Magnetron, How does it work?
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- čas přidán 19. 06. 2024
- World War 2 was one of the most traumatic events in the history of the world, but on the other hand it also resulted in several inventions that have completely changed the world. One of the key inventions of this era was the cavity magnetron, which made radars super-efficient. Cavity magnetrons are also used in microwave ovens, where they are responsible for producing high powered microwaves. In this video we will explore the physics behind the cavity magnetron.
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So what you are saying is , you have this special circular flute and instead of blowing air across it you are blowing a stream of electrons over it and the music it gives off will cook your chicken
Beautiful 😂
essentially
Well, between the flute and donkey analogies I totally get this! When I use the microwave I always say I'm "nuking" my food. Been right all along. Thanks!☢
Genius
obviously
I think it's the best video explaining the basics of a magnetron here in CZcams. Congratulations
Hey, take that back!
Yeah. Blueprint did it better.
It’s not bad for a simple overview, how exactly all this happens is rather more complex than it seems, quite a bit of pretty advanced physics going on... one thing left out more or less is the oscillating is in both the electric and magnetic feilds, it seems to focus mainly on the electric feild... still not bad for someone who just wants to know roughly how they work without actually knowing much of anything about how they work in reality...
I feel like this carrot is beyond my reach...
My exact thoughts, it deserves an award for outstanding research and production. I also love the historical bit at the end mentioning how the technology was little understood in the beginning. Supposedly, American scientists were initially amazed at how such a small device could create so much power.
The key principle of the magnetron remained unmentioned. The electrons tramsmit their potential energy to the high-frequency electric field thus increasing its power. Without cavities and HF-field electrons move by trochoidal trajectories around the cathode and never reach the anode. But in presence of HF-field electrons interact with it, losing their speed and moving closer to anode. This leads to decreasing of electrons' potential energy (which is determined by their distance from the anode). This energy is transferred to the electromagnetic field.
This might be silly question but can u explain that how in such cases electron's potential energy is determined by its anode from anode?
why when velocity of electron decreases potential energy decreases?
Thank you
@@revatis2571 I suppose he meant kinetic energy.
Isn't it KE
Thank you for bringing our attention to missed details . But Maxwell states that all charged particles have electric fields which in turn generates the magnetic field perpendicular to it . The HF would mean electric fields turning positive and negative very rapidly . The moving particles would have their own fields . The fields are waves . There would be waves interaction. The waves would have two dimensions . Place the rest of information in reply to further my understanding
@@Adolf0is0winner The waves are always, difference in density between different particles, no matter what the environment is... in an environment of different particle sizes, it is possible to generate waves of different sizes by compressing some of the particles. Empty environment, without any particles, does not exist. All smallest charged and uncharged particles are electric fields in different densities. Density of the particle electric field determines of what atom do we have.
I find the entire idea/concept quite facinating. Who would ever have thought of this - and even like 80 years ago?
We were smarter back then
@@gwcoty0715 true and we are evolving just backward
Pretty sure the powers that be do not want us to be all smart
@@gwcoty0715 No there were always dumb and stupid humans
Only ETS. Basically every major breakthrough .
And I have an extreme difficulty in understanding it too. I'm glad that the US scientists and I are similarly confused.
That is why other scientists outside us exists
@@airb1976 almost everything is invented by scientists outside the US.. and the things that ARE invented in the US, are by foreign scientists living in america lol
@@Daniel-qs8ec i know that
I need my coffee. I thought that title said “what is megatron and how does he work.”
😂😂😂same here. I was about to post something similar
funny. now if only ppl understood the deliberate planned socio-economic manipulations that led to the world wars as easily as this video assumes for magnetrons...
also, klystrons were the competing design...
Yeah, I wonder where that winner of a title could've come from...
Title is correct. It explains the physics behind the device. And of course, its usage.
You can make an instant coffee with a magnetron. Just make sure that your microwave oven is not a Decepticon hiding in your apartment.
Its amazing how someone else could come up with a technology like this. "Some" human beings are seriously intelligent.
What do you mean someone "else"?
@@ewthmatth Not all billions of these people are that smart/intelligent.
All it takes is understand how the laws that rule this universe work, but not everyone in this world can.
