenous Nicaraguan history
@@sapointi you're welcome is a sad story bc there are a few left, when Spain was here they destroy everything including themselves bc thirst for gold made 2 rival exploration clash and created a war in between them one cane from the south from Costa Rica and the other one cane from the north coming from Mexico. In the end they enslaved the natives almost 80% of the entire population from the central and Pacific shores and they were sent to the a huge gold and silver mines in potosi Bolivia. Be they were shipped from a colonial Port on the Pacific ocean called Puerto El Realejo now in ruins
Really this video could be titled "How Native American Farmers Saved the World." I'd never thought about the implications of how native farmers efforts made the crops so suitable for different environments. Awesome video 👌
Why didn't Natives develop a parallel civilization? Why were they still in the Stone Age when Columbus landed?
@@funveeable I believe the current thinking has to do with the lack of easily domesticated draught animals. CGP Grey did a video about animal domestication that explains it pretty well.
@@funveeablewhat an ignorant comment... I guess you haven't heard of the Aztecs or Mayans...
Growing up in Sweden during the 80-ies I was raised in a potato obsessed society. Everything was fine as long as you had a potato on your plate!
Det ska vara potatis till varje måltid, men nu verkar det vara på utgång bland många yngre.
Would ya'll be okay with just boiled potatoes?
@@shashwatsinha2704 When I grew up, we'd eat boiled potatoes 3-5 times a week.
@@asgrahim9164 Was it fir normal reasons or...you know, sad reasons.
@@shashwatsinha2704 lool we have other things with the potatoes
Europe is Potato.
Great vid 👍
Ha thanks for watching :D
In Peru there are around 3000 varieties of potato🇵🇪💕
@@VidelaArg oh my god
"Europe.Is.Potato." for whatever reason has me dying
Thank you Native Americans for my raging chocolate addiction.
Im pretty sure its more of a Sugar addiction xD
To go with my coke habit.
Np
This is the most late capitalist comment ever
The chocolate used by the people of mesoamerica was nothing like modern chocolate. It was a bitter ceremonial drink.
You’ll be happy to know my American history courses went in great detail on Natives’ contribution to agriculture
did it?
Your american history? No native americans, Incas :) In Peru there are around 3000 varieties of potato
@@VidelaArg Did you know that incas SOMEHOW managed to turn corn into a delicious purple sweet juice?
@@b4rflady623 yep
I read it as "cops". :D
Oof. No.
Fancy seeing you here KaG!
OMG I am such a huge fan of yours. I just love your amazing content. Please keep up the good work!
I found many great historian youtubers in comment section of cogito's videos. Btw which software do you all youtubers use for creating 2d animation? Please reply.
@@alexey926 Guinea pigs, llamas, alpacas, dogs, turkeys, bees.
That 3 sisters crop combination was pure epicness!!!!! That's efficient as hell man. I love it.
Thank you for this extremely informative program, truly.
its probably a pain to harvest on mass, but it sounds like an insanely efficient system.
Makes a great soup combo too. Every time I make it for dinner or I smell it, it reminds me of home cooking.
Very informative. I didn't know 60% of the food worldwide originated in the Americas.
I did.
The Corn, the potato, the tomato, the chocolate the Coke (Koka plant), the turkey, the avocados, the pumpkins and the cassava were the work of millennia of Native American experimentation. Now I know why they earned everyone's respect after years of demonizing them.
True...our history book taught us that Portuguese gave us potatoes
@@octaviogutierrez9158 Agreed! 😋 Coffee is from Ethiopia though
❤me too
I was gonna say, how ironic, 'Belgian chocolate', considering the fact that cocoa doesn't grow there, but then you said "they all relied on native American plants" and my point was made.
"Europe is potato" is a very accurate statement, when I moved to Europe from Costa Rica, it was a drastic change for me, because we normally eat rice.
Belgium chocolate ain't belgium, french fries are not french.
❤well said and well OBSERVED
Thank you native Americans
No native americans, Incas :) In Peru there are around 3000 varieties of potato
@@VidelaArg the incans are still considered natives
@@VidelaArg the incas were natives from the Americas, so they are Native Americans just like all the natives from all the Americas not just the US.
Moreira 99 thanks you :)
@@VidelaArg y los maiz, tomates, calabaza, chiles, y chocolate es de mesoamerica!
It's all the more impressive when you realize that Old World wild crops were basically ready to farm, while New World wild crops were just random plants. Teosinte was just grass, and Mesoamerica turned it into one of the greatest grains in the world!
Essentially, Afroeurasia had domesticated animals and didn't focus on engineering crops unlike people in the Americas that had no domesticable animals and had to rely on engineering crops.
No that is incorrect.
The Americas did have domestic animals. The horse came from Americas, but that's another story.
