How do you detect a neutrino?
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- čas přidán 24. 06. 2024
- The elusive neutrino is the most difficult to detect of the particles of the standard model. However the story is more complex than that. When a neutrino actually interacts, it is easy to detect. However neutrinos interact only rarely. In this video, Fermilab’s Dr. Don Lincoln explains all of the trials and tribulations of neutrino hunters.
fnal.gov/dune - Věda a technologie
I called my work and told them I quit because I'm now a neutrino detection expert. They were surprisingly unimpressed.
@Papa Xan, get used to it. No one here is impressed, either.
Papa Xan I believe you. Waiting for your book to come out.
If they aren't impressed, just oscillate into another kind of expert.
According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle it is extremely unlikely to be impressed by this….. but not impossible.
I got my PhD measuring neutrino oscillation parameters a fee years ago; the job market is very tough. I’d strongly recommend other careers.
If I had someone to explain physics to me like dr Don, I would have most likely picked a career in physics. I can only imagine how many people like me, because of poor quality education in school, didn't have the chance to discover what they like.
My youngest brother must be a neutrino. He very rarely interacts.
😂😂
Ik someone who’s in the same situation as you lol
Your brother is autistic.
@@x_gosie wha- dude...
Ba doo pa 👏⚡️🌟
Virtual particle: High five!
Real particle: Nah
Virtual particle: Oh, uh...that’s cool. *disappears in shame*
He says, dismissively, "It's an E=mc^2 kind of thing."
You gotta love physicists.
How do you detect a neutrino?
You don't, neutrino detects you.
And it's pretty bad at detecting you (or anything else for that matter).
@@MikeRosoftJH grandpatrino
2:20 Super easy, barely an inconvenience!
This channel has immense replay value. 👍
Thank you Don! Awesome video as always
Seriously Dr. Lincoln... Don't forget Uli's goodbye cake: 2:30pm.
You!! Totally!! Rock!!
wtf
@@yootoob6003 Read the black board ... :)
I have a question... did anyone remember Uli's goodbye cake?
Good work, Dr Don!
As always, great video. Please, never Stopp with this initiative!
Thx Don simply perfect, just what I needed for my CV 8:55 [Neutrino Detection Expert] or NDE for short' signed by Dr. Lincoln from Fermilab.
Remember Don, my name is Jakob if somebody rings you and wanna validate my CV claim.
What blows my mind is that a neutrino with a mass of a few electronvolts can emit a particle with more than 1,000,000,000 times it's own mass.
That's particle physics and Quantum weirdness ,dude
@@tanmoydutta5846 Du-uh!
@Scott I think i got it now, the neutrino emits a very light weak boson, one of those extremely rare ones, which then smashes a nucleus.
@@jitteryjet7525 in the explanation Dr. Don does not say that it emits a virtual particle. It emits a real particle. Furthermore, I'm not sure virtual particles can smash anything. Because it's virtual, it's not actually there.
Yes, the particle is virtual. Most virtual particles don't interact, but some do. This is one of those cases.
Such a great video, this is similar to the other Weak Force Video.
every time I watch your videos, I get more and more excited to learn more about physics. I can't wait to start college in the fall. keep the videos coming Doc!
Good luck in your studies.
Just stumbled on your channel !
I barely graduated high school, yet I , for the first time, can actually understand and internalize you teaching. Thanks 😁
Very nice and simplified explanation plus amazing illustrations! Please keep it going! You are amongst my teachers
Fermilab is everything!
I'm not qualified to comment on such matters, but that was both fascinating and understandable! Thank you.
@@stevenutter3614 lol! As we white People tend to put it, - you, sir, are correct in that assssement.
Fermi lab! You are superb !!!!
Thank you Dr. I’ve miss the videos
thank you for simplifying physic and explaining it words I could understnad
Thank you for posting. Very interesting.
THANK YOU...
PROF. DR. LINCOLN...!!!
Awesome explanation and amazing physics
Great video, as always. But 300° F?? Why not use Kelvin, like it is common in a scientific context?
I was thinking the same thing
422.039 Kelvin...
It was -300°F which would be 87°K if they have Argon in atmospheric pressure.
I think he used degrees Fahrenheit because more people recognize that than Kelvin.
Amanzing!!! Thanks for your channel!
The hard part for me to understand is also how to tell that the detected spray corresponds to an actual neutrino interaction, and not anything else that can be happening in or outside the detector. For instance, a random atom decay, or an energetic ray that made it into the detectors and broke apart other particles. I get the energy footprint is different, the decay times are different... but it's got to be a complete mess to tell one thing from another.