Indeed it's amazing how a brain that was only used to hunt and gather food to survive, is able to be pushed and figure out how this universe works.
And then we have the bulk of idiots who believe in a flat earth and other nonsense.
But oh well, at least those idiots are not in charge of developing new technologies and medicine.
Without those “idiots” those “smart” people wouldn’t have the resources to produce technology like this. What’s more amazing is the economics that makes it possible.
Thomas wow that’s the dumbest thing I’ve seen today
I assure you, I still dont understand it.
haha. i watch this like once a year and keep forgetting it
This was quite interesting, especially for how I've learned about how these things work that I've seen
This guy is still doing what I knew him for about 4 years ago. Keep doing this man, we will always need videos like this
Interesting, easy way to understand concept.
Keep making videos like that.
The video is very informative. Animations are so nice and effective that it makes the concept extremely easy to understand. Thanks a lot for uploading this video. It really takes a lot of time to make this kind of animation videos.
Thanks. Since detecting an object requires a return wave propagation from a reflected object it would be nice to hear how the return wave gets processed.
The short version: return wave has predictable frequency, big antenna with special shape points toward where reflection should be coming from, given speed of light thru air, measure time between outgoing pulse and incoming pulse to measure distance. Size of object corresponds to strength of reflected signal.
adding to sunsor comment above : S send pulse, R = return pulse
S______________R__ far
S_____R___________ near
Simple math on how long it takes to receive the return pulse will tell you distance. The pulse is directional, and if you rotate the sending antenna, the turning of the antenna is much much slower than the speed of light, so the return pulse will come back before the antenna has turned much (so, it is basically still pointing in the same direction). So, if you receive more than 1 return pulse, you have more than 1 contact in that direction. This makes it easy to use a cathode ray tube (the kind one would use for an old oscilloscope) to plot the signal. All the CRT needs to do is scan in the same direction that the antenna is pointing, and shoot electrons any time a return signal is detected, and the time it takes for the electron beam to make one scan to the edge of the screen removed the need to actually do any math (it just comes out as a result of the time it takes to trace/not-trace the line). If you do it digitally, though, then you actually have to do a bunch of processing before you can display anything. Using a CRT is thus a much much simpler process (just scan a line from center to edge in the same direction as the sending antenna, shoot electrons when there is a return signal received), adjust scan line speed to adjust zoom (slower scan line speed gives further out zoom; faster gives closer in zoom).
@@busimagen thanks for expanding. I presume it is almost the same principle as for ultrasonic sensor in Arduino, with a difference in speed, that is instead of the speed of sound 340 m/s one has speed of light 300 000 km/s. And as you pointed out, the speed of light/radio wave is way faster than the speed of rotating radar. I thought the video could have gone into these details as well, but for some, I guess, it would be over the head.
@@infatum9 Yes, same idea with ultrasonic sensor, though the technology of the generating the wave and its detection are different.
The video talks only about the Cavity Magnetron, and that's a good thing to limit the scope of the topic. Use in radar would be a different topic.
@@busimagen Excellent explanation. Now, about those phased array, multi frequency critters...
This video is so great, with fantastic visualization and explanation.
As always, excellent video, great animations and explanation. Keep up the good work!!
Brilliantly and accurately explained! You use Physics to explain the working principles of the magnetron unlike others who use analogies that have nothing to do with Physics.
Well explained ! The Brits were pioneers in elecron physics thanks to the British scientist J. J. Thompson who discovered the electron at that era .
I was a RADAR and Radio repair student at the Army Signal School in 1953 and went on to become an instructor at the Ordnance Guided Missile School at Redstone Arsenal.
As a result of being in (what was then) the longest school program in the Army, we were denied advancement in rank for nearly two years, still pulling KP while others were being promoted to cpl or sgt. It was this stupid situation that led to the Army losing the missile technology race and the formation of NASA.
The explai in this video is just beautiul. I've been looking this explain for one month and finally got this.
One of your most brilliant explanations for such a complex concept.
Good to hear us Brits getting credit for another world changing invention 👍👍
Excellently clear explanation of how a Cavity Magnetron works. Thanks for making and sharing!
The physics is only simple once it's explained. I'm sure it was difficult to come up with.