North America's did have dog which were used as beast of burden. And South America had Llamas and pack as.
Unfunatley the horse had died off. ( there are many option why this happen but the important thing is they all had died)
BUT
The important thing is, as far as I have seen, they did NOT have the wheel.
No wheel means no charriot ( which was used before the horse was rode) and no wagons or carts.
Maybe I'm wrong on not having the wheel, but I think that was the problem.
I mean there was some huge American civilization. Aztec, Maya, and Inca were just a few, but there were many more. Funny those three were very similar. There were ones very different from them.
There were civilization that have not been found yet. For instance there is this place that today is a desert where water is 1500 down. 1000 years ago it was a lake. Recent find found there was a civilization there 600 years ago.
What is confusing is why other animals were not domesticated. Some will say thing like you can domesticated buffalo. Sure you can, just as dog and cattle were. But instead of eating the weakest ones, breed them until you get what you want.
Now I want to bring up another aspect.
Ok old world domesticated animals. New world domesticated crops.
Yet no one domesticated fish. Sure you have fish farms now. But still that is far behind the other two.
@wearealltubes ok I'LL agree with that. It would be hard to selective breed fish.
For that matter I don't even know how to tell a male fish from a female. Lol
I dont mean this negatively, just they are good with sexing day old chick. I bet the Chinese or Japanese could sex fish.
@@pychohobo1832 the thing with the wheel is that they invented it and used it in some cases but they had no roads and a wagon with wooden wheels and no road is kinda shitty
@@Joeink100 No we had roads, it's just the people who had concept of the wheel lived in regions where it was not quite easy.
cant have it all
Holy moly, it's like the whole world now eats some sort of Native American inspired food. The Post-Columbian era really changed the world forever.
No native americans, Incas :) In Peru there are around 3000 varieties of potato
@@VidelaArg pero la papa fue domesticada en Chiloé.
Stalin Jiménez Error, fue domesticada en los altiplanos Peruanos
Stalin Jiménez y posteriormente llevada por los españoles (lo cual está históricamente comprobado)
@@VidelaArg No. La papa que se comercia por todo el mundo fue domesticada de forma independiente en la isla de Chiloé, en Chile. Es igual que con la calabaza, que se domesticó primero en Ecuador, pero también tuvo un proceso de domesticación independiente en lo que hoy es Estados Unidos.
Ok, so you made me really hungry now. Great job, by the way. Your videos get better and better.
Love seeing the cooperation between the history CZcamsrs
Yes
Such a great video thank you we indigenous people get so little representation thank you so much
“Imagine what Ireland would be like without the potato.”
They tried that once. Didn’t go well. Didn’t go well at all…
This made me very happy. My ancestors were messing around with crops and it helped the world. It’s just nice to think about
Wow, and I thought your animations were already great? Seriously one of CZcams's most underrated channels.
KhAnubis Nice seeing you here
Second that.
Great video Cogito! Always love when you post new content.
France has quite a fun story when it comes to potatoes. It was long believed to be good only for pigs but a certain Mr. Parmentier realized its high potential in feeding the masses so he asked the king to create a prestigious but extremely secrete potato garden in one of his castles. From there, people got curious and potatoes became much more prestigious and accepted countrywide.
Now we have a mashed potato and meat dish named after him - Hachis Parmentier.
I heard the same story when I was young (and mentioned it in my podcast) but instead of it being the French I was told it was the Prussians that did that.
That's pretty cool :D. I want to try that dish now.
@@CogitoEdu It's pretty good!
@@MLaserHistory Oh really? Now it makes me wonder if that story is fake and it's just something every country has...
@@ThisisBarris I wouldn't be surprised if it is. When you look around Europe there're a lot of "urban legends" that each country has its own version of.
As a Peruvian I am glad that the world benefited from our potatoes. It’s amazing how many different types , colors and sizes we have. That guano thing tho, it’s crazy how much we exported to the outside world. Well done my peoples, well done.
Thank you for the potatoes I actually want to visit some day to try some of the different varieties that we can’t get up here in the USA
@@dennisp8520 hope you get to visit and enjoy all we have to offer my brother. Peace and love from Peru to the USA
0.0
thank you from germany. you are the best !
You know that 99 percent of the potatoes that are consumed in the world come from chiloé instead of perú?
The Indigenous peoples of the Americas fed the world and in exchange they were enslaved and massacred in huge numbers, they were exposed to deadly diseases and received no aid whatsoever, they were forced to assimilate to European cultures, languages and religions, losing their own and mixing with other people groups, and those who survived were marginalized and pushed to the margins. What a way to say thanks.
I stan the wholesome alpaca at 2:33
Alpacas are too pure for us
He's not the Alpaca we deserve. But he's the one we need right now.
@@CogitoEdu that needs to be plushie available at your merch store.
