The Betrayal Of The German Revolution | Part I
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- čas přidán 30. 06. 2024
- Feedback and Questions on my Twitter:
/ besdmarx
Thanks to Acherons for Recommending Several Books and Providing Some Great Images:
/ theacherons
Their Blog (many great articles on Rosa Luxemburg):
/ theacheron
Thanks to Yugopnik as well for your help with general youtube stuff, his youtube channel:
/ yugopnik
His Twitter:
/ yugopnik
Main Sources:
- The Lost Revolution: Germany 1918 to 1924 by Chris Harman
- Pierre Broué - The German Revolution 1917-1923
- Uwe Sonnenberg & Jorn Schutrumpf - Rosa Luxemburg and the 1918-1919 German Revolution, A Timeline
- J. P. Nettl's biography of Luxemburg
- Klaus Gietinger - The Murder of Rosa Luxemburg
- William Pelz's - A People's History of the German Revolution
- Müller, Richard. Geschichte der deutschen Revolution
- Sebastain Haffner - Der Verrat der Deutschen Revolution
- Reform or Revolution - Rosa Luxemburg
- Various Works provided by Marxists.org
Music:
- Das Banner von Marx und Lenin (Erich-Weinert-Ensemble)
- Arbeiter von Wien (Erich-Weinert-Ensemble)
- Das Einheitsfrontlied "Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist" (Berliner Singakademie, Großes Rundfunkorchester Berlin & Dietrich Knothe)
- Katyusha (Академический Ансамбль песни и пляски Российской Армии имени А.В. Александрова)
- Der heimliche Aufmarsch (Ernst Busch)
Thanks to the GETchan CZcams Channel for providing a wonderful collection of Communist Music (from which I got all the songs above):
/ @getchan
Clips:
- British Pathe
Pictures
- Bundesarchiv
This video will not be monetized and is for educational purposes and a critique of the usual depiction of the German Revolution.
------------
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
6:15 - German Reich
9:53 - Social Democracy
19:35 - Revisionism
25:30 - Revolutionary Left
31:15 - World War I
39:33 - The Split
48:00 - "Revolution From Above"
59:20 - End
More than halfway through, phenomenal! A great overview, at times discussed in much needed detail, of the history of German Socialism and Revolution, and this is only the first part! Well done ❤️
Thank you so much!! without your help it wouldn't have been as good ❤️
Wtf luca youtuber era
Excellent video. Rosa D. Luxemburg wrote a book against the reformists explaining that its ultimate goal isn't to abolish capitalism for a socialist order, but to mitigate our exploitation and capitalism's abuse. In other words, it is the permanent reform of Capitalism to retain power by trying to mitigate its crisis (this is how/why capitalism has evolved/adapted very much in the last 2 centuries). You will be able to recognize today's proponent for reforms often use the phrase ''save capitalism from itself''. They do not want to abolish it... at all.
Exactly! That’s why I laugh when Bernie Sanders calls himself a socialist. The capitalist system will only grant concessions to the workers when the workers threaten revolution. As soon as that threat disappears, the welfare state disappears, too. That’s what happened in the USA these past 50 years or so.
Yes, because it would be suicide to abolish a winning system. I'd much rather live in reformed capitalism than communism. because capitalism might cast me aside and leave me poor - but it will never set out to kill me, like a certain other ideology. Edit: And there's no betrayal. Social democracy works; Marxism doesn't. Simple as. That's it.
She was a ((()))
🥰 Rosa!
Wow, we want to solve social problems without demonizing and murdering a huge chunk of innocent people? You forgot to attach the gigachad image.
Haven't seen the video yet, but I know that the moral of it can be summed up as "all my homies hate the SPD"
He provides a detailed account, in three parts, that goes through the history of the SPD and what brought them to side with the reactionaries and capitalists against the working class.
It's an important topic and crucial for socialists to study. It destroyed any illusion that socialism could be implemented through parliamentarism.
It's insane how relevant this video is holy shit. The pro-war statements of the SDP in the pre-war period are almost copy-paste statements of European social democrat parties today, while also at the same time squashing any anti-war sentiment
100 years later and the SPD is still doing the traitor thing
They're copy-paste of many self-described socialists in the US, as well.
That exact party rules germany now and is entirely capitalistic now. They love the opportunity to expand nato borders and sell guns and rockets
Wait what war are social democrat parties in europe pushing for today?
