Holly crap dude that was awesome. You gave it to us with both barrels blazing, "Yeh". Really great scope, great regional tie in. Great brief explanation of the unconformities, monoclines, anticlines. We use to say, it's like trying to stuff 100 pounds of _ _ _ _ in a 50 pound bag, but you did it. My hair hurts. Thanks so much for sharing with us all, out here in amateur land. We love geology too, we're just to burnt out to remember all the stuff the pros remember. We are so grateful for the help. It is frankly a frustrating mystery why millions more people don't fall in love with geology. I use to work for a civil engineering lab years ago, going to quarries to do sampling in Colorado, and that's when I caught the bug, with the first piece of petrified wood I pulled out of the quarry wall with my own two hands. It was thrilling, and I've been maniacally trying to piece it all together for the last 35 years. Lectures like this help out so much to give us a big picture story. Please do more.
I live in the Pacific Northwest. I’m not a Geologist but do enjoy learning about geological formations. Because of watching your video about US east coast geology formations, I learned more about US west coast geology formations in my backyard. Congratulations on a well produced and educational presentation on Virginia geology. It served for this observer to contrast the differences and similarities between US east coast and US west coast geological formations.
I love East Coast Geology so much! There is so much that went into the land we see today, which is wild since we sit in the middle of a Passive Margin today.
Been watching Professor Nick Zentner's series on WA State (grew up in WA) and wondered if there was similar material on VA geologic history. Very glad to have discovered your class. Thank you so much for sharing the geologic history of our state!
Me too and was really excited when I searched VA Geology to find this video! I stumble across a wide variety of rock types when I'm fishing and hiking and really want to understand what's possible to find here in VA!! Loved this!
Great Presentation: Illustration of the tectonic migration of the crust components and their joining , combining , subduction and mountain building, layer accumulation, contortion and layering over time provides a comprehensive picture of how the continents we know today came to be.
This is the best course on Virginia’s geologic history. I took geology in collage and this short video covered the subject much better than my teachers did.
Sick vid, currently doin a project on VA geology and found this extremely enlightening. I’m actually from Culpeper, it’s always great to hear we are known for something besides breaking Superman’s back and paralyzing him from the neck down.
Great video. I am happy this popped up in my recommended videos. I learned much more than any 'made for TV' style video could teach me in the same time.
This is a fascinating peek back through the deep history of the Commonwealth, and illustrates the depth of the history that surrounds us. It is hard to wrap one’s mind around the timelines involved, but it certainly does help to give some insight into some of the most common geological sights in Va. really well done…. Hard to imagine this is a college project!
Wow, This presentation was mouthful, but well worth listening to. It was packed with lots of general Geology, formation of rocks, and contential history. Very well done - A++. Just amazing.
All very interesting. Thank you very much. I did a college paper about the geology of Gettysburg and the armies march through Virginia. You brought back a bunch I'd forgotten. Thanks again.
Terrific presentation, a lot to absorb and definitely worth watching several times. I lived in Virginia for 15 years back in the '80s and '90s, hiked, walked, biked and drove over much of the territory. It would have been great to have the knowledge contained in this video. Well done!
I see no recent comments but I want to let Callan know his video on The Geology of Virginia is still be viewed an enjoyed by many. I just finished viewing it for the second time. Thank you for developing and posting it on CZcams.
8:50. This is Walther's Law of Lateral Succession, wherein vertical strata reflect horizontal deposition in certain settings. Nearshore are river seds, farther offshore are muds and carbonates. This is seen in cross sections when compared vertically.
Absolutely fantastic presentation! Not being a geologist(so take it with a grain of feldspar) I find it to be both comprehensive and fairly concise but not so much so as to cater to the short attention span style we see so much today. Thank you so much I really enjoyed watching your video.
Very well done. Thank you for this presentation!Was the post-Cretaceous rejuvenation of streams a result of regional uplift, which gives us the inland plateau on the far west side?
The Iapetus suture can be seen in the Isle of Man and in IReland near Shannon - where I grew up is the former ocean floor and volcanic island arc that outcrops, in hte Lake District.
I love this video. Tons of information combined with a great presentation. I hope you will consider doing similar videos for other state, specifically Tennessee would be of interest to me. Great job.
