The kidney and nephron | Renal system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy

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  • čas přidán 8. 07. 2024
  • Courses on Khan Academy are always 100% free. Start practicing-and saving your progress-now: www.khanacademy.org/science/b...
    Overview of how the nephrons in the kidney filter blood and reabsorb water and other molecules. Created by Sal Khan.
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Komentáře • 1K

  • @joellafrozen4111
    @joellafrozen4111 Před 5 lety +745

    "A"fferent = "A"rrive
    "E"fferent = "E"xit
    A good way to differentiate between the two.

  • @SamyRamadan
    @SamyRamadan Před 10 lety +297

    It's nice to watch some of these as "study breaks" believe it or not!

    • @stupidcraft8628
      @stupidcraft8628 Před 3 lety +19

      Hey bro your comment is 7 year old that means you will be doing job nowadays

    • @Obamnaz
      @Obamnaz Před 2 lety

      @@stupidcraft8628 Making bank

    • @SolicticeCat
      @SolicticeCat Před rokem

      @@stupidcraft8628 nope still in school probably

    • @antisocial333
      @antisocial333 Před rokem

      @@SolicticeCat as a teacher lmao

  • @2012javad
    @2012javad Před 10 lety +194

    Screw my instructor man, u r the best. 4 hrs of lecture didn't make sense as much as this 18 mins did.

    • @DK7teen
      @DK7teen Před 4 lety +8

      actually, 9 min if you put on 2.0

    • @casa1116
      @casa1116 Před 3 lety +3

      Lol he is here to save you when you take an online class in the middle of a pandemic and the professor doesn't actually lecture; just uploads a PowerPoint full of sentence clauses

    • @GrandTreeChunker
      @GrandTreeChunker Před 3 lety +3

      @@casa1116 literally spot on... my instructor rambled on unintelligibly for 3 hours on this topic and I learned more from this clear video

  • @unicornqueendrika4793
    @unicornqueendrika4793 Před 4 lety +321

    Me seeing people's comments from 8 years ago
    Like ya'll prolly got your degrees and diplomas huh😢❤

    • @symbolbouchardnoteira8155
      @symbolbouchardnoteira8155 Před 4 lety +3

      this is my favorite math teacher.

    • @argx24
      @argx24 Před 4 lety +7

      I’m in grade 10 studying for my externals (:

    • @Cass_i
      @Cass_i Před 4 lety +3

      @@argx24 You'll do great 😌🤘

    • @argx24
      @argx24 Před 4 lety

      Cassi Jhingoree tysm 🥰 but unfortunately they were canceled

    • @kpink888
      @kpink888 Před 4 lety

      ^^^^^ Facts

  • @animefan7628
    @animefan7628 Před 3 lety +9

    People don’t realize how much money sal could make off Kahn academy if he mad it pay but he keeps it free because he values the education of people more, real respect

  • @conrychadwick
    @conrychadwick Před 13 lety +24

    Wow. My AP2 teacher did a 2 hour lecture on this ... but you did it in 20 minutes, and i understood everybit of it. You need to be my teacher. You are really a lifesaver , thank you soo much for your videos. It is so good to see people like you helping others , without anything expected in return. god bless.

  • @AdamNevard
    @AdamNevard Před 9 lety +200

    Such a complicated system to understand from only reading but after watching this video everything seems so simple, brilliant!

  • @360mega
    @360mega Před 7 lety +91

    no one asked you to do this youtube chanel. you have a clean passion mr sal. keep it up inshalah u get everything u dreamnt of

  • @sumi6449
    @sumi6449 Před 2 lety +7

    I cannot thank you enough, from pre-algebra to biostatistics, from meiosis to cardiac phases. You have been there every step of the way and changed my life. thank you Sal!!!!

  • @1sweetalaskan
    @1sweetalaskan Před 9 lety +15

    I am taking an anatomy & physiology class and am currently studying the urinary system. This video was very helpful and informative, as well as being easy to understand. Thank you.