I don't know the answer either but that's the hard part of particle science. Detecting isn't hard, it's distinguishing between the different kinds of collisions that the various particles undergo and telling which is which. Normally the theories predict a certain outcome in a certain situation and that's what you look for.
_"... but it's got to be a complete mess to tell one thing from another."_
That's what the massive detectors, their associated electronics, and the massive computers are for.
I can't tell you how this experiment works, but I can describe a simpler experiment I worked on as an undergrad. The basic principles are the same.
We shot a beam of heavy ions at a target in a magnetic field. The ions would hit a nucleus in the target, exciting it. The target nucleus would recoil, and as it did so it would also precess, due to the magnetic field, and then decay, emitting a gamma ray. We had four gamma ray detectors arranged around the target, and a particle detector to detect the incoming ion as it bounced back from the collision. The electronics were set up so that we only accepted events in which the gamma was detected within a certain time after the recoiling ion was detected. Because of that coincidence window, stray gammas or stray particles would not be recorded. Of course, it might happen that a stray gamma and stray particle would arrive at the same time, but that would happen so infrequently that it would not affect the results.
@@michaelsommers2356 Thanks for the reply! I get the idea, but the fact that in this other experiment it is neutrinos that we're dealing with, and there are billions of neutrinos going and coming from everywhere and passing through every square meter every second (and also the fact that they are much less understood that plain atoms or ions), must make it very difficult to have all the variables that controlled. For instance, I guess you cannot expect to have a neutrino bouncing off a particle and ALSO being detected by some electronic device within a timeframe to discard other events. In practice, there is no way to see a neutrino, so the footprint a netrino collision leaves must be rescued out from all that big "mess" in a much less controlled environment... after all we are talking about a big pool of water, which may contain DO2 and TO2 in very small quantities but causing random decays, and traces of other metals that may randomly decay, and there's also the fact that the interaction products must be able to make it to the detectors before being absorbed and/or transformed into something else, making it even more difficult to tell what the original interaction was. It's just mind blowing.
Dr. Don, you may be looking a bit gray these days but your videos are as fascinating as they have always been. I love neutrinos and your videos!
DrDon has been gray for a long time. It's called distinguished and gravitas.
Great job Doc ! I watch all your presentations, and I think this was one I could follow from start to finish without getting a headache. Now that I'm an expert, how about a job. Have slide rule, will travel. (Remember sliderules ?)
Thanks for the wonderful video. While you have to use fahrenheit for the US audience, your 224K subscribers include folks from around the world who use celsius. Would be nice to have a text showing equivalent in celsius or even kelvin.
Thanks for making such kind of awesome video siry
From this video it is clear that higher energy neutrenos would be easier to detect. Since you all are smart, you would use them if you could. So this leads to the question of why is it hard to generate higher energy neutrinos?
The most advance Laser its in Romania . It has reached 10% from the power of the Sun in a single spot .
Now, to answer your question : You saw that the Sun emits like very small energy neutrino ...and well its an entire Star . We reached just 10% from its power for now .
So, do your math, and figurite it by yourself how much power crazy that laser must be .
So, where do you get the energy to emit a single high neutrino??
Think about it!
@@cazymike87 yes, but the big accelerators can generate particles with much higher energies than the particles in the the center of the sun. The total mass/number of particles is small, but in this case the higher the quality(energy) the less quantiity needed.
I loved the music at beginning ❤️.
Thanks for that. I saw one of your other videos yesterday and had made a note to myself to lookup 'how on earth do you detect neutrinos'.
Thank you Fermilab team for the explanation. India is constructing neutrino detecting laboratory in South India with worlds largest magnet times larger than CERN, Switzerland❤️ ❤️ ❤️ ❤️ ❤️
why are we giving you aid then
@@joshfarch172 If your govt. is providing any aid, stop the aid. Anyways for Indias GDP & population few million dollars is negligible :)
@@joshfarch172 what a stupid and crass thing to say.
Thank you sir!
Awesome, thanks for fulfilling my curiosity :)
That was great. Thank you.
thanks for the explanation
Great Video!
I got new speakers and immediately was like oh shit I need to hear Don Lincoln on these
Very very very cool video:)
In the cat example that would lead to very confused and terrified dogs
But we would all be a lot nicer to our pet cats!
Is "-ish" now an SI approved suffix?
It sounds more like imperial suffix. The video happened to use Fahrenheit too.