I've always wanted to learn more about the historical context of the German revolution, love the video!
Thank you so much!
Thank you for this. The German Revolution was a gap in my knowledge and I did not know where to turn. As others have commented it’s so relevant to today.
Awesome, I'm glad you found it valuable!
Somewhat depressing how relevant this is a hundred years later.
Thanks for the video, extremely relevant to current events. Here in Belgium it is so worrying to see all the socdems (some of them working for ONGs like Amnesty) and their rabid pro-NATO, anticommunist stance. The mask is off.
I've always wondered what do socialists consider a proper replacement for nato? Do socialists even want a nato-esque defensive military alliance in europe? If yes, what is the problem with nato and why cant the problems be solved by reform? If no, how do you consider european nations to be mutually invested in each others security and defense?
@@mehhie5360 Tbh this is quite complicated and I'm just not educated enough on the subject to give you a proper answer. I don't believe this is just about NATO as it is the entire liberal EU project. Being a vassal of the genocidal monster that is the USA is what I find the most abhorrent, but even a strictly European "defensive" alliance would still primarily be a tool for imperialism abroad.
Even if the EU, as it stands now, wanted to get its military sovereignty back, how would you reform that? The US would probably burn Europe to the ground than let it become a competitor.
@@deelog91Well usa as it is focusing on china more and more is pulling out of europe to a much larger extent and will do so as european countries start investing more in their militaries and i think it is only a matter of time until usa looses the only real influence it has (that being the security guarantee) and europe not wanting a foreign power (however closely linked they may be) medlling in its affairs. And isnt socialism an an international ideology, supposed to support interlational cooperation and unity on a continental scale? I will never understand that approach, you literally have a community unlike which has never been seen on a continental scale and you trash it as a concept solely for american domination? Europe although divided on many issues would trash usa in a defensive conflict, and usa has no reason in any way to attack europe in any scenario whatsoever. And in what way is europe fighting imperial wars abroad? Every country except france only servers in low level conflicts as mediators and such. And even france in what it does is predominantly fighting islamic shari'a wannabe states in the sahel.
@@mehhie5360 Pulling out how? The invasion of Ukraine has actually been the perfect pretext for historically "neutral" countries such as Finland and Sweden to rush to apply to NATO. And I don't believe the US wants to get out of Europe; it wants to isolate it from China and Russia to have a monopoly on its markets (South Korea is a great example of American isolation and vassalisation). Secondly, a unified Europe is indeed a beautiful thing. It is amazing that we Europeans can travel between countries so freely. But a collection of northern capitalist countries banding together to exploit the Global South isn't what I would call internationalism. Finally, imperialism isn't only war, but a very complex financial exploitative system. For example, France still has an enormous amount of control over northern African countries through the CFA Franc system. The EU getting out of NATO to create their own defensive alliance would not solve those problems.
@@deelog91 Reasons to update Marxist-Leninism that liberals and social democrats have more in common with it's bourgeoisie then the global working class.
Wie sagt man so schön? Wer hat uns verraten?
Ganz genau
Sozialdemokraten!
Look at the names and biography of the bolsheviks and spd leaders that ran the revolution and you will see who the majorty were
It's nice to see a thorough and principled analysis of these events. I hadn't even heard of the German Revolution until I started reading explicitly socialist texts, and it's nice to see videos of this quality on it
This is really stupendous, thanks so much for your work comrade.
Thanks Mark!
A video series like this, about the Spanish civil war would be epic
Fantastic video and analysis, look forward to more! I also love describing Gavrilo Princip simply as a "Serbian teenager", I have never heard it put like that haha.
Yes, another video! I was hoping the last series wouldn't be your only one!
Nope, videos on many interesting topics in plan :)
Thank you very much for your hard work. This video is well put together, I can't imagine how many hours were put into this. I'll be rewatching it several times because this is packed with so much information.
Thank you very much I appreciate it!
53:50 importance of a vangaurd party...
Feels like a movie, such good production value
Thank you very much, means a lot!
I agree 100%
My great grandfather worked with Folks from Die Rote Fahne and other advocates for workers aso when he came to Hamburg in the late 1910's. He helped building the "Nord Ostsee Kanal" and became a proud union member and advocate for workers and i still have his paperwork from that time.