  • @tishanaburke
    @tishanaburke Před 8 lety +244

    omg thanks for this video my instructor sucks! she compares everything to food or her family

    • @sherrwagn1234
      @sherrwagn1234 Před 8 lety +12

      +blacmumba lol wat

    • @katrinbeckenbauer9311
      @katrinbeckenbauer9311 Před 8 lety +2

      *Learn How To Lower Creatinine Levels, Improve Kidney Function, and Safeguard Your Kidneys From Further Damage An All Natural Step-by-Step Program, Proven To Start Healing Your Kidneys Today*!" -> kidneydiseaseremedies.blogspot.fr

    • @cooldude2251
      @cooldude2251 Před 7 lety +4

      that is a huge problem

    • @rockman00
      @rockman00 Před 6 lety +2

      blacmumba sounds mysteriously reminiscent of my old Bio teacher.

    • @lapharmacie98
      @lapharmacie98 Před 6 lety +7

      SAME. My organic chem professor compared benzene to a hamburger, like tf does that even mean

  • @sigmabond1289
    @sigmabond1289 Před 9 lety +8

    Omg!!!! Truly amazzzzzing....I've nvr seen any one teaching better than him...thnx!!!

  • @kathrynwolanyk8731
    @kathrynwolanyk8731 Před 8 lety +43

    I am in nursing school. It is so NICE to get back to basics sometimes to just review to enhance my nursing practice. THANK YOU SO MUCH for taking the time to make these videos. THANK YOU !!!!

    • @iahmed214
      @iahmed214 Před 8 lety +1

      +kathryn wolanyk
      I agree!
      Second year of nursing and it's good stuff for touching base with all first year teaching.

    • @riversmind1545
      @riversmind1545 Před 5 lety

      Same here! Renal diseases are so much easier after this brush-up

  • @jackdudgeon2346
    @jackdudgeon2346 Před 9 lety +25

    i DONT THINK you'll ever see this message but THANK YOU SO MUCH I CANT BELIEVE I UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTION OF THE NEPHRON :)!!!!!!

  • @TheCobalt100
    @TheCobalt100 Před 9 lety +60

    Hmm. My English teacher told me that nephrons were the plural form of nephew.

  • @mreasyeye1
    @mreasyeye1 Před 7 lety +5

    This is great, makes so much more sense now that you explained it! Thank you!!

  • @user-dy9rn5sr1g
    @user-dy9rn5sr1g Před 9 lety +7

    Wow!! I was sat in the library for 2 hours trying to figure out why water ans salts are leaving the tubules and entering again, now it all makes sense!!! THANK YOU!!!!

  • @Nadia2Lise
    @Nadia2Lise Před 10 lety +5

    That was extremely helpful! I truly appreciate your free videos. I have been watching your videos since high school and now you are helping me with the MCAT :)

  • @shehrinaalam4182
    @shehrinaalam4182 Před 9 lety +24

    I love you sir. Seriously. Like I wouldn't have passed hs or college courses if it wasn't for you. Thankyou.

  • @00kidney
    @00kidney Před 11 lety +1

    Great video, I've learnt a lot just watching this.

  • @devlinshea1
    @devlinshea1 Před 12 lety +4

    how could u ever dislike this video...? I mean, just, nonsensical. thank you kind sir for your greatness for all us struggling biology students. I salute you.

  • @dishfun99
    @dishfun99 Před 10 lety +7

    awesome explanation!!!

  • @irishjohn831
    @irishjohn831 Před 13 lety

    The fact that you take the time to do these illustrations is greatly appreciated. My A&P professor is awesome, but to get a different perspective helps alot, love the garbage chute analogy. I thought of it as the show Hoarders, where the family throws out junk (ascending part of loop of henle) and the hoarder picks thru reabsorbs the junk at the in the descending end as the garbage men are getting ready to load it. The collecting duct is the garbage truck. Thanks again, you rock !!!

  • @languageandmana9255
    @languageandmana9255 Před rokem +1

    You know, whenever I go to other channels for information about medicine ( I'm a medical student) I got confused! Even good and informative channels out there are not able to explain things the way you do! Your amazing! Simple but at the same time complex and detailed and informative! And also I have to say that I didn't understand anything by reading the textbook but now that I'm watching your playlist on the topic of unrinary system, I'm understanding everything easily and in detail!!
    Thank you for beingg here and sharing your content free as many students like me are not able to pay for even low amounts of membership fees. ❤🙏

  • @XCrystalXMoonX
    @XCrystalXMoonX Před 13 lety +4

    I don't have enough words to thank you. You're a wonderful teacher, and all I can say is that I owe it to you that I've come to love biology this much :D

  • @cmc6122
    @cmc6122 Před 5 lety +35

    I'm sitting here wondering why I'm paying tuition to my school when the majority of my learning is from Khan Academy?

