The Evolution Of Knightly Armour - 1066 - 1485
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- čas přidán 31. 05. 2024
- A video full of details which took over 30 hours in the making. I hope you like it and you find the info in it useful :D
An armour (spelled armor in the US) is a protective covering that is used to prevent damage from being inflicted to an object, individual, or vehicle by weapons or projectiles, usually during combat, or from damage caused by a potentially dangerous environment or action.
The word "armour" began to appear in the Middle Ages as a derivative of Old French. It is dated from 1297 as a "mail, defensive covering worn in combat". The word originates from the Old French armure, itself derived from the Latin armatura meaning "arms and/or equipment", with the root armare meaning "arms or gear".
Armour has been used throughout recorded history. It has been made from a variety of materials, beginning with rudimentary leather protection and evolving through mail and metal plate into today's modern composites.
Significant factors in the development of armour include the economic and technological necessities of its production. For instance, plate armour first appeared in Medieval Europe when water-powered trip hammers made the formation of plates faster and cheaper.
Well-known armour types in European history include the lorica hamata, lorica squamata, and the lorica segmentata of the Roman legions, the mail hauberk of the early medieval age, and the full steel plate harness worn by later medieval and renaissance knights, and breast and back plates worn by heavy cavalry in several European countries until the first year of World War I (1914-15). The samurai warriors of feudal Japan utilised many types of armour for hundreds of years up to the 19th century.
Plate armour became cheaper than mail by the 15th century as it required less labour, labour that had become more expensive after the Black Death, though it did require larger furnaces to produce larger blooms. Mail continued to be used to protect those joints which could not be adequately protected by plate.
The small skull cap evolved into a bigger helmet, the bascinet. Several new forms of fully enclosed helmets were introduced in the late 14th century.
By about 1400 the full plate armour had been developed in armouries of Lombardy. Heavy cavalry dominated the battlefield for centuries in part because of their armour.
Probably the most recognised style of armour in the World became the plate armour associated with the knights of the European Late Middle Ages.
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0:55 11th century
2:27 12th century
4:57 13th century
9:40 14th century
15:37 15th century
Thanks
Tha tha tha tha tha anks anks anks anks anks
Thank you 😘
No 16th and 17th 😢
Why would you skip
Funny thing is, your video left off roughly where my knowledge picks up. After the advent of the arquebus, armor began largely retracing it's steps, reverting from full plate to cuirass/shoulders/greaves in the 1500s, then just a cuirass in the 1600s. By the late 1700s, armor had reduced to leather pieces integrated into uniforms, with reinforced boots and gloves. It then all but disappeared aside from helms until the early-mid 1900s with the adoption of heavy leather jackets by aircraft pilots, then flak vests in the 1960s. In the late 1900s, we regressed all the way back to padded cloth, except the fabric being used was Kevlar. This brings us to the 1990s, when we discovered the joys of ceramic, and turned our modern doublets into cuirass again, and then the early 2000s, when the peak of mass-produced armor tech was ablative ceramic scale mail over padded kevlar cloth.
If you read this far, like or respond, and I'll do sufficient research to turn it into an actual response video.
So, the next logical step would be a ceramical full plate... Oh, hi there, space marines!
First world war, chain mail and plate armour was used quite extensively, in fact it has never really fallen out of fashion, it was used in cabinet warfare, just as time went on and standing armies got larger the cost of equipping all soldiers with it became too high so these individuals were required to buy their own and if not go without. Modern combat armour is just this medieval tech using modern materials
you need powered Endoskeletons for that and it will skip right from Ceramic Curiass to Gothic Balistic Combat plate
You're a bit wrong on the flak vest it started being issued in WW2 to stop artillery shrapnel and would be improved in the 1950s before Vietnam to be able to withstand small caliber pistol rounds.
It would be really interesting to see a video on this, especially if you can cover the "Why"'s of the different armoring choices, cuz I seriously have no idea why platemail fell out of fashion in militaries (I have my guesses but I'd rather have facts personally x3), and that's only one of many odd choices that confuse me, so a video that could cover that would be golden by my account!
6:20 when you're fighting to the death but your horses were friends back in high school
6:23 When you are proud Teutonic Order Brother yet with ass beaten by the Poloniae Regis noble.