My family on my fathers over several generations were/are proud union members and socialists. My great grandfather for example was only able to survive the 3rd Reich because he was put in a very small labour camp for a pretty short period of time and then was working in forced labour colonies and built roads, Kanal aso
And my grandfather was able to avoid serving in the military because he started to work on ships when he was 15, 16 and those who worked on "civilian" ships didnt have to serve.
And both of them, hecause they saw it themselves always talked about the SPD betraying workers, union members/officials, socialists and communists. My great grandfather saw it in 1918, 1919 aso and my grandfather in the lead up to the 3rd Reich and i heard them say "Wer hat uns verraten? Sozialdemokraten" quite often and rightfully so..
But i have to say, that I'm so glad Hasan introduced me to your content. Saw multiple videos now and so far every one of them is awesome.
Wow cool :D did you get the chance to meet your great or grandfather?
Thanks so much for this. One of the most concise recountings of this very complicated and misunderstood, overlooked and fraught periods of socialist history. Can’t wait to to binge the next installments.
Thank you! Well appreciated ❤
Really informative. As an American this might as well be lost history to us, but it’s really crucial to know this stuff, in the broader socialist context. They almost won over barbarism.
47:48 when that music kicked in I audibly said "hell yeah" while eating lunch in my car. God I love that hammer and sickle.
You have very nice voice for this type of content. Looking forward to your future woek
Thx, appreciate it!
You have a gift for teaching. Excellent series, thank you.
Incredible video! Can’t wait for part 2 😁
What an absolutely fantastic video. You always do fucking extraordinary work.
Excellent video comrade. Very well cited and informative.
Thank you very much!
Absolutely amazing work!
Wow what a great video!! I can't wait to watch the next part tomorrow
Thanks for this, comrade 🙏 Looking forward to more of your work! o7
Thanks!! o7
_Arbeiter, Bauern, nemht die Gewehre!_ haha I love that one, it's so epic.
Such a fantastic video, thanks for sharing your knowledge
An absolutely amazing video, the detail and everything is so well done, this truly did such a good job educating me. Thank you comrade.
That is awesome to hear, thank you so much Tariq
This is so well done! Thank you for this!
Thanks Roger!!
Thankyou so much for this!
I'll prob have to re-watch 3 more times to fully understand but I loved the format. I'm taken aback by the eerily similarities between then & today's leftist factions including the present pro-war, western liberal elites! It's like a disease & history repeats itself.
Do you really find it surprising that there are similarities? That's not a rhetorical question. After all, it's not like the current order of things just fell out of the sky.
@@77Night77Shade77 Western leftists so called "socialists" choose fascism over socialism because they want to save capitalism and bend over to the ruling class, liberals and the social democrats aren't leftists they are the true enemies of the proletariat than the fascists ever could!
I’m on my third watch now, very worth it to gain the understanding of the details
Really enjoyed this vid, great work!
Excellent content
Hey just wanted to say that the video is great and that your narration is just right 👍
The story of the Revolutions of 1848 would deserve a video of its own, they were such a fascinating topic tragic missed chance for many struggles.
The first premier of Italy, Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, once made a very sightminded consideration following the coup d'etat of Napoleon the III in the 1850ies, which he had expected since the man was elected:
Despite being a bourgoise liberal and an elitist, Cavour stated that Napoleon's was a reactionary dictatorship supported by french bourgoise out of fear of a proletarian revolution. Too bad his was that that's the reason we can't have universal suffrage or freedom of strike.
Honestly, this is amazing work!
Thanks Mico!!
Great video!
Beautifully made video. Subbed
Thank you for making these great videos.
Fantastic video , please make more
An excellent history. Had a very dim understanding of this history, but your videos provided a very comprehensive sythesis which helped me understand it better. A lot of these figures appear in references in both Luxembourg and Lenin's work, and it really helps to have a basic understanding of them.
Thank you so much Jordan!
amazing job!
EXCELLENT VIDEO
I'll be watching this next, also had no idea you were on youtube.
Grazie Giuliano!
Maybe the most important historical documentary ever. You got a subscriber.
This is great. Bravo! Thanks!
Really fascinating, informative piece
Thanks!
Great video, thank you
Very looking forward to part 2. Very surprised at the quality of the video most on this topic are rather A-historic. Fucking great job man.
Thank you!
Thank you for all the hard work and your excellent visual presentation of this monumental event in the struggle of the working class for freedom.