  • @hsa2012karen11
    @hsa2012karen11 Před 7 lety +1

    Thank you for a very descriptive video! not many " teachers" take their time explaining such detailed systems.

  • @anousharahimzada5837
    @anousharahimzada5837 Před 9 lety +1

    I was stuck on this particular topic ! THANK YOU SO MUCH, you've helped me a lot

  • @aishahdaud97
    @aishahdaud97 Před 7 lety +3

    Thankyou for this very useful video! You did make others love biology more! :)

  • @rohitduda6702
    @rohitduda6702 Před 8 lety +82

    *has AP Biology Physiology test on Tuesday*
    *Watches Khan Academy video because book

    • @danielczarnowski433
      @danielczarnowski433 Před 8 lety +1

      +LAURICE MELANIA no thanks i want mine to shut down

    • @rohitduda6702
      @rohitduda6702 Před 8 lety

      Danny Czarnowski LOL I would also prefer mine to shut down XD

    • @NPC-se5nx
      @NPC-se5nx Před 3 lety

      True for me 4 years later

    • @rohitduda6702
      @rohitduda6702 Před 3 lety +1

      @@NPC-se5nx currently in medical school and can confirm that Khan Academy remains a godsend through MCAT and beyond

  • @holidayharden8032
    @holidayharden8032 Před 5 lety +1

    Omg I have to say this video is terrific and the way the narrator talks about is very meticulous and very easy to understand. I once watch different lectures but still confused at last. But from this I was enlightened quickly! Thank you and your Chinese subtile! Much love from 🇨🇳!!!

  • @KristopherWilliams_tahmson

    Last night I was beating my head against the wall, this morning with Sals voice and explanation, I see the light

  • @DrS3ad
    @DrS3ad Před 9 lety +3

    You're brilliant!!

  • @oliviadavison5015
    @oliviadavison5015 Před 11 lety +8

    thank you so much, i'm a medical student and this has helped me so much!

    • @sudipbera9747
      @sudipbera9747 Před 3 lety

      You must be a doctor or something by now. Right?

  • @sobster123
    @sobster123 Před 8 lety +1

    Amazing teacher!!! Thanks so much, always helped me throughout my studies!

  • @andrewdobson887
    @andrewdobson887 Před 8 lety +1

    Your anatomy videos are great! Thanks Sal!

  • @Jackylification
    @Jackylification Před 7 lety +8

    My lecturer went through the kidney,liver and circulatory system in one class.. The last class before our final. Thank you. I have my exam in an hour and this always comes up

    • @FirefighterTyrone
      @FirefighterTyrone Před 7 lety +2

      Pokemon Maniac Jak are you kidding? those topics in one day, one lecture, just before a final? what demon thought that would be a good idea. what college?

    • @Jackylification
      @Jackylification Před 7 lety +1

      Tyrone Hurst an IT in Ireland. I had a choice between two long questions. One was on all of these topics, the other was on molluscs. I'm still salty over it because it didn't really give me a choice.

  • @krossbonnez
    @krossbonnez Před 10 lety +81

    "Earn the name urine" lol

  • @ohyeabananas
    @ohyeabananas Před 11 lety

    Mr. Sal, thank you so much! You always have videos to help with my AP Bio& AP Calc BC! It's wonderful, plus you really make studying so much more exciting.

  • @hairyfrankfurt
    @hairyfrankfurt Před 12 lety +1

    Not only was that helpful for an upcoming exam, but it was absolutely easy to understand and truly cool. You sure know how to explain stuff!

  • @eskionline3787
    @eskionline3787 Před 9 lety +68

    i guess, learning about the kidney requires...
    *puts on glasses*
    ... alot of concentration
    *yeaaaaaahhhhh*

    • @gopan1452
      @gopan1452 Před 6 lety +1

      woowowowowowoowowowwowowowooooooooooow; no

    • @unohanayachiru5789
      @unohanayachiru5789 Před 5 lety

      hi everyone ,if anyone else needs to find out about
      what are kidney disease
      try HootKidney.xyz ? Ive heard some incredible things about it and my partner got great results with it.

