The Higgs Boson Was Just the Start: Fermilab and the High Luminosity LHC
Vložit
- čas přidán 2. 06. 2024
- The CERN LHC is the world’s largest particle accelerator and is known mostly for its discovery of the Higgs Boson. However, the LHC will run for another two decades and will collect an enormous amount of data. Fermilab is heavily involved in the upgrades required to make both the accelerator and the Compact Muon Solenoid detector a physics-discovery powerhouse for the foreseeable future.
www.fnal.gov - Věda a technologie
It is astonishing how complex this machine is
Mind blowing isn't it? Especially compared to the primitive equipment used to first probe the atom - with great success, I might add.
Physics principle is simple(r). The engineering details to achieve validation is complex.
few years back one magnet was wrong and they think one particle 0.000002 second faster than light particle, photon
@@anttumurikka8728 it was a faulty wire, the neutrinos didn't actually arrive 60 nanoseconds faster than the light did
@@rumdore ok, i remember fault was one magnet , thanks for correct
Fermilab's building is easily one of the coolest looking scientific installations.
Thank you, Dr. Lincoln and Fermilab, for providing interesting, clear, accurate, and most importantly correct information to general public in educational and entertaining way. I wish your promotional videos inspire more people to decide to provide funding to science and join the science force to advance our understanding and, in consequence, quality of life.
Can't wait for 'first light' at new LHC. Keep us in loop ;).
Ha, loop I see what you did there!
If only the rest of the world was as willing to collaborate as physicists are......
Because no country wants to pay for it alone
Just like Murray Gell-man collaborated with Einstein?
That question, sir, is sarcastic.
You have no clue, do you?
@@Nostradamus_Order33 Gell-mann and Einstein were different eras
@@drdon5205 czcams.com/video/3LU6kbao3vo/video.html Not really... .I find Gell-Mann a bit crude when he talks about Einstein's last Seminar...to which he did not go... May be the troll guy means that...
It has a lot to do with what we see however. Most of these technologies are leading to extreme burst in technologies. Most funded by the military. If history tells us anything than there is another level above what we are shown not working together or collaborating.
It's all come a long way since cloud chambers and high altitude balloons capturing cosmic rays. Although cosmic rays can still pack a bigger punch. Good luck with it all Don and thanks for the update, not to mention all your work in the field so far. After all, physics needs physicists and for that teachers are everything. :-)
Thank you for the explanation of a few important components of the accelerator and your in-sights influenced by your experience.
I have waiting so long for this video, thanks so much!! Saludos desde Chile Dr. Don!!
Thank you Dr.Lincoln for providing inside on how incredible break trues are made.
Among many other things, I am always fascinated to see what is on your shirt.
This is an amazing project. I had no idea it was possible to create such highly accurate equipment able to resolve duration's of picoseconds, and to select only collision events of interest from millions, and to then to isolate the tracks of resulting particles from each of those events from the confusing jumble of other tracks. This is a really exciting time in science.
Wow, now this is actually first video I saw where I can really see "under the hood", very much appreciated, thank you!
Every major particle accelerator has "visiting hours", were guests are shown around, being shown the accelerator and detectors and what experiments are actually done. So why not take the time to visit one (instead of a roller coaster park) ? Ther eare more accelerators than you may think (although of course not CERN size).
@@frankschneider6156 Thanks, I was in CERN a month ago. It was awesome indeed but you do not get this kind of insight information. It is more like general videos you can get here on youtube and basic stuff (still awesome).
I don’t see how this video was anymore explanatory than any of the others... this was specifically just talking about what they’re helping CERN with in terms of upgrades. To each his own perception though, I suppose.
I was at one accelerator year before working. The main thing I remember is that we had a room that you had to get out of before the beam of light (x-rays or something) entered the room or you'd probably die. Fortunately there were safeguards to prevent you from cooking yourself.
Mutt Fitness
Accelerators (except LACs) are typically circular to oval-shaped. When a charged particle follows a curve trajectory, it emits synchrontron radiation. The wavelength of this radiation depends on the actual accelerator characteristics, the energy and particle itself, but often the wavelength is in the X-ray range.
This radiation is usually not just a byproduct of the operation, but used (and crucial) for other research topics, e.g. x-ray cristallographic analysis of 3D protein structures etc. So as a result, you also often molecular biological research facilities co-located at accelerators, that use these "byproducts" for their own (quite different) research.
Thank you *Dr.Don Lincoln.*
I hope you guys will do miracles when it goes online.
Much better. Good synopsis and time/date appraisal of ongoing work.
Thanks for the overview, quite interesting!
crazy seeing all that stuff being handbuilt.
