The Truth About the Anglo-Saxon Invasion of Celtic England (Documentary)
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- čas přidán 21. 07. 2024
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The Anglo-Saxons had a massive impact on the language and genetics of what we call England today, but when and why did these Germanic peoples settle in England?
Shortly after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in 410 AD, groups of Angles and Saxons from places such as ancient Germany and Denmark began flooding into ancient England, with Frisia, a region in parts of modern Germany and the Netherlands, thought to have been a key region the Anglo-Saxons came from. Ancient England at that point was a mixture of various peoples, including the Celtic Britons and the legacy of the Roman period.
The first thing to note is that the Anglo-Saxons were initially invited to defend the Britons against attacks from groups such as the Picts and the Scotti. Bede, an ancient English monk, wrote in the 8th century AD on the Ecclesiastical History of the English people that Anglo-Saxons were initially invited by Vortigern, a King of the Britons, to fight his enemies, and they were given land in the east of modern England. Bede writes that after initially coming over in three warships, word quickly spread of the fertile lands in Britain and more Angles and Saxons sailed over. They came from three powerful Germanic tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, according to Bede, and were led by two brothers, Hengist and Horsa.
After initially being invited to fight on behalf of the Britons, the Anglo-Saxons turned on their hosts, as the “number of foreigners began to increase to such an extent that they became a source of terror to the natives that had invited them in,” in the words of Bede. “Then suddenly, they made a temporary treaty with the Picts that they had already driven far away and began to turn their weapons against their allies,” Bede adds.
Others fled across the water to Armorica, or Britanny today, and their Celtic Brythonic language with them. That is why many people of Britanny today still speak one of the six remaining Celtic languages, called Breton.
Sources:
Heptarchy - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptarchy
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-S...
BBC - Why did the Anglo-Saxons come to Britain? www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics...
Schiffels, S., Haak, W., Paajanen, P. et al. Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history. Nat Commun 7, 10408 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10408
Bede - Ecclesiastical History of the English people (Oxford World’s Classics)
Britannica, Anglo-Saxon www.britannica.com/topic/Angl...
English language en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English...
Settlers: Genetics, Geography and the Peopling of Britain - Oxford
University Museum of Natural History - www.oum.ox.ac.uk/settlers/
Oxford University Museum of Natural History - Genetic Ancestry and the People of the British Isles • Genetic Ancestry and t...
University of Oxford - Who do you think you really are? A genetic map of the British Isles www.ox.ac.uk/news/2015-03-19-...
University of Oxford - People of the British Isles - Population Genetics and Facial Genetics www.peopleofthebritishisles.org/ www.peopleofthebritishisles.o...
Creative Commons Imagery:
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#england #history #dna
0:00 Invasion and Migration
2:24 Seven Kingdoms
2:48 Language
3:26 Genetics
4:26 Support
Please let me know your thoughts below...
Great narration. You kept your hands 🙌 out of the picture.
Great summary of the facts as well. Cheers
Thanks Son of Hunnewell
It should be noted that it's difficult to differentiate between Angle, Saxon, Jute DNA and Viking DNA, so those red dots could be any of those groups. The English, like the rest of the British, are still majority ancient Briton in genetic make-up. We are one people, one family.
Excellent comment, thank you
Yeah i agree. As an Englishman, albeit from Devon and Cornwall, i rather dislike it when various Welsh, Irish, Scottish people declare themselves as Celts AS IF everyone in 'England' are not also Celts. Of course it's a little more complicated than that though.
I largely consider the term 'Celt' when applied to any modern person, to be ... just false really.
What is exactly is "viking dna" ? Since Vikings were just groups of raiders came from all over europe
@@brendaWong77 They used samples from Norwegians in many studies to track Viking movements, with significant amounts showing in Orkney, other parts of Scotland and Ireland etc
@@celtichistorydecoded but Vikings were not all Norwegian lol
3:55 (not 38% Anglo Saxon genetics in UK) - new paper coming out - Anglo Saxon genetics as much as 80% in England:
czcams.com/video/BBUea_HM83s/video.html
where did you get 80%?
@@Alex-oy7fo I have a hard time believing that French component is exclusively a Gaulish cluster, a lot of it gotta be Frankish as well. Meaning French dna detects Gallo-Frankish. Not one or the other but a mix signature.