This is wonderful material for those like me that are just curious in Geology. Jour job as Nick Zentner's are invaluable. Just a suggestion: try to group the videos in categories in the playlist area. It'll be easier to go from the begining building up knowledge. Cannot thank you enough for your work. 👏👏👏🙏👋
Hi Dr. B. Was there a gold-bearing back-arc basin associated with the Chopsawamic Terrane, and would that make it analogous to our Georgia Eastern Blueridge province ? Thanks so much!!
Excellent! Now when I'm driving to and from the Outer Banks, I will have an idea of what I am seeing. And Michael Domansky is right, you and Nick Sent her would totally rock!
I have to say, that was damned interesting. I never knew there was such a diversity of rock formations in the crust. Now I shall have to find out how the UK was formed. There are many examples of folding in the exposed rock sediments where I live in Liverpool. Great stuff.
The geology of the Isand of Britain is quite interesting. It even hosts the remains of two supervolcanoes, Scafells in the ake District and Glencoe in Scotand. And the Scottish Highands are actually a continuation of the Appalachians.
Ollie Costello here. Have you seen this video by Bob Hatcher? It lines up nicely with yours. I really enjoyed listening to this VA video. I did my thesis in the Carolina Slate belt near Columbia, SC. Similar but very different. VA geology is the best :-)
I ride mountain bikes in DuPont (North Carolina mountains) and I'm always in awe of the huge granite slabs that are exposed. I see straight lines cut into the top of these and can't figure out what did that? They are mostly less than an inch wide but very straight.
Your slide showing Stratigraphy of the Valley and Ridge Province illustrates the Mauch Chunk, Pottsville, and Conemaugh as part of the Acadian Orogeny. The Mauch Chunk, Pottsville, and Conemaugh stratigraphic units form part of the Alleghanian clastic wedge, deposited by the Alleghanian Orogeny. In West Virginia at Spruce Knob, the Price Sandstone (upper part of Pocono) is overlain by the Greenbrier Limestone (passive margin unit) , which is overlain by the Mauch Chunk and Pottsville (Alleghanian clastic wedge stratigraphic units).
I wonder if you could make the closed caption feature work for this? I'd love it if you did. It's fabulous for 90% of us, but it would make this great lecture more accessible!
Greetings from the BIG SKY. I've always thought that plate tectonics resulted from asteroid strikes. The book I read by James Mitchner told of the Chesapeake Bay well.
Yes, this video is quite old but I only found it today and because of Iapetus and Atlantic I am now wondering how is it that first the oceanic plates subduct and then later a mid-ocean ridge appears in the same place? I've heard that plate tectonics is created by convection of the earth's mantle. So I imagine that something rises in one place in the coat and therefore has to go down in another place, which breaks the coat into a kind of bubble? The panels float on the mantle and are either pushed apart or towards each other. Do the places where the material moves up and down also move?
In Calvert Cliffs there are rocks with shell fossils that are covered with iron oxides, how would these be formed? Combination of shells covered with an iron oxide crust?
I can't get enough of visualizations of Geology; esp video, but diagrams must suffice. In the next few years more and more CGI will be applied to Geology; and I can't wait. It's already been done for Astronomy; as everyone (with an interest in science) remembers their first time in a class trip to planetarium watching Theia hypothesis; the theorized protoplanet that collides with Earth to form the moon. We need more CGI artists to get into Geology, damnit!
I found this looking up the formation of the chesapeake bay since i live in maryland. But now i know basically the whole history of virginia and maryland i guess. Idk if marylands geology is different im assuming its similar
At roughly minute 20 he discusses two different ages in the same rock, saying that the younger one got raised to a temperature of about 400 degrees, no enough to reset the zircon and lead; but wait, how did the temp rise to in the 400s then? Does anyone know? (Enjoying your presentation Callan!)