  • @nadeenabuhalima6365
    @nadeenabuhalima6365 Před 10 lety +5

    THANK YOU SOOOOOOOOOOOOO MUCH!!!!! I didn't understand anything in kidneys, but this helped SO much!!! Thank you so so much :D I have my ig tmrw and thanks to you I may just pass

  • @edithyamah9798
    @edithyamah9798 Před rokem +1

    I'm writing a biology test today and this video is really helping. Thank you Sal Khan, may God bless you.❤❤❤

  • @emskid5
    @emskid5 Před 12 lety

    This taught me everything I needed to know and didn't understand. Thanks! Look forward to watching your other videos.

  • @MusketGamer
    @MusketGamer Před 10 lety +24

    I may just pass my biology GCSEs tomorrow

    • @MahaI
      @MahaI Před 9 lety

      FreeFireGamer ooh I might too

    • @sobster123
      @sobster123 Před 8 lety

      wtff. You learn this for GCse?!!! i learn this at uni 😂😂😂

    • @MahaI
      @MahaI Před 8 lety

      Seriously I am extremely curious tho always score 98% . also i have tried all the mcat tests as well .

    • @MusketGamer
      @MusketGamer Před 8 lety

      sobster123 Basic level, nothing too serious, only what was on this video.

    • @MahaI
      @MahaI Před 8 lety

      yeah exactly

  • @shino475
    @shino475 Před 9 lety +7

    Why in the world can't my teacher say it simply like this.

  • @marcwittkowski5146
    @marcwittkowski5146 Před 10 lety

    This is amazing! I'm learning for my paramedic exams and this is really helpful!

  • @GIguy
    @GIguy Před rokem +1

    Thanks so much! I’m started off as a lab tech, and then became a general radiology tech, but forgot all of this, but now due to short bowel syndrome causing renal failure (Crohns disease, intestinal cancer, and 37 surgeries left me with only 4.9% of my entire GI tract), I went into full on renal failure and countless renal calculi, I discovered what little intestine left (I on my 8th ileostomy, including a j pouch and two failed k pouches) can’t absorb enough fluid and nutrients to keep my internal organ alive and healthy. I lost all my notes from collage due to a house fire, so thanks so much for the refresher, now I remember everything (graduated from the university of Toronto way back knowing 1992 with my masters in lab medicine and in 1996 with my masters in medical radiological medicine). Finally got hold of the lab work for the past 2 years, with my creatinine at 150 at its lowest, and no one told me, so I went into renal failure 3 weeks ago with my level at 271! If it weren’t for my stones, I’d still be oblivious to it, being totally asymptomatic! (Having 37 GI surgeries, you tent to ignore little problems that should really be lid attention to). Can’t believe I’d forgotten everything you just showed, I’m in your debt my friend, now I have the tools necessary to get back to normal renal function…stated myself in 1 L if saline infusions via a single lumen PICC line every other day….I’m down to 130, almost normal, and fell 100% better, especially now that I can remember all the details thanks to your video! All the best, cheers!

    • @Amin2k
      @Amin2k Před rokem +1

      Hello stranger, i am glad to hear you are doing better! I hope you will be doing even better in the future and life a good and fulfilling life.

    • @GIguy
      @GIguy Před rokem

      @@Amin2k thanks so much!😁

  • @Daisyoakfilms
    @Daisyoakfilms Před 11 lety +3

    "It doesn't happen by magic" :') Hahaha. This man is awesome though. It's like he realises my attention span drifts and he repeats everything so I snap out of it and come back in time without missing too much.

  • @EricHusk
    @EricHusk Před 9 lety +6

    Think of Efferent as Exiting from center. Efferent = Exiting.
    (Afferent is going in.)

  • @blaireates5024
    @blaireates5024 Před 9 lety +1

    Great lecture! Very clear and informative!! Thanks for posting

  • @cindyp.7639
    @cindyp.7639 Před 10 lety

    Oh my goodness, I finally understood this stuff after watching Bozeman, Crack Bio, and Khan Academy. Thanks!

  • @bee5891
    @bee5891 Před 7 lety +11

    You're videos are what make me go from a 89.9% to a 90.0%. Legend...

    • @tanishqshah2164
      @tanishqshah2164 Před 3 lety +4

      here is something that will make it go to 90.5%
      It is supposed to be "Your" and not "you're".