Settled in south east Scotland also surely, the Southern Gododdin, centred on Bamburgh, being sent to Wales to fight the Gaelic led invasions.
I find it difficult to believe that population replacement occurred in England proper, as those coming from germanic lands would have been primarily warriors. And once in Britain they would have become barons in charge of large areas of land, and this without population replacement.
My maternal grandpa had thr R1b U106 Anglo Saxon Y chromosome. Greetings from Montana USA
Tacitus - Agricola - around 100 AD (below, summary and then conclusion first)
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"The Scots look German, the Welsh look Spanish, the Kentish look Gaulish, and (by implication) the rest look different still."
The implication is surely that the Atlantic coast Britons were already distinct from the people that inhabited what would later be called England at least 500 years before the Anglo-Saxon 'invasion'.
Perhaps it was the Atlantic coast (Celtic) Britons who held the political power during and following the Roman period and the English had, for thousands of years, closer kindred ties with the people on the German/Danish coast. With the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons the English rebelled against, or at least become dominant over, the more western people of Britain.
----
XI - History and Religion of the Britons
xi.1 Be this as it may, the question who were the first inhabitants of Britain and whether they were indigenous or immigrant is one which, as one would expect among barbarous people, has never received attention.
xi.2 The physique of the people presents many varieties, whence inferences are drawn: the red hair and the large limbs of the inhabitants of Caledonia proclaim their German origin; the swarthy faces of the Silures, the curly quality, in general their hair, and the position of Spain opposite their shores, attest the passage of Iberians in old days and the occupation by them of these districts; those peoples, again, who adjoin Gaul are also like Gauls, whether because the influence of heredity persists, or because when two lands project in opposite directions till they face each other the climatic condition stamps a certain physique on the human body;
xi.3 but, taking a general view of the case, we can readily believe that the Gauls took possession of the adjacent island. You would find there Gallic ceremonies and Gallic religious beliefs; the language is not very different; there is the same recklessness in courting danger, and, when it comes, the same anxiety to escape it;
xi.4 but the Britons display a higher spirit, not having yet been emasculated by long years of peace. The Gauls also, according to history, once shone in war: afterwards indolence made its appearance hand in hand with peace, and courage and liberty have been lost together. This has happened to such of the Britons as were conquered long ago: the rest remain what the Gauls once were.
1 indigenous ??? You do realise there was an ice sheet.....it melted then the Welsh came over from central Europe, simple
@@christianwithers7335Yes... But, even in the Roman period the Welsh looked different from the English (the lower 2/3rd of my post are not my words, they are Tacitus written around 100 AD (though translated to English later).
One possible scenario is that as the ice retreated, the Atlantic coast folk (Spanish, Cornish, Welsh, Irish etc) migrated up the west coast of Britain (maybe even before the land bridge at Dover was cut... though maybe later)... An the east coast (i.e. England) was populated by more Germanic folk doing the same thing but on their side.
I'm not sure why you seem to object to Tacitus' (or his translator's) use of the word "indigenous". Indigenous does not mean 'popped out of the soil like mushrooms' as the first people in a location. It does mean first settlers, or at least settlers that were here earlier. After all, if you look back far enough, we are all settlers from central Africa. Would you say Indus valley folk are not really indigenous Indians, or that Aboriginal Australians are not really indigenous, because really they were African settlers?
At the fall of Rome, Britons from beyond Hadrians Wall, perchance descendants of leaders who fled Roman conquest, easily returned extending leadership throughout upland Britain, Cunedda and the coelings
I think we misunderstand the Saxon "invasion" entirely. Both Brittons and Danes claim descent from the Trojans and Brutus of Troy. The Danish Vikings are fairly indistinguishable from the Saxons among others in this period and were culturally very close. The Danish Kimmeri (I think that's how it was spelled?) the Khumry and Cumbria, are all signs of this commonly agreed-upon lineage. Not only that but its Saxon impact was fairly small on the gene pool in England and the rest of Britain, so my guess is the "invasion" went largely unnoticed by the population which remained unchanged save for natural progression and growth. I find it fascinating that most Brits carry far more ancient Brittonic (some say Celt) DNA than Roman, Saxon and Viking put together yet none of our archaeology is British. It may be made by Brits in Britain using British materials for the use of Brits, but its categorized as Roman, or Saxon, or anything except British. Funny that. I'd say we need a rethink on some of these narratives, IMHO.