I live on Karelian Isthmus. Potato is the only thing which grows very good in this climate (maybe also berries)
Спасибо индейцам за такой хладостойкий продукт
Do you speak the karelian language or russian(or both)
Title: How potatoes saved the world
My Brain: Thinks about Irish joke...
"pre 1942"
i mean, you're not _wrong_
Exactly this! xD
I noticed that too, but just assumed he meant 1492.
You’ve gotta wonder though... who was the first person that thought ‘hey, lets eat those poisonous plants over there!
Whoever it was deserves a giant statue!
The same kind of person who looked at a horse and thought, "Hmm, a neurotic animal terrified of its own shadow with a kick that can shatter every bone in my body and a bite that can take my arm off. I should sit on top of it!"
guanaco and vicuna (relatives of lama) were the first to eat potatoes, they lick clay before eating poisonous plants, the toxins stick-more technically, “adsorb”-to the fine clay particles in the animals’ stomachs, passing through the digestive system without affecting it. Potato at wild is really poisonous, so andean people learned to dunk wild potatoes in a “gravy” made of clay and water (they still do to this day).
Probably someone who had nothing else to eat.
The Chinese loved sweet potato so much that there are noodles that are made of sweet potato starch there. It's different but still tastes amazing!
This is exactly like a history class I took in undergrad. The class was centered around the theme of food. It was a great way to look at history from the perspective of ancient society's normal, everyday people. Nice video. Just stumbled upon your channel.
ALL HAIL THE POTATO ALL HAIL THE POTATO ALL HAIL THE POTATO
Praise be to the glorious spud
Your channel is amazing. So informative and never boring.
This video was sooo good! I always bring up agriculture when someone says we were more civilized than native Americans. Maybe in other areas we were more advanced but agriculturally its clear that native Americans were much more advanced.
Because Europeans are equating civilization with steel, guns, writing, and architecture of the medieval and renaissance era. However, the average person did not know how to read or write nor lived in a castle in that era. Only the elite, aristocracy, and monarchy. Life expectancy in Europe was age 30-40 until the 20th century.
Informative and entertaining video as always. I had no idea the role these plants played in history.
Growing up in a Puerto Rican houselhold, the sweet potato and cassava/yucca were pretty much Sacred. All hail the hardy tubers. Especially: Potato.
Great video mate. such an important piece of history, so easy to over look. I learned something today.
Very informative, amazingly well done.
I loved this video!! Thank YOU!! I read about this in 1493 by Charles Mann so seeing it play before my eyes a la animation was quite enjoyable. And the narration was nice. Nothing like an Irish accent, just lovely. 👏🏾👏🏾👏🏾👏🏾
I want a beach potato t shirt!!! Loved the video, really well done
This channel is pretty great. I'm glad I found it.
I'm glad you've found it too. Welcome :D
And do not forget the Americas taught Europe how to plant.
Prior to this Europe was wearing out thier soil. ( hence why the guano was needed)
Old world would plant the same crop year after year for hundred to thousand of years in the same place. This was the #1 reason for famine.
New World show the importance of crop rotation.
In most case the famines were caused by killing the soil, not weather.
No, this is false. Crop rotation existed before that point in Europe.
@@gorthorki really? When did Europe start rotating crops?
You are going to find this practice stared after the New World.
@Francisco Carvalho Capeche in the low countries, started from the around 1500 a four year rotation system was used for more yield.
ps, for example carrots had hunderds of sorts, if you went 2-3 villages further, other carrots were used, and about NONE of them where orange before the Netherlands set on their mission to devellop a national vegatable to honor the house of orange !
the fact that improved on yield and some disease resistance at the same time it the reason the new orange carrots suppressed all the other kinds and are now the standard carrot in every supermarket!
Plus the fact that the south American civilisations would often have famine due to overworking the land and stripping it of minerals.
Po-ta-toes! Boil them, mash them, stick them in a stew. Lovely big golden chips with a nice piece of fried fish.
Excellent. Thank you.
Again, great stuf. Keep them coming!
This is the best video on the food/nutritional/culinary impact of the Columbian Exchange I've found on CZcams. Solid work all around - thanks Cogito!
What a fascinating and well produced video. Thank you!
Glad you enjoyed it :D
Quite interesting & informative! Thanks for uploading!
What a well paced, interesting and clearly explained video. 5 stars, i'm subscribing!
2:32 cutest wild alpaca ever.
Saludos peruanos!
Well done video! I love that you focused on the ingenuity and intelligence of native american farmers rather than just say how durable the potato is (as Ive seen others do). Wonderful work!
Great video..
Educational and entertaining..
Job well done,
look forward to seeing more.
great video! super interesting
"what would ireland be like without potatoes"oh boy
nice video btw. you should def get more publication man
To be fair, Ireland wouldn't have so far to fall from a single blight if they hadn't risen so high from potato.