  • @adhishghimire2218
    @adhishghimire2218 Před 9 lety +61

    omg ... 1 million views... that means i m nt the only one xD

    • @rahulswami6304
      @rahulswami6304 Před 9 lety

      Adi Sh me toooooooooo.......

    • @nikolaobrenovic1669
      @nikolaobrenovic1669 Před 9 lety +1

      Adi Sh Nice Video! Forgive me for chiming in, I would appreciate your initial thoughts. Have you ever tried - Trentvorty Perfection Kidney Theorem (probably on Google)? It is a good one off guide for improving kidney function minus the headache. Ive heard some unbelievable things about it and my old buddy Taylor finally got excellent results with it.

  • @Dose808
    @Dose808 Před 12 lety +1

    You made it so clear to understand!!! Wish ALL instructors were so clear!!!!Love this video!!!!!!! THANK YOU!!!!

  • @RicePuddingStuff
    @RicePuddingStuff Před 9 lety

    thank you SO much! I have a final tomorrow and was very confused by how my professor covered this topic. I feel so much more confident going into my exam now. You're awesome :D

  • @FavJam
    @FavJam Před 8 lety +11

    hey guys if you're looking for help in anatomy check out "Wendy Riggs" channel.
    she really makes anatomy and histology simple and fun.

  • @DOTCurrency
    @DOTCurrency Před 8 lety +5

    BASED KIDNEYS

  • @NathalieJones-rg3cc
    @NathalieJones-rg3cc Před rokem

    I loved this video....I usually find anything renal-related boring, but this was so well-explained and his tone and way of explaining kept me interested. Thanks!

  • @Justmeveenab
    @Justmeveenab Před 5 lety

    truly one of the best videos I have ever watched on youtube about urinary system.. thanks a lot

  • @annabeth408
    @annabeth408 Před 10 lety +3

    Wait...then how does vasa recta help in absorption?
    What is the counter-current mechanism?
    Do you have another video explaining that? O.o

    • @nadeenabuhalima6365
      @nadeenabuhalima6365 Před 10 lety +3

      no. stop. I just started understanding this, you're confusing me again...

  • @janshepard55
    @janshepard55 Před 6 lety +3

    ''later excrete when we find a suitable time" lololol

  • @musicsp34ks
    @musicsp34ks Před 5 lety

    This literally is going to help me for my test tomorrow! I understood everything but the order of blood flow within the kidney

  • @apoc601
    @apoc601 Před 14 lety

    Thank you! I watch your videos before reading my physiology book, and it makes learning much faster!

  • @eyalgol44
    @eyalgol44 Před 10 lety

    amazing!!!You helped me so much studing for paramedics final tests!!

  • @prabhjotkaur5559
    @prabhjotkaur5559 Před 5 lety

    10 times more helpful than 4 hours of lecture and lab combined!!

  • @darrencolferfan
    @darrencolferfan Před 11 lety

    you explain most concepts way more than most lecturers do...thanks a lot!!!!!!

  • @jessicastevens5344
    @jessicastevens5344 Před 10 lety

    I love the way you say "loop of Henle" in an epic way. This video was very helpful!

  • @brittaneybrown4985
    @brittaneybrown4985 Před 7 lety +1

    Wow you have made this so interesting, fun and easy understand. Thank you a thousand times!

  • @jesslikesstuff
    @jesslikesstuff Před 13 lety

    Could not be more grateful to you. Thank you so much. I can't believe how much more clearly you have explained this than my anatomy/physiology teacher. You are a lifesaver.

  • @LofiwithShamique
    @LofiwithShamique Před 3 lety

    this is my 1st time being able to really understand anatomy. thanks to you!

  • @saheluddin
    @saheluddin Před 10 lety

    you're way of explaining is unprecedented. thanks sal

  • @chobnob
    @chobnob Před 10 lety

    This video was brilliant!!! Im at university and the lecturer didnt even explain it as well as you! Thank god for your videos.

  • @lindseykuohn7245
    @lindseykuohn7245 Před 7 lety

    This video is awesome and would be great to include on the MCAT prep site as well! It has a lot of important info that was missed in the Renal System lectures.

  • @tonychurch6829
    @tonychurch6829 Před 6 lety

    Great video, best explanation of the nephron that I've seen. Thanks for helping my studies!