Keep making videos my comrade❣️
That's very motivating comrade, thank you very much!
Oh yes
crossover maybe?
Comrade, the video is GREAT! The only thing it lacks is a soundtrack (it would be great with some classical music)
Incredible work comrade .
This is why we call them the social fascists. It's class collaboration.
I think that that term is accurate, but openly denouncing socdems as such might alienate those, who actually have idealist views and the potential to turn into socialists if we can get them to realise **why** the term of social fascist is accurate
YOOO NEW VIDEO
Lets goooo! 💥🔥💣
A really informative video on a topic I didn't know much about. Great work.
Amazing work comrade
Thank you very much ❤
Hamburg Socialism!
Who could not love the Bolsheviks? I mean look at the hope in all those eyes including Lenin.
My family historian dad had never heard of the German Revolution, until I sent him the Wikipedia article on it, while I was trying to decipher my vague fragmented memories of my great aunt (on my mom's side) telling me about the lives of the families that her parents had left behind in Germany to come to America in the early decades of the 1900s.
Bolsheviks don't like "National Identity".
Bolshewiks are Kommunistlovers MultiKulti Cheese...😊
Good vid
Fascinating.
Good videi
Fantastic Video! it feels so fucking enfuriating to learn about this now
When is the next one dropping btw?
Seeing all these politicians critic others via articles or books made me think why does this not happen today. Lenin, a head of state, writing critics about foreign politics and german politicians would be so absurd now.
Excellent video. Though one important correction at 8:40.
You said the term "Great Britain", when what you meant was "Ireland and the Anglo-Occupied East Irish Isles"
One of the few communist channels with actual marxist analysis.
Very interesting video comrade!
Thank you for much a well made video ❤
when is part two coming?
Is there a video like this for the Russian revolutions?
Preventing closer cooperation between Russia and Germany is the goal of capitalism now as it was after WW1.
At 32:01 who wanted to ally with Britain and Germany?
this term is used a lot and it's mostly misused,it's just sort of like an easy short term but at the end of the day most of us are heavily misusing , we essentially use it as sort of like a synonym for just a welfare state but , that's not really what social democracy
is now historically social democracy was considered to be a lot more radical than it actually is today it was essentially using the state apparatus to like completely favor the workers,
obviously that's not the case today, no one would ever say that social democracy is explicitly using the state to favor the working class over others, not really what it is at all so to mention about the actual characteristics of social democracy today it's usually if we see like some welfare programs like public health care ,etc
we're like oh these must be a social democracy but that's not really the case for an example-Cuba ,would you call Cuba a social democracy it has a Public Health Care ,it has welfare programs all that sort of stuff but, it lacks a lot of the fundamentals of what makes a social democracy a social democracy because at the core of what we understand what sort of social democracy is today it's not those things at all really ,
you could have a so-called "social democracy"(today's definition/conditions of those nations) without any of those things perhaps depending on whether the state thinks it can get away with not giving you perks, because at the core of these so-called
social democracy is much more the states at the behest of the bourgeoisie turning itself into some sort of this illusory mediator between the working class and the owning class which is basically corporatism most of the so-called modern social democracies have a whole lot in common with Mussolini for a reference so the state sets up this sort of regulatory apparatus which is made to look like that
they're giving workers seats at the table with the capitalists and giving everyone a fair shake so they say okay we're gonna have some unions, these are the unions that you're allowed to have,
this is when you're allowed to strike any other strike is illegal if you have any problems at the workplace or with your pay or whatever your only option is to join this Union and then go to the bargaining table and negotiate with the representatives of the owners, anything else is illegal,
you're only allowed to strike if negotiations break down stuff like that is really the fundamental
of social democracy this illusory fake the notion of class compromise which
obviously isn't really class compromise is it because at the end of the day
what's at stake for the owners of capital is a little bit of lost profit
what's the stake for the worker is losing their whole livelihood so the
worker years in this case where they're forced at the bargaining table ,they r forced to
have like nice discussions with the bosses and they're
gonna lose out every single time even in the cases where it seems like they might have won it's really not a win at all
for an example you go to the bargaining table with your boss ,you get like two
dollar an hour pay rise that's not really nothing fundamentally
changed there,
the relation between capital and the worker Remains the exact same as it was before you're
still working to make money for them and anything that they end up giving you is always going to be something that they were prepared to give you because at the end of the day they're the ones who are fundamentally in control of the state,
they're the ones who set up this system in the first place in order to funnel
sort of revolutionary energy into something in to their favor,they use it in order to give you(workers) just enough of the scraps so that you don't do anything that actually really
threatens them and
Union participation is also heavily limited by
the state these unions effectively just captured by the state ,which is
operating at the behest of the capitalists so not only a worker is
obviously operating at a massive disadvantage in the first place but
their unions aren't even theirs so it's all one big con it's called class
compromise
but at the end of the day one side has all the power and and the
complete control of the state apparatus and it's all about making it seem like
you're getting your fair share when you're really getting not even remotely
close to what your fair share would be and
that's the real the Crux of social democracy it's not have some welfare payments,togo to the public hospital it's fine it's the capitalist trying to keep you placated with as little as they possibly
can to make sure you don't do anything that actually threatens them and anyone who explicitly identifies as the SocialDemocrat doesn't have a true belief in the system.