Statistical/Probabilistic Maths concept roughly interpreted into informal English.
Yes
Yes-ish
This corner of the internet has provided me more goodness than I expected.
REVISED VERSION (psy phy physics from a sci fi writer.)
The student of physics can write how photons made the entire universe in FIVE LINES of script!
Background: My suggestion is that soon after the Big Bang
Photons produced electron and positron pairs of waves
1. The ELECTRON wave had a negative charge.
2. The POSITRON wave had a positive charge.
3. The NEUTRINO had an electron and positron wave combined and had a neutral charge.
4. The PROTON had a mix of two positrons and one electron combined and had an overall positive charge.
5. The NEUTRON had a mix of two positrons and two electrons combined and had an overall neutral charge.
Therefore :
Photons made pairs of electrons and positrons.
The electrons and positrons mixed together to make neutrinos, protons and neutrons such that:
Electron (-)
Positron (+)
Neutrino (-) (+)
Proton (+) (-) (+)
Neutron (+) (-) (+) (-)
When this production of particles was over, most positrons (anti electrons), didn't exist on their own. They were locked into neutrinos, protons, and neutrons - though conservation of charge was maintained.
This may help explain the missing anti matter problem.
This period of the Big Bang was probably during the lepton epoch.
Though the neutrino and proton are extremely stable. the neutron can be converted back to a proton and electron (with an antineutrino) in beta decay.
Protons and electrons can convert to neutrons in neutron stars.
So proton + electron = neutrons has already been proven.
Great presentation very informative
Definitely going to sub
You are hero dr. Don ❤️❤️
Love from india ❤️
Thank you
can you make a video on evanescent waves along with explanation for quantum tunneling ?
please
You ar the best.
Kind of had to read between the lines to get that the size of the z-bosons is affected by the energy of the neutrino. I understood from the video that most neutrinos produced ~100 mass bosons, i.e. the normal preferred mass. The next step took me by surprise
Love your videos sir. Can understand very easily. Can u pls make video on the science behind reflection of light??? Pls sir pls....
check out fermat's principle
I totally understand what this video told me, now im a neutrino expert.
If you detect the effects of secondary particles created by the boson-proton interaction, how can you ensure that the travel direction of both the neutrinos and the secondary particles are matching?
Interesting that the W/Z bosons operate by the weak force but they still can overcome the strong force when smashing the nucleus. Any further explanation along these lines would be welcome!
Cool, had no idea there was such randomness in the results of the collisions.
Could you please make it possible to add subtitles/CC to your videos? It's easy thing to do, I am sure you'll figure that out. It would make your channel more accessible to those who their native tongue isn't English.
I add subtitles & cc in Hebrew to many science/math related videos on CZcams, and as a physics-math student, I find your videos as high-quality and quite informative. Making it possible to add foreign language CC/subtitles to your videos would benefit your channel in the long run, as it would increase the exposure to non-native English speakers countries.
Other than that, I found your video quite accurate & enjoyable to watch. Keep up with your good work!
Your DUNE detector might be designed to be heavier than the Super Kamiokande,
but the Hyper Kamiokande, is designed to be 10x larger than the Super Kamiokande;
also, you said the DUNE detector will have a *TOTAL* mass of nearly 70k tons,
while the 50k tons of the Super Kamiokande, is just the water, not the tank, the sensors, or electronics.
P.S.: You're the one who's trying to make your detector look better, not me;
also, the Kamioka observatory has earned the team(s) two Nobel prizes.
If you'd just go for, that they're different types of detectors instead of "they're different, but ours is better,"
I wouldn't have bothered to point out the things that you've avoided saying.
Why is it that whenever a neutrino is near a nucleus of an atom if splits?
BUT, I think the most important question is:
How do you know that when the nucleus of an atom is destroyed it is by the mechanism you are describing?
I mean, is there no other way the nucleus would be broken? Because if there is another mechanism by other particles, then you are not sure if it was caused by a neutrino passing by.
Love the videos. Please keep on this work. I think it is REALLY important.
The collision products match what we expect to see from a neutrino with particular energy coming from particular direction. It could technically be something else, but Occam's razor suggests otherwise. In fact, you can go about it the other way around - define a neutrino as whatever causes these effects and then try to figure out its properties. That's how electrons are defined.
Please could you explain more on sterile neutrinos?
Nice billiard-ball interpretation of neutrino scattering. This is the sort of intuition most public-geared explanations of particle physics are missing.