@@HanSolo__ when you're a polish kid and your inferiority complex dominates your whole life
@Sam never saw a horse fight?
@@zurgesmiecal its a joke😤
@@jacobb751 and I asked a question
dark souls music? here, have a like
Praise the sun brothers
nice, I thought I was imagining that
@@danieldebod2663 we shall now praise it
Where? On "15th Century"?
@@user-et8vm9cc3t 14th and 15 th
Wonderful video Metatron. Nicely done.
Warhorse Studios
OMG, HI! :D
*****
Umm... Okay?
You have steal my nick name... REVENGE...VENDETA...POMSTA!!!
?? Nic jen že nick Wahorse, který používám asi od roku 2008 je teď všude zabraný, protože lidi objevili WarhorseStudio a začala se ta přezdívka až moc množit... Ale není třeba nikomu nadávat...
I'm glad to hear that from you :D thanks!
Perhaps the flat top helm design was a result of frontal strikes being more common than overhead strikes, so the protection of the forehead and the brow was seen as more paramount than the risk of getting hit with a downward swing.
Also, considering that the majority of flat top depictions show men on horseback, perhaps them being usually mounted meant that overhead strikes on them were a lot more difficult to achieve, so they choose a stronger frontal structure instead.
Great points
It was fortunate then, that knights weren't expected to play an important role in sieges on the ground, as a flat top helm would suffer horridly against arrows, bolts, and rocks being dropped on you from above
"that knights weren't expected to play an important role in sieges on the ground" - Well, they actually kinda were, there are swarms of sources describing them as being part of siege assaults, which is a good point on your side nonetheless, as a flat top helm would indeed be a bad design for anyone not looking up the entire time lol.
AFAIK greathelmets were used against archers. If you closed in, you ditched the helmet, so that you can see and hear your enemies better. It allowed better breathing too. These helmets would NEVER be used by infantery. Thus they didn't need to fear rocks dropped on their flat helmets, not getting hammered there...
Greathelms were definitely used in combat, the protection outweighs limited visibility as you are most likely fighting in formation so you only need to see what is right in front of you. Although, some did definitely ditch them and switch to lighter and more open helms once they engaged in melee.
It's interesting how we tend to think of Knights as having full plate armor, but throughout most of the middle ages that simply wasn't the case.
Yeah, depictions of Richard the Lionheart in full plate- like, what?!?
as much as I love full plate armor, the crusade era armor just looks glorious
@@erojerisiz1571 I absolutely concur!
To me, when someone mentions middle ages, then i immediately
think of 11-12 century, and not anything else.
i suppose that is why those centuries were referred to as the high middle ages
I was reading a book originally published in early Victorian times, they beleived knights had to be lifted with hoists onto their horses bc of the weight of the armour.
Lol
GB: Armour
USA: Armor
GB: Honour
USA: Honor
GB: "Hey what's the deal America?"
USA: "I'm getting rid of U"
Nerobyrne yo are absolutely on to something.
U is useless anyway so yeah.
Colour, color
@Romano Coombs lmao France supported the Norman's because they were frightened of them atleast Britain tried to drive foreigners out to the last man. Rule brittania
Ahahahahahahahahahahaaaa!
Did not see that coming.
I love the teachers attitude: "You will learn which armour set belongs to which century." Great work here.
but the real question: could you wear a 14th century greathelm over a 12th century greathelm? And would you call that a Greater helm?
And then cover your throat with a Frogmouth!
Lindybeige, is that you?
It's like with wearing multiple condoms, the more the better.
🤔
It's helm-ception
Sucks that right when armor started looking really cool guns were invented.
Guns were already around at the time. Armour got cooler BECAUSE it had to stop musket shots. So it's more the other way around.
sucks that guns were invented
@@revbladez5773 You might also say that developments in medicine, surgery and combat first aid have affected this because modern soldiers are able to wear only enough armour to prevent lethal hits because it is likely (although of course far from certain) that hits to their extremities can be made less than lethal via the rapid application of combat first aid e.g. tourniquets and rapid wound sealants, and swift expedition to a location where life saving medicine and surgery can be applied. Now all this probably goes out the window in a peer conflict
I disagree, 11th 12th century Crusader armor looks really awesome..
colonial
era uniforms are some of the drippiest though
Metatron, Warhorse Studios, the guys that are making Kingdom Come: Deliverance, have just tweeted this video. They most have loved it to have done that
Carlos Albin I hope he sees your commentary, that game is definetely what he and us would be more hyped about.