  • @cherrycoke8464
    @cherrycoke8464 Před 13 lety

    you're my saviour Mr. Khan! If you made a video of every topic I study in bio class. You explain everything in a quarter of the time it takes for my lecturer to AND you make it so easy to understand! I really can't thank you enough and I'm sure a lot of people feel the same way.

  • @sonyapeters2555
    @sonyapeters2555 Před 8 lety

    SO helpful! Gonna ace my anatomy test tommorrow now! Thanks!!! :-)

  • @donnagifford8733
    @donnagifford8733 Před 2 lety

    Oh my gosh! Thank You! This was SO helpful! I wish I had found you at the beginning of the semester! I currently have a professor that doesn't teach but "reads" to us from the book! Thank You!

  • @chrissylou87
    @chrissylou87 Před 12 lety

    Thank you SO much for doing this. This made what I read make so much more sense. You are very good at what you do. I wish I would have found you early this semester for my A&P II class!! I will be referring to you in my further education...thanks again!!!

  • @fruitcake201f1
    @fruitcake201f1 Před 10 lety +1

    so clear now...thank you:)

  • @monalgarg7979
    @monalgarg7979 Před 10 lety

    Literally, this is amazing helps out a lot when I have science competitions and I need to know about a large scope of items! Thank You SO much.

  • @tatsumiogawa1107
    @tatsumiogawa1107 Před 4 lety +1

    Thank you for the great video!
    To avoid confusion, the descending limb is not ONLY permeable to water it is also partially permeable to ions but for the sake of explaining, he simplified the concept to make it easier to understand.

  • @caitlinstites8206
    @caitlinstites8206 Před 10 lety +2

    Your videos are so incredibly helpful!

  • @husna6791
    @husna6791 Před 2 lety

    I've been reading the textbook again and again hoping to understand this process but this 18 min video made me thoroughly get it. You, Sir, is a legend

  • @DrL0ui5
    @DrL0ui5 Před 11 lety +1

    Khan academy rocks! Using this as a revision tool for my part 1 Emergency Medicine Specialist exam. A great, clear and concise overview. Thank you for making suck great quality education free to success for everyone :))))

  • @Elnora4ka
    @Elnora4ka Před 11 lety +1

    I think it would be great if all teachers and professors were as clear as you!! That would make students' lives much much easier! You are GREAT! :-)

  • @prm2335
    @prm2335 Před 6 lety

    Very useful - worth the watch.

  • @ishanjeong
    @ishanjeong Před 9 lety

    Omg Sal, do you really know everthing. I'm amazed! Youre amazing!

  • @xstephaniie
    @xstephaniie Před 13 lety

    This makes so much sense. Thank you!

  • @gustavoortega4229
    @gustavoortega4229 Před 11 lety

    You just made my MCAT studying so much easier…THANK YOU!

  • @JeanneChu828
    @JeanneChu828 Před 12 lety

    Great job! It helps me to understand the concept more clearly than my teacher did in class.

  • @patellio
    @patellio Před 13 lety

    excellent tutorial on the nephron! thank you very much!

  • @oliversong1256
    @oliversong1256 Před 6 lety

    Great video, lucky to watch. Solved my question.

  • @everywhereasign
    @everywhereasign Před 13 lety

    Oh, my freaking god. I spent 3 hours in lectures and learned more in 20 minutes of your CZcams video.
    Thank you!

  • @optimaluse
    @optimaluse Před 12 lety

    Wow. I'm new to the whole Anatomy Physiology thing and I found kidneys to be somewhat challenging. This was so comprehensive. Thank you very much. Nicely done!

  • @sleep1937
    @sleep1937 Před 14 lety

    these things are much more easy to remember once they make sense. thank you!

  • @mndeni4729
    @mndeni4729 Před 4 lety

    Perfect. Thanks, be blessed.

  • @flyguy22190
    @flyguy22190 Před 5 lety

    GREAT video as always. You sir have changed the world for the better!

  • @vinod222222222222222
    @vinod222222222222222 Před 12 lety

    Sir you just made my life at least 5 times easier. Keep it up. Very comprehensive. Short and sweet unlike my lecturers. Thanks again

  • @9nes9
    @9nes9 Před 5 lety

    OMG thank you so much! you helped me finish college last year and this year you guys are hopefully helping me to pass my year 1 pharmacy exams. thank you for all the work you do.