Thanks Don. Question at around 7:00 - why do the weak boson interactions detected at Fermilab tend to involve such low-mass bosons? Does this particular neutrino interaction always produce low-mass bosons, or are the low-mass boson interactions the only ones the facility is equipped to detect?
It's because the energy of neutrino beams is a "few" in units where the mass of the weak boson is "100-ish".
I love particle and nuclear physics.
Me too. I don't get much of it though, but the things I understand are cool. :)
Professor Lisa Randall describes the extent of wave-functions in higher dimension(s) orthogonal to our three large "macro" dimensions, and how the Higgs field resides on one "side" of our membrane at "low" values of the higher dimensional coordinate(s), whereas light particles reside on the opposite "side" of our membrane at "high" values of those coordinates.
If so, then neutrino oscillations could be construed as physical oscillations of the neutrino wave functions "in-and-out-and-in-and-out" back and forth through those extra dimension(s). As the neutrinos "porpoise side-to-side" through the fabric of spacetime along the large space & time dimensions, they physically oscillate towards and away from the "Higgs side" of the fabric as they travel.
In analogy to a Mechanical Engineering model of the spacetime fabric as an elastic membrane, with one side under compression, the opposite under tension, and a neutral plane of minimal stress & strain down the middle, a heavy neutrino is one which is currently propagating down one "side" or "surface" of the fabric; a light neutrino is one on the opposite "side" or "surface"; and a medium neutrino is one in the middle (say).
Why doesn't fermilab coordinate with the Icecube observatory to conduct some neutrino experiments? It's further away and passes deeper through the earth so it would make an excellent opportunity to measure how those differences affect the neutrinos.
Great video as usual, but I have one question: is there a specific "signature" in the signals detected to identify the initial cause as a neutrino?
I believe there are other experiments trying to detect things like dark matter, proton decay etc. Since dark matter (like neutrinos) can't be detected directly but only by knock-on effects (via the weak force?), is there theoretically a difference between the expected signals?
5:53 Technically the energy is conserved, as far as I understand it, the energy for uncertainty in the energy of the particles, comes from vacuum energy.
Either way as revealed by Nother's theorem the energy must be conserved, becuase it doesn't matter when the particles is measured.
Aka the disclosure of short periods of time
If the speed of neutrino can be slow down, can it interact with other material such as chain reaction by neutrons?
I have been hunting for a video on just this topic. THANKS! Also a question for a future video: What is alpha radiation always a helium nucleus? I would have thought that ejecting a hydrogen nucleus (a single proton with zero or more neutrons) would take even less energy and thus be more likely, but no one ever suggests this happens, and I can't find anyone explaining why.
Keep up the great videos!
Well I read in wikipedia that sometimes a nucleus can eject a proton, But while I am not a particle physicist I think I have an explantion.
The nucleus emits an alpha particle to increase its stability, but it still needs to conserve momentuem, and energy.
If it emits 1 proton, that proton gains potential energy (loses eletric but gains strong force), and it must move at high speed to consorve momentuem, but that would mean an increase in kinetic energy, so overall there would be an energy gain if a single proton is ejected.
I guess that the best way to conserve both momentuem, and energy, would be the ejection of a helium-4 nucleus (less kinetic energy and less potential strong force energy for the ejected particle).
If this sounds a bit foggy and confusing, don't worry I'm just tried and while this is clear in my mind, it takes forever to write, but I can take the time, to write a better explantion of my idea later, if you want.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay#Mechanism
TL;DR
Alpha particles are smallest, most energetic nuclei, that have net zero spin. Reactions that change spin (especially by non-integer amounts) are less likely than those who don't. Since helium nucleus has such a high energy, it is the most likely to quantum-tunnel out of the nucleus, because the barrier it has to tunnel through is comparatively smaller.
@@KohuGaly Thanks, my google is usually strong, but thanks for catching that for me! Ah, quantum tunneling, it does make for such counter intuitive logic.
Imagination A
Every neutrino gently appeared showing your images into my mind and mating tight to heart when it is passing through this soul every second...
Andy Ta
Mr Don please make a vedio on FASER detector !!
I know more about neutrino before I saw this documentary.
how did we know the spin of differnt particles such as bosons fermions ?
for example why fermions has spin =1/2 integer and why bosons has an integer spin?
Most interesting many thanks. What happened to all the heavier Bozons?
Neutrinos are awesome. I'm really curious to know how fast they are traveling, the percentage of light speed and if that speed is constant for all neutrinos or does the speed vary.
Neutrino's velocity varies from zero to the speed of light.