Hey it's 4:00 AM.
Time to learn about the history of knights!
Hey it's been 2 years.
Time to reply to this comment!
Same dude
Dude that’s literally exactly when I started watching this XD
hitting too close to home
*3 years later at 4 am*
Yes I agree with you!
Two points,.
1) The flat topped helmet seems more of a fashion choice to me than practical. When facing indirect arrow fire (IE arrows fired into the air rather than directly at soldiers and therefore meant to deliver a volley of arrows that are falling down on them from above) a conical helmet is much superior when it comes to deflecting arrows, something a flat topped helmet cannot do. I'm not surprised that the flat topped helmet was fairly short lived as a result and that most helmets were conical going forward.
2) I always found it interesting that gunpowder had made it's way to Europe by the late 14th century, just as full plate was being developed. Meaning the reign of the iconic full plated knight lasted less than a century (late 14th through the mid 15th) before being made obsolete by increasingly effective firearms.
I would imagine that the flat topped helms would be easier to make, making them cheaper and so would be the go-to for your average footman. Maybe that's why they were so prevalent when the conical shape is better at deflecting blows.
@@Liam_The_Great That could be. I assumed it was a fashion choice but when it comes to things like this we're all guessing
Those Deus Ex themes though.
Dark souls themes too
"Soon the Fire shall fade and only dark will remain" - Adam Jensen
Errol Tan Smh... *I never asked for this*
Errol Tan Seeing this makes me realize Dark Souls doesn't fuck around.
This video reminded me that I've spent over 500 hours on dark souls 3 (I got GUD)
Honestly got a war flashback when Friede's song started playing haha, that boss... it still haunts my dreams... never do Ariandel before the major bosses...
It's a nice change to hear someone be specific of what era theyre talking about.
So many utube channels say "medieval " this or that happened.. as if medieval lasted 10 years or something..
Medieval covers a few hundred years..
SHADIVERSITY
take notice ..
Exactly. It covers about 1000 years of history
You can't really blame him time flows differently in Australia
@@caveman2787 lol
I notice that a lot of time the 500-1000 years are "outside of medieval times. Most of the events and stuff arent cover in games or deal in any sense
A moment of silence as we remember the poor sop who was the first to have his neck snapped by his frog helm. (Thus causing the smiths to decide "Hey, let's attach that to the breastplate so it doesn't happen again!") 20:52
I really don't understand how did they breathe in that thing 😅
its interesting how the romans made their first 'plate' armors centuries before the first experiments with them in the medieval ages
I was just thinking about how much of this was just reinvention of what already existed 1000 years prior
medievel technology quickly outpaced and overtook anything the romans made
I think while the exterior seems familiar, the greater difference might lie in the interior design. I could be uninformed but medieval armor design beyond just the plate seems more advanced and provided better protection. I've never heard of padding, layered protection, and suspended helmets in Roman armor. Could be wrong. And even medieval plate seems more complex in the way it comes together, better design. Medieval metallurgy would be much better as well. One reason weapons evolved so much, new capabilities and new tools needed to counter advances in armor.
That's what a dark age is. It's the loss of technology and knowledge. Took the Germanics a thousand years to pick up where the Latins left off.
This upcoming dark age, I expect will last thousand-S- of years. It may be three thousand years before the next civilization can once again look at naked women on only fans via a cell phone, because this time... this time we have nukes.
Buckle up kiddos, it's gonna be a wild ride! (luckily you wont live thru it)
@@hohenzollern6025 no it didn't, lmao
Can you do a video on Byzantine armor from 284 - 1453? I've seen a few examples of Byzantine armor, and it seems really similar to armors like the Lorica Segmentata, but I've also seen Byzantine mail, and armors that look similar to ones I've seen from the Middle East, so I think it would make a really interesting video to show all the different styles and influences.
SpadaccinoLuciano they tended to use lamellar and chain mail.