Great video, Dr. Lincoln!
how do i not know this channel!? thank you almighty youtube algorithm you guys have a new sub :D
I can only watch in awe at the work you people do. Please keep on advancing the human race!
Well done yet again, Don. In response to 'Why nothing travels faster than light' video - I like it when you get mathematical and more technical.
Thx for your awesome videos much appreciated 👌
Great job. N good luck in sorting out partical s.
I am just excited by the fact that there is always something we haven't discovered yet. How far can we go?
Poughkeepsie.
Bertrand de Born odd that you seem to support the advance of science yet disparage science for becoming advanced.
Bertrand de Born lol
I like how Dr. Lincoln explains the more complex aspects of physics, in a simple and nice way. It is a privilege to me, be a visiting scientist in Fermilab til next november and participate in the DUNE experiment. In Fermilab I have shared with many scientists and engineers, they are very kind people. Today I saw for the first time to Dr. Lincoln at the lunch time and it was very nice, I hope talk to him one of these days. I am from Colombia and thanks to Dr. Lincoln for this amazing channel, Latin America needs more contact to Science and more scientific education.
Well go up and talk to him. He rarely bites. And he is fond of both Bogota and Medellin.
Looking foward to it too
I remember waiting for the lhc to come on line
Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world.
Louis Pasteur
Fermilab is doing some incredible research progress. Only if more people were aware of the possibilites that could be achieved through this research.
@Bertrand de Born Man, you think your pretty smart huh? lol
@Bertrand de Born leave the science to the scientists maybe? All money comes from scam artists. Thats how you get incredibly rich in the first place. Every big business has at some time or other done shady stuff to get to where it is. Dont try to act smart when you most certainly are not....
@Bertrand de Born you are the living proof that it is impossible to fix stupid.
I would die to go tour the LHC i think it is the absolute best feat of engineering known to mankind.
The LHC has tour days and will until about January 1 2021. Do it now or wait a long time.
DrDon are you THE DR DON? Also, are you going to pay to fly the wife and two kids out as well?
@@dburris718 Hard to say who's who on the internet. You'll just have to judge my dazzling wit and see how well it maps onto the indisputable Dr. Don.
The first magnet from the USA has just arrived. Thanks to everyone to has a hand in making this mega project happen.
LFG HL-LHC!
The number of luminosity (collisions) expressed in this video was 40million/s the number is closer to 600million/s, not that anyone would notice without further upgrades. Two things which are fascinating: each recorded event is unique but the focus remains on the similarities and the hint of a glimpse of detecting something beyond the EM spectrum. Smashing video, smashing.
40M is the number of times the beams pass through one another each second. The 600M number is when you say that 15 collisions occur in every passage. With the HL-LHC, it will be more like 150 collisions per passage (or more).
This is beautiful stuff.
This is perhaps the least practical, most pure-research exercise I've ever seen.
I love it.
Very Interesting . Your explanations enlightened (: D) my knowledge about your contribution to the HL-LHC. Well hello from France, I am going to drink a good glass of wine to the health of FERMILAB's staff.
It almost takes a planet! Great update!
Great Presentation! My Netownian Physics needs an upgrade. My Gluon Boots are to tight, I couldn't get to sleep last night. TY Fermilab!
Amazing video ! Could you give more details some day on the selection of interesting collisions by electronic means ? How do we know the "good ones" are selected ? Could the results be skewed somehow because of this step ?
I was wondering the same thing. I imagine they can calculate the predicted paths for tracks resulting from particles which have not been yet found, and devised a way to isolate such events. The other possibility is to eliminate unexpected tracks by comparison with the expected tracks from well known identified particles. Perhaps it is another method entirely. However they accomplish it, this stands as a crowning achievement in Physics.
It's nice to be back...
Very interesting, Dr Lincoln! I'm sure interesting and unexpected things will be found when those beams collide.
great phisics good luck with the hl lhc xx great program thanks xx
Keep doing humanity proud!
Don, watching engineers replacing circuit cards with out them being grounded is like whistling down a dark alley. I am sure this has been addressed if not wow.
Great vid by the way. Would like to know more and whish I was back in my 30s. You guys get all the fun.
They tried to ground the engineers, but they keep sneaking out to go to parties
@@RoboBoddicker Thats about as funny as a fart in an elevator. Keep your day job.
Knowledge is the key of development
You lot are the best.
Can’t wait for the LHC to start operating again
Great update! Are we still looking at 30 TEV?
Picoseconds are impressive. Specially when you consider our computers operate at frequencies which translates to 100-1000 picosecond timing accuracy. Also it takes about 3.3 picoseconds for light to travel 1 millimeter.