because no one truly believes in social democracy not even the people who promote it doesn't believe in it's original beliefs.
Social Democrats would give you none of that if they thought they could get away with it, social democracy is fundamentally about discouraging
working-class militancy by throwing them some scraps and putting up a facade of like a reasonable compromise and even that
of course not to mention the first world r all based on the exploitation of the third world,
first worlders get their scraps from imperialism and unfortunately most workers in the first world fall for the misused understanding of the term pretty easily without understanding the above-mentioned stuff.
what the current "socdems" nations folows social liberalism in the actual sense.
Social democracy as an ideology wants capitalism gone too but the method of gaining it is through milder methods of parliamentary process not revolution.
But the liberals(who r for capitalism)
have hijacked the term social democracy as just being a social liberalism
And the actual socdems have changed the term to democratic socialism when International commune meetings happened they(who were for parliamentary process and as well for revolution at the same time) decided to call it socialism for some reason(honestly I forgot what was the reason someone can enlighten me on that)
Marxist leninists have also hijacked the term social democracy as it serves the their narrative too
As they can now say- see the socdems r just capitalism with welfare,social safety nets and does imperialism on the 3rd world, make the masses to think that socdem is not on the left ,so they shouldn't be supported and make the people/masses to push for revolution asap rather going towards actual social democracy (not talking about social liberalism), As I mentioned above that the liberals( who r in legacy media and every aspect of our pitical arena and they have the hegemony ) have hijacked that term ,as liberalism is not very advertisement friendly to the younger generations.
Czechohungarian nationalists love these videos
Thanks king
Excellent video, Comrade. ■ ☥ ▲
♥️
I have a interesting question. Could’ve the spd been saved from revisionism and not betray the Marxist cause? And how?
no.
i dont think that a socialist revolution ever had a chance in a developed western nation.
capitalism was always to strong for it to work.
the spd leadership realized that. thats why they turned their back on marxism.
😁👍
Wer hat uns verraten?
Imagine the head explosions when you tell Bismarck "man of iron" lovers that he created the first welfare state, lol.
He did so because otherwise the population would've risen up
gosh, it'll never not be sad that the german revolution went this way. We'd be in such a better place if the german revolution made it.
Germany was the only example of the working class not being subverted, well, until it was obvious direct subversion from outside was required. Oh well, always next time!
Paul Von Hindenburg died in 1934, not 1937.
To understand today, look to ww2
Understand ww2, look to ww1
Understand ww1, look to 1871
Understand 1871, look to?? 1848??
Understand 1848, look to ???
This helped sort out birth of NSDAP ...Well done and appreciated
too much civil suffering for me
comment
since i am from montenegro,its necesery to adress that the so called democratic socialist party (dps on the picture),wich has been for years the rulling one (decades actualy), doesn not belong in even this deformation of the socdemocratic political root, since its founder and main person was a explicit fascist from the 90s and suporter of the milosevic war,with a tradition both personal and trough family that has roots in fascist reactionary politics from the ww2. during the war he was openly fascist,right in the last days of milosevic,he left that sinking bout and became "prowestern",but stil kept the main reactionary and rightwing political note and methods of ruling.so,the point is that dps wans even by name socdemocratic,it was in deed just a blatante populist creation of a bloodthirsti war criminal,the name was simply their to fool the people.also,the sdp party is in the same way hipocritical,and was even for a long time alight with dps-both coruptet elitists groups that had literaly nthing to do with the socdemocrat tradition,nor have they any ideological similarities with it (by far)
:)
''German''
Polish Naturalized German, it doesn't matter, she was a communist internationalist through and through. Nationalities are irrelevant, working class solidarity across countries is what matters.