Theres no Byzantine empire at 285
Byzantine Empire existed from 330 to 1453 CE.
@@fernothemouse AD*
@@fernothemouse Roman Empire FTFY
Imperium Romanum/Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων
There is no starting date for Byzantine Empire, since officially no such thing was ever established.
So to be pedantic, what he clearly wants is a video on imperial Roman armor from late 200s to mid 1453.
Brigandine and chainmail+gambeson(or other type of thick cloth) is the coolest armour ever...also the Norse helmets with the nasal masks-the coolest looking ever.
This is great if you want to write fantasy with a world that has some progress over time.
Im here for that purpuse indeed :V
That's exactly what I'm doing lol
It was such a battle between the growth of Weaponry vs armor. With every new upgrade in weaponry there has to be an upgrade in armor to counter it. It was an arms race between blacksmiths on who made the better invention. The science behind the two is amazing and full of knowledge with some being lost through the strongest weapon of all, time. Great video subject and once again full of amazing details.
this is possibly my favorite Metatron video. It is so informative and just well-delivered
Thank you. In my next video, which should come out between today and tomorrow, There Is a section where I review this Evolution again, but with a lot more iconography. Stay tuned :)
Very funny how some armor characteristics from the Greco-Roman world that were lost get slowly readopted over time like, grieves, fully encased helmets, neck guards
You used ds3 music. When are you going to continue your review of DS armor? Or is that series over?
came for this comment
Why are the 2 horses hugging each other? are they trying to console each other?Or are they brothers who were split between two brothers that hate each other?
It's a sarcastic hug, like when you say "Ooooooooh I'm so happy for you!", but in your head you are really thinking "What an uppity bitch."
The ernest answer (if interested :D ) is, that the horses are fighting for themselves. Destriers (medieval warhorses) were trained to fight.
Blank- blade Nice
Timestamp?
Brothers from a other mother
This is also reflective of the armor progression of the Fighter in most D&D campaigns. It was for me at least.
metatron the kind of guy to upload a video and instantly have 1080p
I really enjoyed this and I love these long(ish) form talking videos about historical weapons and armour. Looking forward to more like it :)
This is going to be absurdly useful. I'm doing some work on a fantasy setting, and going through historical iterations of armor is just a perfect way of lining up both technological development and style is just so helpful. Thanks Meta!
This is seriously one of your best videos to date. Good thinking with the shout out to Ian as well.
I know by the 14th century, the shield had dropped mostly out of use. How and when did this happen? Could be a cool idea for a video.
When the Full Plate armor was worn, those soldiers abandoned the shield. So the real question is, when was plate armor first used in battle?
The_JoJo_Reference I guess I'm more interested in the evolution of the shield alongside armor, and wondering if two handed weapons or any form of dual wielding was used before the invention of full plate, since especially some of the later armors seemed complete on their own and would provide enough protection without a shield.
Adam Wolfe unlike plate most armors were still unable to really protect against blunt damage, so probably that's why
By the 15th century
15th Century music was the Dark Souls III title music that is engraved into the back of my skull.
Really glad you did this video. Of course I really enjoy Ian LaSpina's videos as well, but we have been needing some to cover a better summary over time.
Awesome video - I’m trying to learn about armour for artistic purposes, I always find that understanding how things work and what their purpose is helps immensely when trying to visualise how something should look. This video did a perfect job of explaining everything you need to know about medieval armour while giving great visual examples. Many thanks!
A wonderful video, I loved that you pointed out that fashion had a lot to do with the development of the armour, as knights would often wear unpractical equipment just for fashions sake. Various head decorations spring to mind. Or later, as the winged Hussars wore the wings purely for the aesthetic purposes.
Gašper Žuber THEN THE WINGED HUSSARS ARRIVED!
Telsion Coming down the mountain side! hahah I love Sabaton :D
inb4: "hussars wings were making this spooky sound to scare enemy horses" ;)
In actuality they mostly didn't wear wings. Rarely, though it was done, was a single wing attached to the back of the horse worn. The misconception comes from around 19th century when Polish nationalism and clamour for independence gained a lot of ground. Re-emphasised by writers and painters of the period, it's mostly a myth. I should add that, at the very end of Hussars' existence, when they were jokingly called "Funeral Guard" they apparently did wear wings, but that was entirely outside of combat.