I know of a missing link in the education of geologists. They tell us that our planet Earth has the most to fear from an asteroid impact or volcano eruptions. But when we look at the many horizontal layers that we find everywhere on our planet, we clearly see the effect of a repeating cataclysm. These disasters are mentioned in ancient books like the Mahabharata from India and the Popol Vuh from the Mayans and others. They tell us about a cycle of seven disasters that separate the eras from the world. Certainly, regularly recurring global disasters cannot be caused by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions. The only possible cause is another celestial body, a planet, orbiting our sun in an eccentric orbit. Then it is close to the sun for a short period and after the crossing at a very high speed it disappears into the universe for a long time. Planet 9 exists, but it seems invisible. These disasters cause a huge tidal wave of seawater that washes over land "above the highest mountains." At the end it covers the earth with a layer of wet mud, a mixture of sand, clay, lime, fossils of marine and terrestrial animals and small and larger meteorites. Forests that existed are flattened and because of the pressure from the layers on top the wood is changed into coal. These disasters also create a cycle of civilizations. To learn much more about the recurring flood cycle, the re-creation of civilizations and its chronology and ancient high technology, read the e-book: "Planet 9 = Nibiru". It can be read on any computer, tablet or smartphone. Search: invisible nibiru 9
Your example of the Appalachian mountains during the Crustacean as shown toward the end of the presentation doesn’t seem right to me. Isostasy should have played an important role as the rivers etched out the rising mountain chain while promoting the event by removing material from the mountains.
I didn't notice it probably due to the poor frequency response of my listening device. This is great advice though and I second Gunther's recommendation.
LOL a year later I found this video, started watching it...and heard the popping again got up to say it needed a pop shield, and voila... I already said it a year ago.
I know everyone pronounces mafic 'may-fic,' but I personally think it should be 'ma-fic' (short 'a' sound), because the word is a portmanteau of 'magnesian-ferric,' and 'magnesian' is NOT pronounced 'mayg-nee-sian,' it's 'mag-nee-sian,' short 'a' sound. Shaking up the geologic community one syllable at a time...
@@witherbossbros1157 so I guess you ascribe to the scientific impossibility that everything came from nothing it seems you have more faith than I do.You listen to Flawless men and their ideas how we came about and I listened to the testimony of the creator who made it both takes faith
@@phillipgray7371 When the creator comes and talks to you, then you'll know two things: (1) the creator actually exists, and (2) what the creator actually thinks. Until then, all we are left with is that which is plainly before us, discovered by science.
@@witherbossbros1157 I know he exists cuz he talked to me in his word and I have his creation to see the evidence that he's made it and he's changed my life I was born again 25 years ago and everything the Bible said would happen, happened in me I'm a witness to the fact but if you won't believe the writings of Paul,Peter Matthew Mark Luke and John and James you wouldn't believe my writings either but I want to leave you with this thought you're going to die someday the Bible best explains the three questions of life where did I come from why am I here and where am I going if you want to know more reply if not don't reply
i disagre with most of what you are saying i have a totaly different senario than what you are saying about the building of the applatiom mts e mail me i will explain
If this was 300 hours long, I would watch it all. And then probably watch it again.
I took his class and I can say that he is a great professor! If you are not into Geology, you will end up liking Geology after taking his class.
You should team up with Nick Zentner to produce revolutionary kick-butt content
Yes! I've been looking for the Appalachian story and hopefully this is it. I'm interested in PA and it's coal fields as well.
Holly crap dude that was awesome. You gave it to us with both barrels blazing, "Yeh". Really great scope, great regional tie in. Great brief explanation of the unconformities, monoclines, anticlines. We use to say, it's like trying to stuff 100 pounds of _ _ _ _ in a 50 pound bag, but you did it. My hair hurts. Thanks so much for sharing with us all, out here in amateur land. We love geology too, we're just to burnt out to remember all the stuff the pros remember. We are so grateful for the help. It is frankly a frustrating mystery why millions more people don't fall in love with geology. I use to work for a civil engineering lab years ago, going to quarries to do sampling in Colorado, and that's when I caught the bug, with the first piece of petrified wood I pulled out of the quarry wall with my own two hands. It was thrilling, and I've been maniacally trying to piece it all together for the last 35 years. Lectures like this help out so much to give us a big picture story. Please do more.
I live in the Pacific Northwest. I’m not a Geologist but do enjoy learning about geological formations. Because of watching your video about US east coast geology formations, I learned more about US west coast geology formations in my backyard. Congratulations on a well produced and educational presentation on Virginia geology. It served for this observer to contrast the differences and similarities between US east coast and US west coast geological formations.
I love East Coast Geology so much! There is so much that went into the land we see today, which is wild since we sit in the middle of a Passive Margin today.
Been watching Professor Nick Zentner's series on WA State (grew up in WA) and wondered if there was similar material on VA geologic history. Very glad to have discovered your class. Thank you so much for sharing the geologic history of our state!
Me too and was really excited when I searched VA Geology to find this video! I stumble across a wide variety of rock types when I'm fishing and hiking and really want to understand what's possible to find here in VA!! Loved this!
