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A look inside a USB ioniser.
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- čas přidán 13. 09. 2015
- Initially I thought that this thing was going to be a fake like the many car ionisers, but was surprised to find that it does have proper ioniser circuitry in the form of a single transistor oscillator driving a step-up transformer with a voltage multiplier on the output.
The satisfied noise at 2:05 X)
+ocng Dead. I can't stop laughing.
ocng e
hahahaha that is literally the best thing
ocng e
I used to have an ioniser briefly in the '90s. It was a big mains powered brick of a thing. What's interesting is that thing said in the instructions not to have anything electronic in the same room as it, whereas this is pictured plugged into a PC. I never noticed a problem with any electronics in the same room and I don't know how much of a problem it really would be.
So I bought one of these ionizers a while ago, that wasn't a USB based one. I used a semi-dead 9v battery that was more like 6v. As you suggest. This discharging is exactly what happens. The battery and the HV output were both sitting on the same wooden table, and even then I could see the leads (positive or negative) of the 9v battery intermittently discharging to the battery case and (presumably) sending the charge to the table. When I isolated the battery from the case of the HV ionizer with a little more paper etc, the discharging stopped, but man o man, doing that with a USB thumb drive on a laptop sounds like a horrible idea!
Just a note: ionized molecules easily travel 50kph or faster, so they tend to form a "ray" from HV to Earth, or form a tight self repelling spherical region right at the ionizer. A fan cannot distribute them unless it's like a jet engine. However: air ions quickly attach to particles of air pollution, salt crystals or to the other aerosol "cloud nuclei" always present. These they call "large ions," and these travel slowly and can be pushed far away by a fan.
I guess this means that, the more polluted your air, the better the needles will work as a "room ionizer."
Are ionizers so healthy, if they charge up all the suspended air pollution, so when its inhaled, it will attract to lung surfaces, rather than just being exhaled again? :)
+wbeaty Worse yet, ozone damages lung tissue directly -- this is why it's a listed air contaminant.
Massive ionizers are really dangerous in enclosed spaces and the can also accelerate the oxidation of plastics.
+lohphat Indeed... had one of those ozone producers sit on the toilet (not my idea) and the plastic top of the cistern discoloured quickly
@@Bareego that was beecause of the farts , even i get discoloured if someone farts close to me
Cool, because I've had those apart in the past and found an AC HV output and mercury glow-lamp. Ozone output, even though they claimed to be "ionizer."
But I wanted them for cheap DC high voltage.
With DC you can power each one with its own battery, then string them in series for 100KV output or better. Like a VandeGraaff machine. Bury them in your wizard staff for SF cosplay, perhaps with a row of isolated switches (magnet reed?) to only pulse all the batteries when desired. Safe, if well below 100uA. Wear thick soles, touch the HV end while holding the bottom terminal against ground, and go around raising hair or making 100cm sparks.
Recently eBay has lots of $3 ionizers with around 8KV output at 12V input, although labeled 6KV. Search terms: anion 12v
czcams.com/video/q9Qo5UFPuEM/video.html
I ordered 5 of those and they do not work(don't emit anions) when connected to a mains-insulated usb charger, because there is no ground source of electrons. However, connecting the metal usb "hub part" to mains ground with a separate wire makes them work fine. Connected to a pc they work, because it's grounded through the mains. They have very little voltage though, you can't feel any wind and they don't charge my body from distance - only when touching the carbons. I think they generate about 2kv. There are now 12V ionizer ''boxes" on ebay for 2 pounds(search for ""12v ionizer"") claiming to be much more powerful though, waiting for them to arrive. Too bad you can't make an "inside" video on them, as they are cast in a resin. If they don't overheat (they claim
Alex Alex what about powerbanks?
just seen one of these on ebay for £1.83 so i have brought one, there is also a 3yr warranty for £8.49, i wonder if anyone has ever got a warranty.
those things are hilarious , my step father bought 10 and i took one apart to show him it just had a led
Thanks for doing this teardown. I had similar reservations about plugging it into a computer. I use it in my car, and it seems to reduce the tobacco smell a little.
i think the charge will loop to a closer source like the chassis of the laptop or desktop, so not a lot would go via the psu, similar to just plugging in a light to the usb (yes you'll get a tiny amount trying to get to the planet earth).