Thank you for the information, but my point was just the fact that they did wear something that was not for personal protection.
Hi Metatron!
It would be pretty interesting a video on horse armour through history. But probably you already thought about that :D Great explanation ad always.
Ciao from Bari.
This was an awesome video! The Arthurian tales have always been my favorite books and I have always been very very interested in the specifics of plate armor. This was a fantastic tutorial of the evolution of the armor thru the medieval period. Thank you very much for the upload :D
Thanks for all your great videos, Metatron! I love watching them and they have helped me draw so much. I never even thought that knights' armor evolved (because I'm dumb) and have been enlightened to be historically accurate in my art and, with historically accurate armor, I think my works look a lot more comfortable and functional while also looking more badass
Coat of plates! My favorite type of medieval armor! Yaaaay! Also, now I want a full harness of Milanese plate in Kingdom Come Deliverance. I'm pretty damn sure you can get one. You gave that game one hell review! I enjoy all of you videos. Man you make me *even more* excited for medieval warfare knowledge!
Dark souls 3 soundtrack...Good choice
gotta love that dark souls + deus ex music, simply beautiful, also i love these videos, and how specific you are metattron, thank you for your work
That Deus Ex and Dark Souls soundtrack in the background, you beautiful, cultured man!
these videos just get better and better
I loved this video so much because it showed how armor dramatically changed from full chain to full plate from the 11th century to 15th century. Well done there and thank you so much! I think that armor was useless by 1500 because they already had guns and other advanced weaponry which replaced the medieval ones.
Armor wasn't useless after gunpowder. In fact, Armor became even more important to defend against this new weapon, so it adapted to this new change
@@mrtrollnator123 That seems very true. Thanks for sharing.
@@aleksaradosavljevic4001 no problem mate😎
Wow! Over 30 hours of work? Thank you very much for this. Your time was well spent making this, as was mine watching it.
Hello Raf, I've Been a fan and sub for a long time, but your content just keeps getting better. Because of you I find myself learning more, and getting a better understanding, about periods of history that I not only love, but also on periods that I never really found myself particularly interested in, such as antiquity as I've always been more interested in the early/dark and high Middle Ages and WW1&2. So thanks for your hard work, you deserve all the support you gain and much more and long live the channel👌🏻
The Sister Friede's theme in the 14th century section and the Dark Souls opening in the 15th century section makes me extra moist
yes but the more important question is
what about dragons?
I think you'd need to make some modifications to the armor...
it's a joke from Shardivsty
Enchant your bloody armor. If dragons exist, the magic behind them does too.
MACHICOLATIONS!!!
A true man of culture!
Literally the exact video I've wanted, right here.
I love you, Metatron
A very interesting and illustrative video. Congratulations to you Metatron, once again primordial Nobel One. I hope you continue your works, and keep enlightening us with awesome videos such as this.
Awesome video. It would be a good idea to make a video about the renaissance armors, in specific the half armors of the Landsknechts and the swiss mercenaries!
Very interesting video. I also find it helpful for designing armor for a fantasy story, here's how I would use them for my story. (Based on the thumbnail)
1100: Light Infantry and City Guards
1250: The King's Guard
1330: Common Knights
1400: Elite Knights
1450: King's Armor and Tournament Armor
Thanks very much for the Education!
Excellent Video!
There's so much information, i'll need to watch it some more times!
Also, i like the comparison between german and Italian styled armors, and since i like both styles very much, this Video has become one of my favourite (among so many) on this channel for now.
Very appreciated!
Super video. Great content and I learned much despite studying medieval arms and armour for a very long time. Great work Metatron.
How to date a knight? That would make a great video title :)
Ask him if he wants a one knight stand
@@paulbrule5897 badumpts
It depends. Do you have a sister?
It'll be a bore. The first half of the date he'll talk about himself, the second half he'll talk about his armor.
@Allen Rider The stay for the second half of the date! Lol.
Man that Dark Souls 3 intro music hit the spot.
This was super interesting! Thank you for putting your time into this.
This video actually taught me something. Awesome job!