This was THE BEST science lesson - I learned so many new things. Thank you!
This is always so good. I keep coming back too him to listen.well spoken, not boring.
Great Presentation: Illustration of the tectonic migration of the crust components and their joining , combining , subduction and mountain building, layer accumulation, contortion and layering over time provides a comprehensive picture of how the continents we know today came to be.
This is the best course on Virginia’s geologic history. I took geology in collage and this short video covered the subject much better than my teachers did.
Sick vid, currently doin a project on VA geology and found this extremely enlightening. I’m actually from Culpeper, it’s always great to hear we are known for something besides breaking Superman’s back and paralyzing him from the neck down.
Absolutely TOP QUALITY!!!!! Wonderful job!!!
I find stuff like this fascinating, especially when I learn something new…
I found this from listening to Piedmont Blues, wondering what piedmont meant. I had no idea about any of this. My mind is blown.
Very nice presentation. I'm a retired Geologist. I graduated in Geology from GMU so this was cool to see again.
Great video. I am happy this popped up in my recommended videos. I learned much more than any 'made for TV' style video could teach me in the same time.
I have a geology degree and enjoyed this well-done video. Thanks for putting in the effort!
This was by far the best summary I have found and I have been scouring for a source that ties together information in a coherent manner. Thanks.
This is a fascinating peek back through the deep history of the Commonwealth, and illustrates the depth of the history that surrounds us. It is hard to wrap one’s mind around the timelines involved, but it certainly does help to give some insight into some of the most common geological sights in Va. really well done…. Hard to imagine this is a college project!
Wow, This presentation was mouthful, but well worth listening to. It was packed with lots of general Geology, formation of rocks, and contential history. Very well done - A++. Just amazing.
absolutely amazing!
All very interesting. Thank you very much. I did a college paper about the geology of Gettysburg and the armies march through Virginia. You brought back a bunch I'd forgotten. Thanks again.
Thank you for this trip through time!
Terrific presentation, a lot to absorb and definitely worth watching several times. I lived in Virginia for 15 years back in the '80s and '90s, hiked, walked, biked and drove over much of the territory. It would have been great to have the knowledge contained in this video. Well done!
What an amazingly informative discussion! Thank you so much, Callan, this is great work.
I see no recent comments but I want to let Callan know his video on The Geology of Virginia is still be viewed an enjoyed by many. I just finished viewing it for the second time. Thank you for developing and posting it on CZcams.
Thanks Tom!
Spectacularly good! Thank you!
So nicely done. I haven’t thought about East coast geology much since my orals and the interpretative framework makes much more sense now.
8:50. This is Walther's Law of Lateral Succession, wherein vertical strata reflect horizontal deposition in certain settings. Nearshore are river seds, farther offshore are muds and carbonates. This is seen in cross sections when compared vertically.
Terrific video. I really liked it.
Thank you for all your hard work! I learned something today 😊
This answered a BUNCH of questions I had.
Truly fascinating and entirely "accessible" to the lay person. Thank you so much. Love me some Petersburg Pluton, LOL.
Excellent analysis. Kudos
Absolutely fantastic presentation! Not being a geologist(so take it with a grain of feldspar) I find it to be both comprehensive and fairly concise but not so much so as to cater to the short attention span style we see so much today. Thank you so much I really enjoyed watching your video.
Great presentation. Thanks for this.
Excellent detail and explanation of Virginia geology.
Why did you not keep going on more episodes…so good…..
This is super, super interesting and the annotations using electronic marker really do aid one’s understanding.
Outstanding presentation...
Very well done. Thank you for this presentation!Was the post-Cretaceous rejuvenation of streams a result of regional uplift, which gives us the inland plateau on the far west side?
This is awesome!!! Thank you so much!
Great video. Thanks for doing this!
love your lecture.
Incredible. I deal with foundation performance on expansive clay in Austin. Cool geology there.
The Iapetus suture can be seen in the Isle of Man and in IReland near Shannon - where I grew up is the former ocean floor and volcanic island arc that outcrops, in hte Lake District.
Great vid. Interesting and informative. Thanks
Excellent presentation
Excellent!!
Brilliant video and teaching here, you explained the various orogenies well in a way most can follow along with.
I love this video. Tons of information combined with a great presentation. I hope you will consider doing similar videos for other state, specifically Tennessee would be of interest to me. Great job.