I would be more concerned that any dust would be attracted to the laptop etc, and could clog up the works much sooner than expected
+Sparky Projects I think you're right. The ionised air and any dust it charged up would look for the nearest USB ground reference which would be the local connectors.
+bigclivedotcom I wonder how much extra dust would find it's way to the laptops heatsink.
+Sparky Projects, yes I agree with you too.
I purchased 5 similar generic ones from an ebay user fastersale and today I dismantled one with reference to this informative video from +bigclivedotcom, which revealed exactly same circuitry.
I plugged 2 of these ionizers into my laptop and the effect I noticed was as you mentioned, increased dust buildup on the laptop as well as on my table adjacent to the area near the Usb ionizers. So far after about 2 months usage there were no harm done to the laptop other than substantially more dust buildup.
On desktop computers the USB ground should be wired through to the mains protective earth connection, so it should work fine on those.
I'm not sure if laptop chargers are wired in a similar fashion, but if the charger is not connected, the laptop could get a significant positive static charge...
Earthed or isolated is the question. When an ioniser is even indirectly earthed the entire environment acts as the collector return for the ions, forming the commonly seen collected dirt on walls for example. When it's transformer isolated, only things well connected to the circuit common rail become positively charged, and pick up the ion return, then sometimes called the collector plate. A laptop is fully isolated by a transformer power supply, as is a USB power plug. On the other hand a USB power device in a car is grounded to the car chassis, as is (I think) the common rail of a desktop PC power supply. So sometimes this device has a good collector, and works well, and sometimes not. It depends on where you plug it in. But is that perforated metal case the collector when it's isolated? I'm not sure. If so, it's a bit small, and rather close to the ion output point. In any case, in that isolated configuration it's not what you might call a 'traditional' ioniser, more like an ionic air purifier, or something.
And that little static electricity you mentioned it causes there, is exactly why I'm going to buy one! I'll make a static discharge bracelet to zap my enemy's and act as a potential emp.
I've had one of these el-cheapo ionizers for years now, and not once have I had any issues with any sort of shocks. I even took my oscilloscope to it and the result was that the device and my computer were isolated and completely safe. Sure it doesn't do much of anything and is really more of a waste of money, but for a cheap novelty item, it's a unique one.
How was that thing working plugged into what was effectively an isolated supply?
i was going to ask you to do a vid on this turns out u already had one thx so much !!
I couldn't imagine that tiny thing really making any difference outside of sitting in a small closet while using it. I have one ionizer in my bedroom and another in the living room that just do the job for what I paid but they were designed for rv's or full size vans but happend to come with an ac adapter too. Just like an air filter for rooms in the home, it's only as effective as the size of space it's designed for
Dat AHHHH @2:05 lol
The general rule for computers is "If it is not made for the computer then you should never plug it into the computer.."
Just because it works off of a usb socked does not mean it is intended for use on a computers USB despite what the packaging images show or print says. ALso if it is making high voltages (Ionizers, plasma balls), uses alot of current (portable amplifiers, power strips) or excessive unintentional RF, then the NO PC rules should also apply with exception of SDR dongles and other ham radio related things.
I have a feeling these ionizers are made initially for vehicle use with cigar lighter usb adapters or on some car stereos that have a usb port on them.
Ionizers use very low currents actually.
How do I get to know circuits as well as you do? You easily identify each component and have a good idea of what the role of each section is...what a skill !
It all falls into place with time.
You study each and every single concept that you do not understand
After some time spent on following Clive's stories about various devices, I think I understand them far better than before. And I started with little to no knowledge.
It takes time, and patience, and curiosity, and a lot of entertaining jokes from the big bearded guy, you know.
I used to have an ioniser several decades ago. It apparently did clean the air, but it deposited the airborne contaminants on the walls, etc. of the room. Try it for a month with a picture on the wall, or tape up a piece of paper. Then remove the picture/paper and compare the exposed wall to the part that was shielded.
Personally, I'd only want an ioniser as part of an electrostatic or HEPA air filter to trap as many contaminants as possible on the collector plates rather than on the walls.
+Chaplain Dave Sparks The thing about an ioniser is that it takes finer particles out than a HEPA filter could even trap and does so silently and with virtually no energy consumption. But it does make a supreme mess. There is a way to encourage the dust to settle to specific areas though by using another smaller multiplier with the positive end connected to a dust collection plate.