I'm trying to get into armoring and based on my (admittedly not large) experience I think the flat tops were just easier to make and thus cheaper, I might be wrong but that's my guess
I hear the Dark Souls 3 soundtrack
Excellent video! Today I saw it for the second time and I think it will not be the last. I learnt a lot from it.
This evening I saw a group of sculptures and I was able to identify it as a representation of a12th century knight and some common soldiers and I felt great! So when I came back home I watched this video again and I had to spent some time to thank you for your effort.
Just found your channel and this video is a great brief intro to the subject. Looking forward to watching the rest of your channel! Merry Christmas
As the Dragon said, "Pah, Canned food again."
I'm always curious, medieval time, where most army are make up peasant army & armour knights, where peasant soldiers are poor, they wear what they had, while the knights can own armour with various design & style to suit their body size and high, So with no standard outfit/uniform, how those army could tell which soldiers are friends or foes ? besides flag and language.
all i know is, that the British use red coat as theirs standard uniforms, allow General recognize which soldiers is who.
seng create I have this same question
Telsion for ancient Greek, i had theories how those army could tell which soldiers is friends or foes, based on the drawing symbol on their shield, or the formations, the incoming soldiers are foes, while the pushing army from rear are friends...this is just a theories
seng create
The use of untrained levies would, of course, vary by region and time period. In some cases, a knight would bring along an entire retinue of men at arms, in others, they would bring along the local peasantry. In any case, it doesn't make sense to bring along your source of income (the workforce on your land) without looking after them. So, they might provide outdated armor for the peasants, possibly just a padded jack.
As for identification, it could be anything from a bit of cloth tied around the arm, to a tabard with the lord's sigil. But this all depends on time and place.
seng create first of all in medieval times its a complete different thing then we as modern people think!, uniforms werent widely spread at this time! so one thing that they did is each 'regiment' or company or contigent of troops depending on where they were recruited had most likely their so called colours so for example you had a regiment of infantry soldiers from lets say wessex! they would have a standard bearer which job would be to carry the colours of that "regiment" or company or whatever! so it was mostly done with banners and colours which is why banners were so important back then! also to understand this way you have to know that battle tactics at this time were not about charging and spreading eachother like in hollywood were they leave formation and end up in a mixed cluster of small duels!!! this never happend because of many other reasons but one reason is that that way you distuinguish friend or foe and the whole concept of banners losses its value if everyone on impact just leaves the bannerman behind dispurses in a cluster of random melee! this why actual medieval battle tactics were you had your line and group you would stick to that group as much as possible! hence having a man with a huge banner in the middle so you know where approximetly where your group is and if happen to accidently get too far of your group you would look for the banner and get in line again! formations were so important because formations were designed not to break! if formation breaks you loose because people dont know who is who, they loose the group so they usually run away! very important formation not to break also for this topic of knowing who is who!
Garret LeBuis color are very expensive material at medieval time, so possible with symbol to identify who is who, that all i know
The point at 18 minutes in. I'm so glad that you became that CZcamsr who successfully found a way to arm yourself. Your past and has predicted yourself in the future
Thank you SO much, Noble One. This is an *awesome* video! I (obviously) subscribed. Can't wait to see more! =)
Wait a minute. Why are the horses wearing boxing gloves on their backs and hugging each other at 6:18 ?
I dunno what they're called but i think those are extensions of the saddles to help keep the rider on and oriented. They aren't hugging, they're grappling. It's a little known fact that horses invented wrestling.
Lies, the Greeks invented the wrestling.
Nick Dzink Greek horses?
Kingman Highborn That's what i meant.
correction, fighting
Knight armor in 16th century:
''Let me show you my boomstick.''
Actually, they just made armors thicker to withstand bullets, and in exchange there were more gaps uncovered so that weight would not be a big issue. It was common until the late 17th century.
you have a very impressive amount of knowledge over a great many subjects. great job on your presentation.
Methinks a "rider's split" was not just created in the hauberk for the knight to mount his horse.
It was also pretty handy for going to the bathroom I bet.
Great video!
What about Spanish armor? and the famous XVI century conquistador helmet, was it functional?
14th century part. *MUSIC OF THE DANCER STARTS PLAYING AND I BREAK OUT IN COLD SWEAT*
Excellent work M.....Absolutely fascinating history at it's best.
