Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines - Part 2 of 3

Philippine wars - • Philippines
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MUSLIM INSURGENCY IN THE PHILIPPINES - Part 2 of 3
The Muslim insurgency in the Philippines was a conflict in the Mindanao and Sulu regions of the Philippines, which involved multiple armed groups. Peace deals have been signed between the Philippine government and two major armed groups, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), but other smaller armed groups continue to exist.
MUSLIM INSURGENCY IN THE PHILIPPINES - Part 2 - Timeline
Early 1970s - Muslim countries individually, or collectively under the Organization of Islamic Cooperation or OIC, call on the Philippines to resolve the Moro conflict through negotiations
1975 - The Muslim rebellion has greatly expanded, with the Moro National Liberation Front, or MNLF, boasting some 60,000 fighters and having gained international support and recognition through the OIC; by then, tens of thousands of Moro and Christian civilians had lost their lives and up to one million residents displaced by the fighting, with some 200,000 Moros fleeing as refugees to Malaysia; 80% of the Philippines’ military strength was allocated to Mindanao, the war’s economic toll was rising, and the Philippines now risked facing sanctions from its Middle Eastern oil suppliers
December 1976 - With OIC mediation, the Philippine government and the MNLF sign the Tripoli Agreement, where the MNLF agrees to drop its demand for independence and instead agrees to Muslim autonomy within the sovereignty of the Philippines; the Tripoli Agreement would ultimately fail
April 1977 - A plebiscite overwhelmingly rejects the Muslim autonomous region; as a result, the MNLF restarts hostilities
February 1981 - Pata Island Massacre
January 1987 - The Jeddah Accord is signed, where the MNLF relinquishes its demand for independence and agrees to autonomy
August 1989 - The Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is formed
1989 - In another plebiscite, Christian provinces reject joining the autonomous region, while Muslim-majority provinces opt for membership; again, the MNLF again rejects the results of the plebiscite and returns to the jungles to renew armed struggle.
September 1996 - The Jakarta Accord is signed, which ends the 24-year war between the Philippine government and the MNLF; MNLF leader Nur Misuari becomes ARMM governor; 50% of MNLF fighters are integrated into the country’s security forces, critically weakening the MNLF’s armed strength
2001 - Misuari abandons the ARMM governorship and in November 2001, launches a failed armed rebellion in Sulu
Muslim Insurgency Phase 2 - Conflict against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
1990s - MILF’s strength grows exponentially
1997 - The Philippine government signs a ceasefire with the MILF and adopts non-confrontation with Moro rebels, which allows the MILF to gain de facto control of large Muslim areas in central and western Mindanao
1999 - The MILF carries out bombings and other terrorist acts
March to July 2000 - The Philippine military launches an offensive that seriously weakens the MILF and former rebel-occupied territories are returned to government control
March 2001 - The new government announces “all-out peace” with the MILF
2010 - The Philippine government moves to create a new Moro autonomous administration
2012 and 2014 - The Philipine government and MILF agree to the creation of a new Muslim autonomous administration called “Bangsamoro”
January 2014 - The Philippines and MILF sign a peace agreement, ending their nearly 40-year war
July 2013 - In opposition to the government-MILF peace negotiations, Misuari proclaims the independence of the “Bangsamoro Republik”
September 2013 - An MNLF group attacks Zamboanga but are repulsed by government forces
January 2015 - Mamasapano clash
July 2018 - The “Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, or BARMM, is formed - replacing ARMM - with the new autonomous region now led by the MILF; the Philippines will remain as one nation with the national government continuing to hold exclusive powers of sovereignty, defense and security, foreign policy, and citizenship

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