@@brandonmorel2658 Not her, every single deputy in it was not German in any way - neither polish. And Yes it does matter, a foreign revolution is not a German revolution. And there was no betrayal in driving out the intrudors.
Bet your not a worker, workers want nothing to do with this internationalist rootless stuff. Btw, Stalin and Soviets were very much against that metropolitan view, Great PATRIOTIC war (fully built on Russian nationalism) and the hunt for "The rootless Cosmopolitans".
Go work in a mine then talk neckbeard.
@@therealignotus7549Because a coal miner in Köln really gives more fu ck es about a german in Berlin than his best friend who is polish. Nationalism didn’t exist before the industrial era. It is due to indoctrination that you think so. You have nothing more in common with someone from your nation than any other nation nor do you care beyond the propaganda. Also most marxist criticise stalin for this nationalistic and absurd approach to the war
The social democrats ruled Germany from 1919 - 1945
They still do.
Germany barely avoided a catastrophy.
The catastrophy of prosperity and growth like the ussr which has never been seen before. Instead we got the blessing of the nazis, the second world war with 60 million deaths and the holocaust which than lead to the cold war and the current impending third world war we are going to face. How catastrophic it would have been if german workers wouldnt have died as well as the jews and 50 million other people. How bad would it have been if workers have power and full control of their lives. How cucked are you to be a poor pleasant worker and defend capitalism.
You're just saying something out of reaction, in what World do you live where Germany 'avoided' a catastrophy? Or any of Europe, for the matter.
The failure of the German revolution was what allowed Hitler to come to power in Germany, a catastrophy in itself and the cause for the even worse catastrophy of WW2.
@@K2ELP I'm Polish. Had German revolution succeeded, it's very probable, they would gang up against us with USSR 20 years earlier. We would never get an independent state and probably be overrun by red horde. We wouldn't have 20 years when Polish culture flourished and when we ingrained our statehood back in global memory.
Communism in early Bolshevik or Stalinist form was as evil and genocidal as nazism.
Had Germany turned red, perhaps the rest of Europe would follow and certainly we would be doomed. We would never be free and live as slaves without a coutnry in a dystopian society. And so would Germans.
So what that we would avoid the storm that was WW2 when we could potentially live in a much sh*ttier world.
Terminal down-syndrome alert 🚨 ‼️ 🚨 ‼️
A partisan socialist/anti-capitalist perspective.
My translation, maybe oversimplification, is when fascism partnered with capitalism to tip the balance against socialism when it had gained popular support.
I still have the impression that Hitler and the nazis were opposed to the capitalist system we had in the states but I guess there must have been a capitalist aspect going on in general. Goes hand in hand with industry and the question of how to run it right? And the communist manifesto is largely a critique of capitalism isn't it?
I did get the strong impression that the rise of fascism was a reaction in opposition to socialism gaining popular acceptance but I hadn't seen a lot of the supporting evidence and you seem to be providing a lot of examples here to consider. I appreciate that. I'll share this with my thoughts.
I still have a lot to learn about ww1.
I also have a Lex Fridman interview with Christopher Capozzola queued up to watch on the subject. Not sure what I'll think or come out of that with, if anything, yet.
czcams.com/video/SK4kMPmgKW0/video.html
lol get freikorps'd
🤨😬
you're a proud subservient to your opressors
If you take into consideration Marx conception of the Party and Communism in his Critique of the Gotha Program, it is clear the theoretical rupture from social democracy and Marxism. That was the "mistake" of Luxemburg and Lenin and the rest of militants of the period, their rupture had a limit. In fact, since the beginning of the revolutionary tentative The Bolsheviks started imposing capitalist measures and political police, The Checka. In addition, allied with international capital signing a Treaty in 1918, Brest-Litov and NEP, new economy policy. Anyway, you have done a great effort to present the limits and counterrevolutionary forces, but I wound't say they betray the movement because social democracy political paradigm was followed by its party and Germany....Forward!
“You left wing ‘communists’ are nothing but windbags and philistines with infantile disorders” - Vladimir Lenin in his investigation into your mother last night