+bigclivedotcom Yes, albeit with a remote collector plate connected via a wire with high voltage insulation. I remember my first ionizer. I replaced the original electrode with the sharpened tip of a nail. It eventually eroded over time, causing me to ponder where those missing iron molecules went. Electroplated on the walls perhaps?
+Chaplain Dave Sparks Ionisers tend to generate a very faint corona discharge in the tips of their needles, so I think they gradually oxidise.
@@bigclivedotcom ionizers do interesting things. They don’t emit ozone anymore. They don’t stick to walls and surfaces like one may think. I have way less dust on my desk then versus when I had a hepa purifier
Do you know how many Volts/mA come out of the transformer?
I'm wondering if I could use one of these to drive some neon indicator lamps from USB power - like your 'nixie flowers'.
(I'd skip the Cockroft-Walton part, obviously...it's probably a mA killer!)
+Fungus The Bogeyman I'm not sure. It's so small and high frequency that It'd probably be tricky to measure it.
+bigclivedotcom What about on the first stage of the Cockroft-Walton multiplier? That's rectified/filtered.
+Fungus The Bogeyman Even then a meter could load it down. At those voltages even a 10M impedance is going to pass a modest current. There's also the risk that if it did manage to keep the voltage up, then the voltage could exceed the meters rating and either shunt through a VDR or damage it internally.
+bigclivedotcom Well....OK. I had you figured for a man of action but maybe not. :-P (that's a joke by the way, we've seen videos of you biting glass light bulbs open with your bare teeth)
You may be right though: The cut-out slot around the transformer output pin is quite suspicious.
Great way to make spare parts out of computers... :P
It gets brutally cold in Michigan in the winter and most heating systems bring down the humidity to around 10-20%. As a result, I've shocked my computer equipment over the years thousands of times. No damage whatsoever since ruining a joystick port in 1986. It's simply a fact of life here. You can't have a population of millions of people wearing ESD protection for 4 months out of the year. Or fix millions of heating systems to provide a healthy level of air moisture.
+John Gotts Oh, how I WISH it would get that dry here. It's so much easier to make the air humid again than it is to dry it. I have to run dehumidifiers here all year round
Clive - what difference is there with the Ozone generators? I've opened a mini USB one, and it has a fine point of metal surrounded by a metal plate with a hole in it over the pointed electrode. I thought the corona this generated causes the O3, and it certainly smells like Ozone. In your video you mention the Ionizer has a fine tip (many with the carbon fiber)... which ionises the air. But there's no corona... is that because of the negative charge, or the lack of a positive plate nearby?
(Something I noticed - I've got one of these ionisers too, and it feels like it makes quite a strong mini ionic wind. I wet my finger and placed it nearby... it certainly felt draughty!)
Ionizers charge particles in the air causing them to stick to a surface.
Ozone (O3) destroys things by breaking off the third oxygen molecule and instantly oxidizing what ever it touches. That is quite literally anything. Viruses, metal, dust, people.......That includes your lungs. It is lethal, but only in extremely high concentrations (40-50ppm iirc) for a substantial period of time in which you would be highly uncomfortable. Human detection starts at like 0.001ppm. You would have to have a very big generator for it to cause issue.
Oddly enough, the smell of rain is ozone.
More to the point, an ionizer simply has an electrode in the air, and may have an oppositely charged surface to stick to but certainly isn't required.
Ozone generator will have 2 electrodes on either side of an insulator. If you turn off all lights you should see a blue glow in the vicinity. Ionizers don't glow.... Unless something is wrong.
Many kinds of ionizers. Your answer depends on the design.
Hello. I'm a person who suffers from respiratory allergies. The strong ones...
I didn't know about the existence of such devices and after seeing this video, I went on checking about them, and I found that they are of good benefit for people like me. I ordered 2 units of a decent size and capacity and I'll see the result :)
Thank you Clive. If it weren't for you I could pass my entire life without ever knowing that such devices ever existed.
+no head You're welcome. Depending on where you are in the world, and therefore your mains supply voltage. the types of ionisers available may be different. be aware that many things are described as ionisers when they are not. The ones that swirl water around are not and the ones that create a strong ozone-smelling breeze are also not true ionisers. The real thing should have fine needles or a piece of carbon fibre tape/string/brush to create the electrostatic field.