Interesting, informative, enjoyable!
Very well done!
This is wonderful material for those like me that are just curious in Geology. Jour job as Nick Zentner's are invaluable. Just a suggestion: try to group the videos in categories in the playlist area. It'll be easier to go from the begining building up knowledge.
Cannot thank you enough for your work. 👏👏👏🙏👋
greetings from the permian basin, cool video, enjoyed it.
That was very well done. I applaud you!
Thank you. I haven't been to Virginia, but my ancestry goes through there. Interesting.
thank you!
Great video thank you
Hi Dr. B.
Was there a gold-bearing back-arc basin associated with the Chopsawamic Terrane, and would that make it analogous to our Georgia Eastern Blueridge province ? Thanks so much!!
Excellent! Now when I'm driving to and from the Outer Banks, I will have an idea of what I am seeing. And Michael Domansky is right, you and Nick Sent her would totally rock!
very well explained, and very well illustrated. chapeau!
This was very interesting and informative.
I have to say, that was damned interesting. I never knew there was such a diversity of rock formations in the crust. Now I shall have to find out how the UK was formed. There are many examples of folding in the exposed rock sediments where I live in Liverpool. Great stuff.
The geology of the Isand of Britain is quite interesting. It even hosts the remains of two supervolcanoes, Scafells in the ake District and Glencoe in Scotand. And the Scottish Highands are actually a continuation of the Appalachians.
Ollie Costello here. Have you seen this video by Bob Hatcher? It lines up nicely with yours. I really enjoyed listening to this VA video. I did my thesis in the Carolina Slate belt near Columbia, SC. Similar but very different. VA geology is the best :-)
came for the rocks from Nick on the rocks thank you
Great fun!
I ride mountain bikes in DuPont (North Carolina mountains) and I'm always in awe of the huge granite slabs that are exposed. I see straight lines cut into the top of these and can't figure out what did that? They are mostly less than an inch wide but very straight.
Your slide showing Stratigraphy of the Valley and Ridge Province illustrates the Mauch Chunk, Pottsville, and Conemaugh as part of the Acadian Orogeny. The Mauch Chunk, Pottsville, and Conemaugh stratigraphic units form part of the Alleghanian clastic wedge, deposited by the Alleghanian Orogeny. In West Virginia at Spruce Knob, the Price Sandstone (upper part of Pocono) is overlain by the Greenbrier Limestone (passive margin unit) , which is overlain by the Mauch Chunk and Pottsville (Alleghanian clastic wedge stratigraphic units).
Good vid! So Mach good info in just 30 min.
I wonder if you could make the closed caption feature work for this? I'd love it if you did. It's fabulous for 90% of us, but it would make this great lecture more accessible!
Greetings from the BIG SKY. I've always thought that plate tectonics resulted from asteroid strikes. The book I read by James Mitchner told of the Chesapeake Bay well.
Very well explained. Do you ever look at weather patterns? They tell a fantastic story of earth's past.
Very good teacher! Understandable! Thumbs up! #116
Yes, this video is quite old but I only found it today and because of Iapetus and Atlantic I am now wondering how is it that first the oceanic plates subduct and then later a mid-ocean ridge appears in the same place?
I've heard that plate tectonics is created by convection of the earth's mantle. So I imagine that something rises in one place in the coat and therefore has to go down in another place, which breaks the coat into a kind of bubble? The panels float on the mantle and are either pushed apart or towards each other. Do the places where the material moves up and down also move?
wonderful, I wish the study of history included modern (written) history, prehistory, geologic history, cosmologic history....
In Calvert Cliffs there are rocks with shell fossils that are covered with iron oxides, how would these be formed? Combination of shells covered with an iron oxide crust?
That was wonderful! I minored in geology in the early 80's and we've learned so much since then.
I can't get enough of visualizations of Geology; esp video, but diagrams must suffice. In the next few years more and more CGI will be applied to Geology; and I can't wait. It's already been done for Astronomy; as everyone (with an interest in science) remembers their first time in a class trip to planetarium watching Theia hypothesis; the theorized protoplanet that collides with Earth to form the moon. We need more CGI artists to get into Geology, damnit!
would anyone be able to point me towards a similar video about new york?