Very interesting video. Not only did I learn about different armor from different periods, but how the armor worked. Very nice.
So the crusaders did not wear that flat-topped helmet till the 1200s?
Yup, Lindybeige has a video on crusader helmets specifically
There were crusades during the 13 th century
No, late 1100s
Greetings, noble one! I have a question to Metatron, the linguist. It is completely unrelated to this video, please excuse. Why do so many english speakers (including you in this video) say eK cetera when the latin expression is actually eT cetera? I have heard this consistently from many native english speakers and it does not seem to be an actual mistake, though it is kind of strange to hear for a german speaker. We use this expression a lot - in the form of eT cetera...
hans wurst It depends on where in the US or UK you're in. Some places, they say the "t". Others form the t and c into a "ck" sound. I believe the main reason why this is the case is that t and c are hard to pronounce one after the other, and so English simplifies it to a "ck" sound.
Hello fellow noble one, I think the reason many English speakers pronounce it this way is because it's easier to pronounce. The linguistic term is a "dissimilation rule" which basically means that one of two similar adjacent sounds are changed in such a way so they are more different and therefore easier to pronounce. For example: Sixth may be pronounced as sikst or fifth as fift to make it easier. eksetera is easier to say. Another English mangling you might hear is "et cetra". It is also common in English to omit the unstressed syllable in three syllable words like mystery and probably. In German how can you hear the difference between Bund and bunt?
A second explanation may be that many words begin with the prefix /eks/ in English like exercise, exit, exemplary, etc. So it's a sound we are used to.
A final reason may be that etc is often misspelled as ect but i'm not convinced on this one.
Finally a question for you, it's my understanding that Germans often use the phrase „und so weiter“, is there any major difference between usw. and etc.?
hans wurst as a german i would say as far as i know they mean exactly the same thing and are used interchangable.
Actually (I have to say that I didn't put much attention to how he pronounced it) I suppose it's also relevant that in italian "et cetera" has evolved into "eccetera" nowadays, so he may well have pronounced it in italian, maybe even without realizing it (just my 2 cent, from an italian like him) ;)
@Yahya F: "und so weiter" means exactly the same as "et cetera". Most Germans use both forms
Amazing video Metatron! Perhaps the finest of your work, which is saying somthing.
I’ve always loved the 1400’s sectioned light armor
Plates fitted to the body that allow for more range of movement with more armor on places like the belly, legs and arms, with less and less as we get to the head has also been an aesthetic I love a lot when it comes to armor- definitely not efficient in the real world, but it still looks incredible (if looking to fashion alone)
Did they forget how to make plate armor after the Romans disappeared? It seems so strange that they all went back to chainmail.
I'm thinking, yes. You have to remember, by the time that Rome fell they had gone back to wearing mail and had been wearing mail for centuries. So given that, I'd day that it's pretty reasonable to believe the knowledge of how to make steel plates was largely forgotten.
Riceball01 They were still making swords and spear tips, which are metal plates squeezed and sharpened at the edges, so I doubt they forgot how to make them. Armor was very affected by fashion, so I think it just was fashionable to have only mail (just like the flat top helm).
Cheaper too to make mail.
Mail works well though, and is easier to produce, so there's two good reasons
madichelp0 And mail was a lot more comfortable and easily maintained than a bunch of overlapping plates. You can see that almost all of the soldiers fighting on campaign preferred mail armor, given that a monument Adamklissi shows almost all of the Roman legionaries in mail. Keep in mind that this monument was built by soldiers, and was built at roughly the same time as Trajan's Column.
17:55 i know that one youtuber that tried that
Very useful, I was looking for this kind of condensed info for some time!
stumbled across these videos...always been liking this stuff love these vids great man!
a nice Video, I do have an few critics though. You said that wehn you see a Kettle Helmet you can immediately to ca.1200, but this Type of Helmet was common 'till the End of the 15th Century, evendoe, according to the Artwork, it was more Common by the Common Soldier then by Nights. Secondly the Visby style Gauntlets date to the Battle of Visby 1361, and even though they might have been in use earlier by the Knightly Class, I don't know of any Sources that would indicate a Use in the Late 13th Century.