+bigclivedotcom I live in Portugal, where the mains voltage is 220V. I'm aware that some devices advertised as air ionisers, are not, but I suppose it's kinda hard to know without actually getting the thing on the first place. I've bought them from ebay, because the very same device was about 50% cheaper than in my country. And I've searched in some stores...
The device I bought is this one (it comes in a pack of 2 units):
www.ebay.co.uk/itm/111738690354
What do you think? :)
Should I open one of them, when I get them, to search for those pieces of carbon? :)
+no head With 220V you should have no problem if you bought a traditional Mountain Breeze ioniser on ebay. They come up from time to time. I'm not sure what type of unit you have there.
+bigclivedotcom Let me see if I understood...
«traditional Mountain Breeze» Is that you call the thing that I bought on ebay?
«I'm not sure what type of unit you have there.» I didn't understand.
+no head If you search ebay for "Mountain Breeze" you may find one of the older units that are plain traditional ionisers. I regard them as one of the best made. they don't manufacture them any more though.
not sure if you had opened it before but you got it, as there was lot of assumptions on this one (no tests to see what was going to ground)
That is a spooky device to be plugging into anything with any sort of FETs, let alone a computer.
I have one of those USB ionizers but I don't have a tiny neon tube you mentioned. I would be interested in seeing that tube glow be from the USB or other ionizer sources.
Interesting analysis. Would love to know the principle of how the ionizer clean the air, or how this device clean the air.
I’m working on several dozen videos on this topic
This is a beginner question. Why is there a step up transformer on the oscillating circuit when they have CW to multiply the voltage?
It's easier to boost it up significantly with a transformer and then just multiply it a few times with the CW circuit.
You are right, I had one of these and when I plugged my earphones in I got shocked in the ears
People turn them into USB Killers, examples on CZcams. Good Video 👍
Actually a fairly well built unit for a change
your assuming it is only used on a laptop.. Mine is plugged into the front USB port of my desktop PC , which sits on my desk
Most desktops have the ground of the USB connected to the case which shunts it to the main ground wire of the PSU. But to take the computer out of it entirely you could just plug it into a USB power supply or USB enabled power bar.
have you seen the video of the usb killer made from one of these? what do you think of it ? I have a few of these hanging around from a previous project worth jsing one of the to make one ?
There is not much effort to modify it but on the other hand, what are you going to do with a USB Killer? Damaging other people's property?
any ideas on what voltage it should output to be effective? I got the same one and i measure -50 V DC on the output seems low to me, and my carbon fibres are connected one multiplier before (soldered onto C3) (-25V) and resistor R24 is missing
Very high impedance. It should be thousands of volts at very low current.
+bigclivedotcom What do you think would happen if you tried to run this from a battery instead of a USB port?
It Will WOrk,.
Plugged into a desktop PC, or a DC based car USB power plug, this device is grounded on its positive common side like a traditional ioniser, and then it should work traditionally. As in the video, plugged into a laptop it is isolated by the transformer in the laptop power supply. In this case the ions emitted weakly connect the emitter brush to ground, and the common side goes positive, taking the whole laptop with it, which then becomes a kind of collector plate. Then when you touch the laptop, or ground it with a strap, or it might be already grounded by its feet on a desk, you ground the collector, and the ioniser starts to work traditionally. Finally, to compare like with like, you can reproduce the isolated operation in a traditional ioniser by plugging it into an isolating 1:1 transformer, such as a bathroom shaver socket, to see what happens.
Thanks for the heads-up!
Do you think one could add more multiplier steps to the output in order to get higher output?
It should work.
I thought that too. one giant usb hub. wait I got one of those...
I'd only use it with a cheap, manky usb charger. Not my Dell laptop, ever!! Good point Clive..
Can you take a look at the new USB ozone generators?
They are just $1, so I think they are fake.
I’d have thought it might encourage dust and dirt to gather near the laptop’s cooling vents and get sucked inside which wouldn’t be too good for the cooling system.
This is the first ever video of yours that I don't quite understand. So. The computer provides 5 volts. It's expecting no more then 5 volts back to "ground". Are you saying that it's returning more than that?
Thanks for all the videos!
Considering most laptop AC adapters (at least in North America) don't have ground pins... hmm. Could be more fun than expected.
