Eritrea Ethiopia War

Wars in Africa - • Africa
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ERITREAN - ETHIOPIAN WAR
The Eritrean-Ethiopian War took place between Ethiopia and Eritrea from May 1998 to June 2000, with the final peace only agreed to in 2018, twenty years after the initial confrontation. The war caused some 100,000 combined casualties , excluding indeterminate number of refugees. The conflict ultimately led to minor border changes through final binding border delimitation overseen by the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
According to a ruling by an international commission in The Hague, Eritrea broke international law and triggered the war by invading Ethiopia. At the end of the war, Ethiopia held all of the disputed territory and had advanced into Eritrea. After the war ended, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission, a body founded by the UN, established that Badme, the disputed territory at the heart of the conflict, belongs to Eritrea. As of 2019, Ethiopia still occupies the territory near Badme. On 5 June 2018, Ethiopia agreed to implement the peace treaty signed with Eritrea in 2000, with peace declared by both parties in July 2018.
ERITREAN - ETHIOPIAN WAR: Timeline
1914 - In the “Scramble for Africa” where European powers divide the African continent into colonies, the area comprising present-day Eritrea comes under Italian control
1900, 1902, and 1908 - Italy and Ethiopia lay out the Ethiopian-Eritrean border on paper but this is not physically demarcated on the ground
1941 - During World War II, British forces capture Italian East Africa; Eritrea comes under British administration for the rest of the war and until 1949, when it becomes a UN Trust Territory
September 1952 - The UN merges Eritrea into Ethiopia as the Ethiopian-Eritrean Federation
November 1962 - Ethiopia dissolves the Federation and annexes Eritrea; Eritrean nationalists then launch an independence struggle, ultimately a thirty-year revolution that prevails in May 1991
May 1993 - Following a UN-facilitated referendum, Eritrea’s integration into Ethiopia is dissolved and Eritrea becomes a fully sovereign, independent state and a member of the UN
1992-1998 - Relations between Eritrea and Ethiopia gradually deteriorate, which is compounded by their un-demarcated border
1992 - Eritrea issues diplomatic protests regarding Ethiopian border intrusions; more complaints against continued Ethiopian border violations persist through 1994 - 1996
May 1998 - War breaks out
February 1999 - Ethiopian forces seize the initiative
May 2000 - Ethiopian forces launched a multi-sector general offensive that advance deep into Eritrea and ultimately control some 20-25% of uncontested Eritrean territory
May 12, 2000 - The UN passes a number of Resolutions that force both sides to end the war
June 18, 2000 - Ethiopia and Eritrea sign a ceasefire
July 2000 - UN peacekeepers arrive to man the newly formed Temporary Security Zone
December 2000 - Ethiopian and Eritrean negotiators sign the Algiers Agreement that contains a stipulation to refer the border issue to a “Boundary Commission”; the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission is formed in collaboration with the Permanent Court of Arbitration; both Ethiopia and Eritrea agreed to abide by the arbitration ruling which is to be “final and binding”
April 2002 - The Boundary Commission’s ruling is released, which awards the greater portion of the disputed border area to Eritrea and a lesser portion to Ethiopia; Ethiopia initially welcomes the ruling but soon rejects it and calls for a revision of the border
July 2008 - The UN ends its peacekeeping mission after Eritrea had earlier forced the UN peacekeepers to leave the Security Zone
November 2007 - The Boundary Commission, unable to physically mark the border on the ground, announces that it had demarcated the border in its maps; it then dissolves itself, stating that its mission is completed and that the physical demarcation should be made by the disputing parties

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If I remember from the decision, even the location of “Badme” is disputed: Ethiopia sometimes identify “Badme” as Yirga village, which is well inside Ethiopian territory, while Eritrea pinpoints Badme as a village close to the border but inside Eritrea, based on the 1902 treaty