Hello and thank you for watching. It is a common mistake to consider the armour found at Visby as contemporary to the date of the battle but that's a huge mistake completely debunked by the best of historians. The armour in question, found in the mass graves, belonged to the Gutnish country yeomen, peasants who did not wear the best armour of the time, but instead wore very old fashoned armour, which is what we see for instance in the visby gauntlet which needs to be dated several decades back in time to the time I have dated it in this video.
For the Kettle helmet I think it goes without say that when I mention the date of the development of a certain helmet that helmet did not automatically and immediatelly go out of fashion and it will be used for several decade together with other kinds of helmets.
What I ment to say was that if you see a kettle hat it's atleast a late 12th century early 13th century helmet.
I can assure you a lot of thought and double and triple checking went into the making of this video and the information I share on it.
Hello!
Thank you so much for your Answer!
I'm sure that you spend lots of Time researching for your Videos, and I appreciate that, and your Channel is one of my Favorite ones on CZcams.
I know that the Gauntlets found in Visby where probably not common around 1360, and I also said that in my original Comment, I just don't know of any Sources for them being in use as early as the 13th C. But how far you should date them back is probably pretty vage, I personally would date them to around 1330.
According to the Kettle Helmet, I must have understood you wrong, I thot you ment that they where just in use around 1200. Sorry for that.
Thanks ones again,
Singa
Who exactly are these so-called "best of historians"? On what basis do you conclude with such a bombastic term? Sorry, I really like the effort and quality of these videos, but I'm disappointed in the amount of sources listed (AKA _none_ ) and as such I regret to tell you that you lose almost all credibility.
I know you're not inventing stuff for the gist of it, not at all, but seriously. I don't know if you hate academic stuff, but you got to at least have _some_ sources in description, or refrain from presenting it as objective fact overall..
Best regards
13:45 misspelled "Pembridge"
Thank you very much, this was one of the best videos you have made.
This helped me a lot figuring out a suit of armor for a character in a story I'm writing. Thank you!
Was there significant quality improvements to the mail in that era vs the mail used by Romans before Christ?
traderjoes from what I’ve read the Roman mail was a combination of butted and riveted while medieval mail was riveted only.
can u make a video about thw common soldier?
or for the byzantine empire armor
Awesome video!! The evolution is so interesting. I think I liked the mid 13th century style with the long heraldic layer and the flat top great helm in terms of style but the 15th century is definitely the most interesting
amazing precise historical description !! thank you
Why did they use 3/4 sleaves? It does not strike me that it would save that much resources compared to the cost of the rest of the mail, especially when you add in the cost of sheild, helmet, and horse.
It’s for mobility really, there is less weight on the forearm so you can move more easily
@@celticperspective5183 Fair enough. Mobilty vs armour protection is part of the equation still having to be assessed with modern armour (both personal and vehicular).
@@ostrowulf lol I didn't realise I answered a question from 4 years ago, but yeah I think that they would have prioritised mobility over protection especially as the larger shields would have made arm protection practically redundant
@@celticperspective5183 All good, I do it sometimes too. Took me a minute to figure out the refrence point of what my comment was even reffering to though. But yeah, having a sheild makes the calculation a little different as to if you want to bother wearing armour on your forearm. I mean, Romans were relatively (for their time) heavily armoured, with not a lot on the arms with their masive sheilds. The same logic applying later on with also relatively large sheilds.
LOVE THE VIDEO!!!!!!!. verry interesting!
i have a question.
can you make a video in this theme about japanese OR chinese armour??????????
that whould by very intressting.
greetings from holland
I like how you use Deus Ex HR theme in your videos.
Great game btw. Nice videos you got.. I watch SnapJelly as well, i like this kinda knowladge and i work on and research ancient-medieval warfare, and there are much we could discuss and there is much for me to learn.
Nice job! Keep it up.
As usual a clear run down. Easy to follow and interesting.
"Have to place a knight, and how to date him" ;)
Your hair and facial hair are MUCH better like that :)
Poudevigne_N He is easy on the eyes, isn't he? ;)
By being italian he has an unfair advantage there ^^
Excellent presentation! Thank you for it!
This was an especially good video. Great job, dudeski.