Hey great videos! You fulfill vicariously my desire to open up devices and poke around. I picked one of these up on impulse. Will this device function properly plugged into a cellphone wall charger? Is there enough output with one of these to make any appreciable difference? Thanks again!
Question! If i extend and connect the output wire to a piece of metal around the nozzle of my sprayer will it charge the sprayed liquid? making it an electrostatic sprayer essentially?
lol you can make diy usb killer from this ironiser xD
What if you don't have you laptop plugged in? Sounds dangerous.
I dunno if I'd want that many ions near a laptop, even without it raising the laptop itself to a high positive voltage. Power problems with phones often mess with the screen, which is a capacitive sensor, I think track pads on laptops are the same.
I know you can get USB toasters and USB cow hypnotisers and everything, but this is really something that shouldn't be plugged into a computer, wonder why anyone would design this? To make money I suppose, but still. Just a really bad idea. Plugging something cheap and nasty into an expensive computer.
They go to all the trouble of anti-static precautions into computers, and someone makes this. Reminds me of plugging an 800 quid Ipad (or however much they cost) into a 2-quid Chinese power supply. A pink one.
It's annoying that USB (designed as a data bus) has ben turned into a generic power connector
I had a car ionizer before but a long time ago, when i opened the tip it has a glowing spring coil when plugged. much like an electric lighter would do.
Is it safe ?,high voltage near PC,interference and risk of surge ?.That little evil capacitor in power supply may really damage all of stuff !,if similar is connect to mass,example in active speakers.
This small device can be turned into an usb killer for any electronic device
This is great stuff. Please keep making videos, before you know you'll have a huge audience.
What about plugging it into a standard double 3-pin wall socket with USB ports?
I have one of these. Is there a way to increase the mount of ozone as i want to use it to get rid of smells in shoes?
I wonder if you couldn't turn it into an ozone generator simply by soldering a neon to the first node of the voltage multiplier, and fit a grounded spring around it (like the car lighter ozone generators do with that mesh around a neon lamp).
It would have to be directly across the transformer output to be AC.
@@bigclivedotcom I was going to use the first capacitor on the HV wire from the transformer as a current limiter, like in the car ionizers. Would it be ok to just connect it directly instead? Won't that load down the transformer too much?
What do you expect would happen if you plugged it directly into a USB battery pack?
if the laptop has a net positive charge, and the dust has a negative charge, wouldn't this make all the dust collect on the laptop?
Goo what an odd idea, i would buy a stand alone ioniser.
Keep the case and usb plug for another project :-)
Kindly add the circuit diagram of USB car ioniser.
Please, add subtitles. After I use google translate.
Do you have a blog or site? Or a writing review?
Intersting question how a notebook handles static electricity discharge. Apple's design is not grounded by default but you can use the included power supply extension which hooks to the metal knob on the power supply to ground it. Business machines usually also come with a "micky mouse"-shaped grounded PSU which grounds the case. So what happens when you run on batteries? I'd bet it would kill the USB port after reading this: h20565.www2.hp.com/hpsc/doc/public/display?docId=emr_na-c02807128&sp4ts.oid=5071212
I have two HUGE Ionizers in my apt. They probably crank out about 100x more power EACH than those little things in the OP vid...
Awesome! I Love seeing into things! Thanks! =D
Hi,
USB Killer brought me here. :)
Just sayin'...
well, this is cool! i'm trying to make a sly cooper cane that uses negative ion generators to pick up things with static electricity, now call me crazy all you want but it's still in the reasearch stage. i think i'll soon upload a video of it in action. (also, it won't br click
(click-bait)
Doesnt the same concern apply to a the computers in a car with a car ionizer though? That could potentially be much more of an issue. I guess the laptop will be full of crud pretty fast though.
Cars actually have a large ground plane (all the sheet metal, framing, and engine components), unless it is something exotic like an all wooden vehicle, so there are lots of opportunities for the ions to reach ground without passing through electronics. They are also usually much better protected against transients since they are prone to generating high levels of static charge during winter.
Ethan Poole
Great answer!
Interesting find, thanks.
can anyone tell me if they think it will be safe to plug one of these into my PC's USB HUB and will it work ? I just ordered one online. Or shall I use a USB phone Charger/wall plug and plug the ionizer unit into it ?
Either way It should work fine.