You are fascinated!!! The modern Welsh carry 0.1% Roman DNA. The English carry 0%
Oh my God... So many mistakes in one comment...
In a weird way the English British Empire brought the Celts greater glory than without the English. Because with the vast lands and resources material of the British Empire. The Brythonic and Gaelic populations in military commanders and soldiers accompanied the English into conquest with the British unification British. The Empire led to a lot of resources to Britain. So with these resources. Scientists and inventors of Celtic origins led to many scientific discoveries and technological inventions. And of course the Celts accompanying colonization in diaspora around the Empire. Without such uplifting from the Anglos themselves are half Celtic anyway.
important to note also, when we talk about saxons and celts in a way that supposedly pertains to our relations today, is that s you say, the English are (actually mostly) part Celt. And there were different groups of Celts. And the Scottish have a lot of saxon in them in the lowlands. and the Normans brought in french culture and were a mixture of celtic and north germanic. lower Germanics, the Flemmings, also came with the Normans and settled in south wales. we are all a mix
@@internetenjoyer1044 all that true. Though French culture got a lot of romance too
Scottish and Irish are the ones that mainly created the British Empire, not the English, since the conquerors of India, tended to be Scots and Irish aristocrats/or tribal chieftains. Duke of Wellington, an Irishman, mainly employed Irish soldiers, both Catholics and Protestants. Forty percent of the soldiers at Waterloo were Irish. Scottish ran the East Indian Company, as well as the Empire administratively, and that's why Scots and Irish are found everywhere in the British Empire, because in was by and large their creation- check out Henrey Dundas: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville
@@MrResearcher122 a lot of that is true technically. The Gaels left Britain and set up immigration to other places.
@@internetenjoyer1044 the lowland Scots have "Angle" in them not "Saxon". The Saxons only settled in southern England alongside the jutes. The north of England and the Midlands are where the Angles settled. Southern Scotland was part of the Anglish kingdom of Northumbria
Can we believe everything Bede said though?
Great point Hardy. I don't think you can trust any source 100%, but it's interesting that Bede wrote around the time of the migration.
@@celtichistorydecoded Bede wrote about three centuries after the Roman withdrawal from Britannia, and due to the paucity of historical records his chief source was Gildas, who apart from living a century after the events he claimed to be describing, was just about the most unreliable source possible. To be fair he did not claim to be an historian but was denouncing the degenerate rulers of Romano-Britain and claimed that God had sent the "Wolvesheads" to punish them
@@RichardBrown7k Toronto School of History bs.
Everything we know about the celts is from Roman writings.
Sometimes i wish English had more celtic in it. It's a remarkable mixture of a language, displaying both germanic and romance vocabularies exquisitely. but with some celtic it would then fully tell our national story
the dialect and accent in Cornwall with the English language (excluding the Cornish language proper) is full of Celtic vocabulary and loanwords. If Cornish English was the official standard English your wish would come true. Unfortunately for you it's not the standard English dialect.
How the CELTS Changed The ENGLISH LANGUAGE
czcams.com/video/adUCP1S41GU/video.html
Strange point to make. Why don't you tell the Irish to stop speaking Gaelic..by your logic
@@christianwithers7335 I don't see the correlation. I just think it would be nice for the very linguistically mixed vocabulary of English to have a few more celtic elements to fully tel he story of the unique ethnic mix which makes up he British ethnicity
I think some of our river names come from their original Celtic names
I heard English should actually be re-classified as a North Germanic language since it's grammar is actually closer to Scandinavian languages than to German or Dutch because of the influence of the Danelaw.
That's a theory by one scholar but isn't widely supported by linguists
You are correct, English syntax comes from the Danes
@@christianwithers7335 rubbish
But Frisian, which anciently extended to the west coast of Denmark is so similar to English
First
Yass
They became the new elite and ruling class. Much like the French Normans did after 1066.
This fellow is suspiciously erudite.
Very suspiciously Peter 😀
The more distant past is fascinating. I am planning a binge watch.
The Anglo saxons were the first Vikings as when they first come over they were pagans and there god's were the same as the Vikings probably worse then the Viking as they had more of a affect on Britain 👍🏻🏴🏴🏴🇮🇪
The britons/celts are not native.