Fantastic!
Very impressive stuff - 1 picosecond timing is just one of the amazing things you described. I hope the upgraded LHC is being designed to confirm a theory, like it was originally. Surely all big expensive experiments should do this. I'd be a bit sceptical if it's just hitting stuff with a bigger hammer in case something interesting pops out - that's no way to do science. Anyway, without a theory, how do you decide what's interesting.
I wished I will one day be SMART enough to maybe get a job at such a great company! Way to go Fermilab! ...
I am too drunk to write about particle colliders, but I clearly like mr Don Lincoln! He is the best science advocate and actual scientist on Earth!
Lol
There's plenty of people like him. Yes, people. I didn't say scientist for a reason.
I think he enjoys drinking, too. He was drinking 🍻 in one of his videos.
I wish he were my grandpa.
Too bad he's not a real doctor. 😭😭😂😂
Jk
Collaboration is so important in science
Fascinating video, but what a project! Sounds like going to the moon, and beyond.
I've been waiting for a new video on this. The numbers the doctor Don talks about are mind blowing. Now I'm wondering how many particles per second are in a beam of light traveling through a hole the size of a particle? And I know that would depend on the luminosity which we can control and the speed of light which we can calculate in most mediums. Another question I have is. Do electronics operate at the speed of light ? I imagine it is slightly slower and there fore we wouldn't be able to measure any faster than our equipment, but I also Imagine these scientists could just find a way around that but using two or more counters in different orientations. Some one tell me what's going on. Thank you. Thank you Dr Don for opening my mind on this important subject.
I'm happy that research into physics is such an international cooperation.
I guess a few micro SD cards can't handle the data storage. 😉
This is a great series and I think I have watched each one at least twice. I just started a book by Sabine Hossenfelder called, Lost in Math. In it Dr. Hossenfelder takes on some of the big assumptions in our quests for knowledge in physics. It is worthwhile book and I would appreciate it if Dr. Lincoln could produce a video to address some of Dr. Hossenfelder's doubts.
so excited
The kinds of energies required to simulate the conditions present during the beginning of the universe make the the energy the LHC produces in 2020 look like it’s coming out of a tinker toy.
Super exciting stuff, I’d love to work in this field one day. Is HL-LHC the alternative to the Future Circular Collider, or is that slowly being planned too?
LHC = 13 TeV, 10E34 beam brightness. HL-LHC = 14 TeV, 10E35 beam brightness. FCC = 100 TeV, 10E35 beam brightness.
DrDon Thank you!
Also the Future Circular Collider ! Big waw but do you think it's still a plan ? And do you think a electron-positron accelerator would be a good choice for a while before proton proton (as the LHC) ?
Hello, I’d be interested to know how you test the equipment FML develops for the LHC and the CMS? They make only sense when being installed are the accelerator. How can you simulate millions of collisions w/o using the LHC? Many thanks
You build electronics which simulate the detector and feed it into the inputs. That's for the trigger.
For the hardware, you make prototypes and put it in the Fermilab particle beam to see how they work. Then you make a ton of them for the final detector.
@@drdon5205 Many thanks DrDon from Switzerland, alas not from Geneva but from Zurich :)
Please do a video on the MAGIS-100!!!!
"End of my career"
Sniff, Sniff.... don't leave us Doctor E. Brown!
NICE!
Technophile's Paradise
Hi Dr Lincoln, what are your views on Gliner's GEODE model? If collapsed matter can expand space like stretched fabric then shouldn't it also have an incremental effect on time, the other component of spacetime?
All ideas deserve a fair shake. But, were I given that as a hand at the poker table, I'd fold.
@@drdon5205 I'm not sure it's really you but those aphorisms sound like you. If it's really you then I'm "starstruck".
I think we will just have to wait for the data from the ESA probe. I would so like to see a video on "The Martians" and their contributions to phys. Again, if it's really you then I'm honored.
Cern is little more than a cosmic slot car track and Fermilab is the Brillo pad that keeps the contacts on the track clean.
I'm going to visit CERN for the CERN open days this weekend. ATLAS on Saturday and CMS on Sunday. Any recommendations what I should see? I hope I get a change to visit the undergrounds. Didn't get the early birds tickets for that, but they say there is a chance to go there anyway, but only 20% of visitors can go there.
Either one is great. CMS is greater, of course. (Because that's what Fermilab is on.) CMS is off in France, while ATLAS is right across the street from CERN.
ATLAS is ginormous.
There's always something to find ...