So it's a bad idea for computers, but maybe not a bad idea for wall warts (wall USB ports)? 'Course at that point you might as well just get a proper ioniser. Still, really cool that it genuinely works.
+William “Billy” Alten Actually in a Desktop PC the USB ground shroud (usually)will reference the PSU which should be grounded via the 3rd grounding pin at the outlet. In a wall-wart they are usually totally isolated which causes weird floaty voltages exactly like would happen in a laptop situation.
+Reed Arnold (Novalus) Sadly the use of actual grounded PSU's seems to be far from common. I would much prefer that all USB style power supplies had their negative actually grounded. It would be much safer.
Could I use something like this to create a poor man's electrostatic sprayer for water-based disinfectants? I have a little battery electric cleaning sprayer that happens to have a metal tip spray-head and I'm wondering if I might be able to charge the tip and therefore the water-solution enough to be quasi-useful...
This wouldn't be powerful enough.
It is a bad idea. I fried one of my devices by placing it too close to a different ionizer . This particular model probably delivers too low of an ion density though to do anything noteworthy
im looking to make a electrostatic fogger can you help with that
another hammer project
what about the use in a car? can it damage the 12v?
would you consider doing a video on making a usb killer from one ? there is a video claiming to of made one from it but every on the comments claims it doesn't work (I have a spare one if you need it for the project )
I immediately thought bad idea for a laptop or pc for power. Best to use a power supply or better yet save your money.
why is there only one electrode in the device?
there is no discharge, how will ions be formed
Relative to ambient ground.
How to understand the ambient ground if the electrode hangs in the air. There is no nearly ground
There are loads of videos on youtube in wich these are transformed in usb killers. The original ones are 55£ so this is a cheaper version
Kedar modify it to be an usb killer, only one wire
All 'very simple' for you Mr BIG Clive ! What about for us folks who have "little clives" in our pants ?? !!!
Nice review, I asked for it :)
How about just using it with a cell phone charger base?
The downside of using a plug in charger is that the unit creates a high voltage referenced to ground, and it can cause insulation damage inside the charger as the current flashes over.
what size is that white wire inside?
maybe a good solution is use it in a direct usb charger, not in a laptop
It should be safe plugged into a USB wall wart right?
+An Tran I'd be concerned at the potential difference causing internal arcing/tracking.
One day you will need to plug in all the ozone generators and ionizers all at once.
would it be better to plug onto a usb wall outlet adapter?
+TafJaf I'd be concerned about the ioniser developing a high voltage with respect to ground that contributed to failure of the units isolation between the mains and low voltage side.
Which Ioniser do you recommend
Any numbers on voltage generated by the unit?
i have two, shown in this video should i not even bother with them?
A stand-alone plug-in ioniser is a better idea.
Would it be safe to plug into your car?
Is there an (mains) ioniser or two you'd be willing to vaguely recommend having poked about inside?
+Gary Martin Keeping in mind I'm in the UK where our mains voltage is around 230V and thus ionisers tend to be quite simple voltage multipliers that wouldn't be so suited to a country with a lower voltage.... The one I'd recommend in the UK is a vintage Mountain Breeze ioniser procured from ebay. If you look at the videos I've featured the Mountain Breeze ioniser in you'll see that it is just super rugged and ultra simple. Personally I hack mine with a new power indicator and by extending the needles out the front of the unit.
+bigclivedotcom Thanks, I remember your video on it, will go take a look again. Am in Scotland (Edinburgh) but don't think the Tories have tried to cripple the mains power up here just yet, so a 230V ioniser should be fine ;)
+Gary Martin Perfect. Then you should keep an eye on ebay for a Mountain Breeze ioniser. They're old, but good.
+Gary Martin Since Scotland has so much open land, aren't you supposed to be more environmentally friendly and have solar panels everywhere by now? Seems Germany is the only country bothering to buy them in bulk.
+TekReview's Wind power is quite significant in Scotland.
How much power it draws?
Oke, the last thing I want, is a V-multiplyer in my USBport
You should get like a spudger or something :D
What would happen if we plug it into a battery power bank?
+Nova Light An ioniser really needs a ground plane as something for the charged air and dust to move to. I guess the charged air would head towards any exposed connector area.
Where is your spudger!
If i use it with a phone charger would it be ok "safe"
It may stress the internal insulation in the charger.