Of course, the potato blight exposes the biggest lesson that New World agriculture has to teach...monoculture is just worse than polyculture. Sure, monoculture is easier to set up, but a wider variety of crops lets you reach further and survive disasters better.
@@timothymclean we had plenty of other crops but the British took it all to feed them and their empire. We could have fed them 2 times over. But hey that's the Brits ay
I was bored out of my mind for a few weeks before I finally found your amazing channel! Your videos are so interesting! This one, the one about Polynesia, the Indus Valley Civ, the ones on Indian religions!
This is brilliant. Thank You so much.
Wonderful video! Thank you!
It amazing how munch potatoes and other new world foods help us for better. Always respect the humble foods.
I love your videos greetings from south America
Happy to hear you liked it :D
great video, thank you for your hard work.
Man! I was recommended this video after watching Khanubis. I am now subbed! Great well researched and delivered video.
Colonization is the worst trade deal in the history of trade deals for the indigenous peoples
boomboyo tell the Anglo saxons, who got colonised by the norse, or the celts who were colonised by the Romans.
@@rmacgregor5823 Anglo-Saxons colonized the Celts after the Romans and even eradicated them.
@@HaloJumper7 not all, the celts integrated
@@matthewread7220 you mean those in Scotland, Cornwall, Wales and Ireland. Yes they did, forced to abandon their languages too.
Colonization happened from day 1, as soon as there were 2 people colonization happened.
Thank you Ancestors 💕💐
Outstanding brother, love your take on history...
Such a great video! thanks
As a French. I was like. YOU FORGET PARMENTIER !!!
He developed the first plant of potatoes that grow in Europe.
And then created the dish to teach people how to eat it.
(I lie no french know him but he is my hero)
He didn't develop the first plant of potato that grows in Europe. He convinced the French that potatoes were nutritious and delicious. Other countries like Spain were already eating them.
@Eri he did both!!!
He adapted potatoes plants that gorth in the the Andes and had develop a cold resistance
And then he uses the first propagand method, giving a potato flower bouquet to Luis XIV pepoel try to grood it
It did give plainty but they didn't know who to use it.
So he spends the rest of his life writing kitchen book.
So that the story of achie Parmentier
This is what i call content! I was somewhat aware of what potatoes did for the world but the scope of the bounty gained from the America's is far beyond what i had imagined. Really fantastically informative (edit) and since i get notifications from over 500 channels i think my opinion may count for something. :)
From Peru
So educational! Thx much!
Absolutely adore this video! Thank you for shedding light on under-appreciated Native American culture! We still have so much to learn from those who were here before.
“Europe Africa and Asia”
*Shows only Europe*
This is so wonderful!!!!!
Great Video Bud! Informational and Entertaining! 👍👌
Excellent video! Great contents and well produced. Greetings from Finland up here in the north. The phrase "Winter is coming" doesn't scare us anymore - thanks to potatoes. Good point. :-)
omg im so glad youtube recommended this!!!
Me too :D Welcome to the channel.
The thousands of varieties of potato in America makes the Irish potato famine all the more tragic and preventable had they not monocultured the hell of it
How I didn't know thsi channel yet? Such an awnsome content! I just can't stop watching your videos!
Thank you
“The native Americans gave the world 3/5th of the crops...”
Southern farmer: I like that number
Pre-1942? Did you mean 1492? Great show!
this video is very informative great work Cogito.
I discovered this channel day-before-yesterday and really like it.
15 minutes of pure awesomeness. Thanks Cogito!
I'm going to have some american originated snacks now.
Thanks a lot. Enjoy your snacks :D
That was way more interesting than I expected it to be.
Great video!🙌
Amazing video! Love it and thanks! Show it every semester in my Foods Class/High school. Wish it was titled :How Native American saved the world. But you clearly state this in the video over and over with all the infomation. Well done my friends!
I hate how few views you have. Your unique content should be as any big as any major history channel. I can only guess that CZcams is suppressing your content 🙁.
So many people don't know this. People just think avocado and corn came from the Americas
I can't thank you enough for this video. I teach middle school world history, and this resources is helping me reach my goal of completely shifting my students understanding of what propels civilization (resources) and of the Native Americans' place in world history. THANK YOU SO MUCH!!! PS: your videos being clean and kid-friendly is also part of why I can use this, so thank you so much for that!
You need more subscribers mate...excellent content...keep it up
in return native americans got smallpox
amazing video, thank you! That's so cool how good they were at genetically altering their crops to suit their needs. I wonder what kind of cool veggies we might have if they had been given more time
Loved to hear the Haudenosaunee mentioned (especially the Gayanashagowa)
Excellent video !! Had no idea that the " Colombian Exchange " had such an epic effect on world history ... Cheers.