Please, please, please tell me that the criteria for which 1 out of 40,000 collisions that are reported ... are built into software or into easily replaceable hardware (e.g., FPGAs).
It seems so inevitable that “what you discover” will be constrained by “what detection criteria you choose to use”.
And that changing the criteria *easily,* without having to tear down & rebuild the machine, will be extremely valuable.
As alway, I really enjoyed your video.
The trigger looks at a vast variety of different collisions, all picked to maximize the probability of seeing new physics. In general, they are ones in which the protons hit head on and then there are considerations as to which kinds of particles are created in the collision (electrons, quarks, muons, neutrinos, etc.)
All of this is modifiable in firmware.
This seems promising
I have wondered for a while about the bureaucracy and maintenance of these huge particle accelerator. Everybody asks what the accelerator can do, but not how it is.
The phrase is "champing at the bit." Race horses "champ" that is, they "make biting or gnashing movements" to "show impatience of delay or restraint." -- Merriam Webster
I love Merriam Webster. I grew up reading it every now and then as a kid.
Mine is red and it has a nice sturdy cover. I still have it on display. 😁
Actually, chomping at the bit is perfectly acceptable in American English. Champing at the bit is a more formal expression, but very few use it now.
♫ ♪ ♫ ♪ You say tomato, I say tomahto ♫ ♪ ♫ ♪
@@bej5000 Yes but champing is correct and chomping is not.
Should have 100s of these
The most important detector in this acceleration should be this one which can determinate the shape of proton beam exactly before collision; whether it is in sphere shape or not, because it is very important to be sure in calorimeter data, see this:
Why CERN didn’t successes to create “black hole” in the collider, because if their calculations was correct, there must to be one?
What happens inside the CERN’s collider and how much the mass of proton can increases?
About CERN new beginning: Let examine first assertion that reached energy of impact is already 13 Tev. I immediately ask which energy this one in laboratory coordinate or in the center masses and haw they measure this energy and whether it is reliable and in what extend? First is it possible to measure directly the energy of two beams protons impact in coordinate center masses? That is possible only in one case if the two beams are from particles and respectively anti particle, which it isn’t possible in reality. So haw they know what exactly is the energy of impact in the center masses? The answer is only “probably” it is equal to the energy in laboratory coordinate. Let give one possible method of measuring this energy: Because these accelerated particles interact with the accelerating magnets there appears weak resonance radiation and measuring its frequency we can estimate the velocity of the beam by the known formula about wave spreading. And another way is to estimate the centrifugal force of the beam because there is the limit of bending of the trajectory and interaction with the withstanding magnets. So this measurement is in laboratory coordinate and obviously it isn’t so accurately. So how in CERN know the exactly energy of impact in the coordinate center masses? They didn’t, because they measuring the energy of emit in the process particles through calorimeter and eventually the bending of the trajectory of this particles in strong magnetic field if these particles are charged, but if there are not? Then what?
Not only about Mercury’s orbit but also any accelerator of nuclear particles cannot work if we do not take into account this formula: M=M_0/√(1-V^2/C^2 ) which by the way in USM www.kanevuniverse.com has the same kind without to use GR in any way! So according to fig. 10 page 45 and especially page 48 it is seen that relativistic mass cannot become infinity which is permit by the formula M=M_0/√(1-V^2/C^2 ) but the same mass interacting with the near and dynamically connected orbital system can to be with maximum value: M=√2.M_0 So any accelerator of nuclear particles and seeing fig. 12 and page 50 and 51 all confirms this!
The conclusion is that the velocity of proton beam can to accept close to the velocity of light but the mass of separately proton cannot be higher than: M
Please make a video on the concept of gluons🤩🤩
You should watch the Fermilab video on the strong force and the one on QCD. Then maybe one on the origins of mass. You might find that what you want has long been available.
Great!
What do you gain from higher luminosity? Rate of collisions obviously but what else?
The trigger of CMS is interesting to me. As with SETI, throwing away so much data seems a huge risk of missing something unexpected and subtle.
I wonder if a small sample of "randomly selected" data is also kept as a control ?
All particle physics experiments record a variety of data. They accord all data with characteristics that seems promising for discovery. But they record a fraction of all kinds of data with a well known fraction (e.g. one in 100 of kind of rare data, one in 10,000 of fairly common data, one in 100,000 of pretty common data, one in 1,000,000 of quite common data, etc. [numbers made up for illustration purposes, void where prohibited by law, your mileage may vary.] That way even ordinary data is recorded. Finally there are sets of data called "minimum bias," which has the tiniest requirement that a collision occurred, and "zero bias," which has no requirement at all other than the time is right for the beam to be in the center of the detector.