I found this looking up the formation of the chesapeake bay since i live in maryland. But now i know basically the whole history of virginia and maryland i guess. Idk if marylands geology is different im assuming its similar
Yep, pretty much the same stuff! Geology doesn't stop at political boundaries!
You should make your videos like sci show or crash course chemistry. Look em up on CZcams! You'd make an awesome person to do crash course geology!
province de Geologique de Grenville ! Je ne savais pas pourquoi....
At roughly minute 20 he discusses two different ages in the same rock, saying that the younger one got raised to a temperature of about 400 degrees, no enough to reset the zircon and lead; but wait, how did the temp rise to in the 400s then? Does anyone know? (Enjoying your presentation Callan!)
Metamorphism - mountain building, crustal thickening and deeper burial of this unit or else intrusion of nearby magma.
czcams.com/video/v6h_UY_SG1U/video.html sorry forgot to put link in. This to Bob Hatcher's Young Appalachian talk
I know of a missing link in the education of geologists. They tell us that our planet Earth has the most to fear from an asteroid impact or volcano eruptions. But when we look at the many horizontal layers that we find everywhere on our planet, we clearly see the effect of a repeating cataclysm. These disasters are mentioned in ancient books like the Mahabharata from India and the Popol Vuh from the Mayans and others. They tell us about a cycle of seven disasters that separate the eras from the world. Certainly, regularly recurring global disasters cannot be caused by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions. The only possible cause is another celestial body, a planet, orbiting our sun in an eccentric orbit. Then it is close to the sun for a short period and after the crossing at a very high speed it disappears into the universe for a long time. Planet 9 exists, but it seems invisible. These disasters cause a huge tidal wave of seawater that washes over land "above the highest mountains." At the end it covers the earth with a layer of wet mud, a mixture of sand, clay, lime, fossils of marine and terrestrial animals and small and larger meteorites. Forests that existed are flattened and because of the pressure from the layers on top the wood is changed into coal. These disasters also create a cycle of civilizations. To learn much more about the recurring flood cycle, the re-creation of civilizations and its chronology and ancient high technology, read the e-book: "Planet 9 = Nibiru". It can be read on any computer, tablet or smartphone. Search: invisible nibiru 9
fuckn bad ass I fuckn love geology!
How do you know the continent was called Rodinia? ;^)
Excellent presentation. 😎👍
15
Gneiss lecture
Hello Dr. Fronabarger
5:00 rodinia
Your example of the Appalachian mountains during the Crustacean as shown toward the end of the presentation doesn’t seem right to me.
Isostasy should have played an important role as the rivers etched out the rising mountain chain while promoting the event by removing material from the mountains.
:)
Appa-latch-in
You need a pop shield on your microphone. I found it terribly distracting.
I didn't notice it probably due to the poor frequency response of my listening device. This is great advice though and I second Gunther's recommendation.
LOL a year later I found this video, started watching it...and heard the popping again got up to say it needed a pop shield, and voila... I already said it a year ago.
I know everyone pronounces mafic 'may-fic,' but I personally think it should be 'ma-fic' (short 'a' sound), because the word is a portmanteau of 'magnesian-ferric,' and 'magnesian' is NOT pronounced 'mayg-nee-sian,' it's 'mag-nee-sian,' short 'a' sound. Shaking up the geologic community one syllable at a time...
Just imagine billions of years it's just imagination
Creationism isn't a thing - that's imaginary thinking.
@@witherbossbros1157 so I guess you ascribe to the scientific impossibility that everything came from nothing it seems you have more faith than I do.You listen to Flawless men and their ideas how we came about and I listened to the testimony of the creator who made it both takes faith
@@phillipgray7371 When the creator comes and talks to you, then you'll know two things: (1) the creator actually exists, and (2) what the creator actually thinks. Until then, all we are left with is that which is plainly before us, discovered by science.
@@witherbossbros1157 I know he exists cuz he talked to me in his word and I have his creation to see the evidence that he's made it and he's changed my life I was born again 25 years ago and everything the Bible said would happen, happened in me I'm a witness to the fact but if you won't believe the writings of Paul,Peter Matthew Mark Luke and John and James you wouldn't believe my writings either but I want to leave you with this thought you're going to die someday the Bible best explains the three questions of life where did I come from why am I here and where am I going if you want to know more reply if not don't reply
i disagre with most of what you are saying i have a totaly different senario than what you are saying about the building of the applatiom mts e mail me i will explain
Gee, that sounds fruitful.