@@qiyuechen7853 Just below the speed of light because they have a mass. Extremely small, but it exists.
Ok. I understand that seeing the interaction is possible. I believe you have understated the difficulty of actually seeing them. I could be understating this but it could be comparable to seeing the transition of Exo planets. Space is big. But the space between atoms is larger.
Sir can u tell me about neutrino-nucleus coherent scattering specially it's definition
So neutrinos are detected by looking for the residue particles that occur when the neutrino emits a w/z boson, and that boson hits the nucleus of an atom. But how do you know that it was indeed a w/z boson that struck the nucleus (as opposed to another particle) in the first place? Is it in the way it scatters the particles? Or because at the energy levels involved, it could only be a w/z boson (and thus, from a neutrino)?
I think someone is making this up for grant money
It's like saying I threw a rock into a creek but only hit oxygen particles. Now I'm wondering how bombs actually work
Uncertainty principle takes care of mass and energy violations.Please explain if other conserved properties like charge are not violated.
Is neutrino can do 2 difference thing or function? And is it possible to categories neutrino in 2 difference category with different function or beginning of behavior?
4:30 You know that he's up to something
What the difference types of internation between neutrino and matter? also is true there are 4 difference types of neutrino? And how much is the difference between them a lot of little?
I was able to find one in my back yard thanks
.....why arent you more popular??? i'll click on a fermilab video as soon as i see it! i just hit this 1 at 499 thumbs up, 2 thumbs down and 3500 views
can i come visit fermilab? im a little north of chicago in skokie
Fermilab has public tours every Monday and the first Sunday of every month. Look at the website for details.
I don't know if Neutrinos have mass hence energy but what happens if a Star is emitting the particles and a Neutron star is close by. Do they pass through or hit and give up their straight path and bounce out or get absorbed or?
What is Fermilab's LBRY handle?
Dr Don, I recall a few years ago there was big news from CERN when an LHC exp appeared to have detected a neutrino that exceeded c in velocity. I think that is a particle with small rest mass so would have upset the apple cart in a big way. SR for one thing. Then some numbers were reworked and it turned out less than c so you did not have to go back to school. Haha. Could you do a video about that issue?
Didn't they finally track that down to a fault in the experiment?
While the mechanism of neutrino detection shown here can work as advertised for high energy neutrinos, it won't work for neutrinos that don't have enough energy to break a nucleus apart, which includes those from the Sun. For those, you have to use one of:
Charged current (W+-): Have nuclei that can undergo neutrino capture and electron emission or (antineutrino capture and positron emission) that is just very slightly unfavorable energetically; the emitted electron (or positron) may produce Cerenkov, Askaryan, or scintillation radiation (and an emitted positron will annihilate an electron and produce gamma rays). Old versions of this detection detected the radioactive atoms or even neutrons (from water detector) thus produced. A near future (2022) version will attempt to use induced low energy beta decay.(of tritium) Does not work for muon or tau neutrinos unless they are of sufficiently high energy to pay for the muon or tau particle (which is enough energy to break a nucleus apart, especially in the latter case), and does not work if the neutrino (or antineutrino) energy is insufficient to drive the reverse radioactive decay.
Neutral current (Z0): Detect the recoil of an electron struck by a neutrino (or antineutrino), which may produce Cerenkov, Askaryan, or scintillation radiation. Works with all 3 known flavors of neutrinos (and antineutrinos), but does not tell you the flavor.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino_detector
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowan%E2%80%93Reines_neutrino_experiment
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_neutrino_background (scroll to near the end, but worth reading the rest of it)
With Positron Emission Tomography, the trajectory of beta minus rays can be calculated. Is it possible to use this method for neutrinos and determine where they originated from?
How much energy would be involved in a typical neutrino interaction?
3:00 this is confusing
How weak force w and z can be heavier than protons if it exists in side nucleons as weak force ??
Is it possible to use Aerogel to do experiment with neutrino sterile ?
First time detection happened in Gran Sasso laboratory in Abbruzzo, Italy.
So how do you know if it is an electron, muon, or tau neutrino?
You are literally obsessed with neutrinos
@@remley8877 matter, apparently
Nice video! Weird how a neutrino, with almost no mass, can emit a boson, which seems to be a super dense particle...
So it's a lot easier to detect higher energy neutrinos from events such as gamma ray bursts because they have a greater range of interaction?
6:21 is this function relates somehow to the normal distribution function?
It's called a Breit-Wigner
Thank you. I wondered what this function is, since I saw the why weak force is weak episode about a month or two ago.