So yes to your question.
@@drdon5205 Thank you ! Us maths types always forget that physics types are actually maths types that are even more paranoid than we are :)
Certainly some of the statistical approaches I see in the commercial world could use an ounce of such rigour !
Black Hole question for you.
Black Holes are said to be described by mass, spin, and electric charge.
Do they also have color charge?
Similar to the concept of an electron/positron virtual par coming into existence, one (say positron) might wonders across an event horizon (byebye), leaving an electron which might escape the black hole...
Can a Pion flash into existence, only to have one of it's component quarks be lost across an event horizon?
Would this result in a possible isolated quark, possibly with a non-integer charge?
What does the Fermi Building symbolise? It looks like two commutators. Was this something that they were thinking? I've been going through the archives of the building of it, but there's no mention on the symbolic intention of the designers, other than functional.
history.fnal.gov/GoldenBooks/gb_wilson2.html
So what happens with the original tevitron collider? Is it shut down? And for LHC, it does not sound like the energy of the particles will be increased with the overhaul.
13 TeV -> 14 TeV. And the Tevatron is shut down and no longer useful.
Search CZcams for "The ELEMENTS in six dimensions, arranged by volume periods of nuclide mass averages"
Fabulous. I don’t have to change my 2007 position. The LHC didn’t come online until 2011. Higgs found in 2014.
I see enough by 2017, to gloat lol
Would you agree that the reason there is a wave-particle duality is because of measuremen?. Reality is a constant flux of fields that interact and overlap. The more overlap, the more mass something has. A particle only exists when you measure a given point in that field, its basically a screenshot in a given point in time.
Sure these are interesting times to be alive
Poor Harwell campus. They're doing a lot of these projects too! Tbf it's mostly programming but they're also producing a lot of hardware!
thanks for your channel. you are great.
i am watching a lot of video's as i am also fascinated with quantum physics.
i really hope you can answer me this:
have we (can we?) seen quantum behavior of particles in molecules?
can we entangle particles and put them in atoms that makes a molecule?
thank you
A great way to demonstrate a picosecond is the length of time between when a traffic light turns green and a New Yorker blows their horn.
In North Dakota you have a minute. This proves that the bigger the city is, the faster is the speed of light QED
The LHC is the greatest scientific swindle of the century.
I have a question that the neutral particle like neutral Kaons are detected experimentally ??
Usually using their decay products. You can also detect the products of their interaction with matter or other particles; as in neutrinos, which are electrically neutral, and don't decay, but on the rare occasion a neutrino interacts with matter, it can cause a nuclear reaction such as transforming a proton into a neutron or vice versa.
Something I wish you would mention sometime is light travels 670 million MPH. some of us can relate to miles per hour easier than miles per second .. Thats for us novist in physics..
I am fascinated and passionate about this area of research and inquiry, both the historical and the potential. The huge sums of money involved are however unjustifiable in my opinion. If such vast sums of money were not channeled to the international war machine, I would be personally very happy to see some of the overflow directed to large scientific research projects. Until that is the case there should be no public funding of even the most basic scientific research. I know this position is anathema to those focused on their science and careers but the obvious societal contradictions in how our resources are allocated and the true human costs of those decisions need to be harmonized and seen as an entirety. We cannot be allowed to encapsulate our personal ambitions and avoid seeing the greater context.
Dear professor,
My name is Pranshu Nemani and I have a very intriguing question
PLEASE READ
If two particles like an electron and positron form at the same point in space time, they should be entangled. Let's name them A and B respectively .
Now if the positron gets annihilated by another electron C then what would happen to the entangled state of A ?
Please answer
Excellent sounds good to me if that what we're doing.
It will be great if you clear my doubt.
Why does light reflect ?
Will the photons get touched ??
@@elessarstrider5210 no bro
From India.
😁😀
Did the LHC find any of the supersymmetric particles it was built to find? Will increased luminosity get beyond the "desert" that seems to exist between Higgs energy and the next level of phenomena?
Nope they haven't found any yet, which indicates that at least the simplest super symmetric theories may not be true or that even super symmetry as a whole might just be a theoretical, non-existing illusion.
What about speaking of the highest "collider": cosmic rays and the Pierre Auger observatory?
They may have higher energies, but the beam width is atrocious.
American science community is among the best of the best in the world.
In stark contrast with its general public, amirite?...
It would be interesting to learn how these detectors actually work. How do you detect a particle? How do you prevent the detector from changing the particles path? How do you determine the type? Charge would show up easily in the path but what about the other properties?
There are amples sources on the internet to explain those things.