Awesome! Beautifully explained, in a very understandable, lucid and simple way. Thanks for uploading this valuable extremely useful video.
Bravo the most beautiful and meaningful explanation I have ever seen...I struggled for so long to understand the physics behind it and just now I've had my eureka moment..thank you so much your nice work has expanded my knowledge a bit more
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I love how they narrate these videos like an alien speaking to humans for the first time 😂😂 it actually work perfectly for these style of educational videos hahaha
Best explanation I’ve seen so far. Amazing that anyone could think this device up!
An analogy of a magnetron is a whistle like that which a football referee would use. Think of the metal body of the whistle as a single tuned cavity (tuned to the pitch of the whistle). When you apply power to the cavity by blowing hard into the whistle, the cavity oscillates at its tuned pitch producing a loud noise very efficiently. The output (in this case noise) is transmitted via a port to the outside world.
A magnetron is similarly a tuned cavity (actually a ring of cavities), and high voltage, high current provides the power. The magnetron output is a single frequency just like a whistle but at a very much higher pitch. That output is transmitted to the outside world by a waveguide (pipe). An electric whistle.
Knowing what I know now, it seems so obvious. The genius part was to get the electrons to loop around unlike a normal vacuum tube where the electrons travel in a straight line. TV cathode ray tubes use the same principle but with electro magnets to bend the election beam to the correct part of the phosphor coated screen through a fine mesh mask. This uses very strong permanent magnets to cause the electrons to loop out then back in just like solar flares on the sun
Jesus loves you
Believe me, physicists and electrical engineers are the special breeds of superhuman intelligence.
Great video guys, thanks for sharing the knowledge.
Excellent video, really helped me get my head around this. Thank you
Often wondered how, in those days, they generated high frequencies at such high power. Switching, with thermionic valves and surrounding LC drag, didn't seem possible.
Lesics explanation was so clear. Thanks.
Up until recently (20yrs) valves were the go to choice for high frequency high power like 50kw radio station final output stages... Mind you it took days to get to operating temperature IE if you don't thermal cycle em right you will crack them.
LC drag was a massive problem with the Receiver. Triode and Diode Mixers were next to useless. It lead to the development of Silicon Crystal Diode and the start of semi-conductor tech (once they got the Silicon pure enough to do it in 1942).
that ending was nice :D one of the most complicated technologies :D
@@tbird81 I don't. But this video gives a ton of insight in a really short time.
because Americans have a hard time understanding it
Your Videos inspire a lot of people! Thank you! Keep going!
Wow! Awesome explanation. And awesome animation! Thank you.
0:16 cheerful music as the bombs drop
stank face on
"and now you understand"
I do? I'm flattered 😽
Thank you for the really wonderful graphics and for the clear and succinct technical presentation.
Brilliant explanation, no doubt. Applaud for your efforts!
I'm going to go use my magnetron to heat up my coffee, hold on I'll be right back
I don't drink coffee, I take tea my dear
Well did you get your coffee?
Good to know that they're "one of the most complicated engineering technologies." Now I don't feel like such a dumb ass. This video couldn't have come at a better time for me, I've been struggling with understanding this concept for the past couple days. Brilliant work!
superb analysis and a complicated thing broken into easy pieces. Thanks
Yet back in the day, I was able to program the clock on my VCR.
I like your original comment !
I've always felt the magnetron's invention was generations ahead of its time, and massively out of place for the time period it came from.
Well, it came from Britain who led the world in electronics at the time
Radars don't use them anymore
@@manuelpiston that's not true. I am a magnetron technician and we make and sell them
@@janthurman9894 Not the ones I work on. They use amplifiers instead of magnetrons.
@@manuelpiston An amplifier doesn't emit microwaves
This video blew my mind. Thank you for this.
thank you for such great content
Robert Buderi wrote a book about Radar, "The Invention That Won The War". It featured the magnetron which made it possible to output thousands of watts at more than a Gigahertz. Some Radars were at 10 GHz. The Radar I worked on put out 0.5 or 5 megawatts peak.
As everything else from the English language media about Germany and WW I & II, ..."The Invention That Won The War"... is another baseless exaggeration. Radar had also been developed by the Germans, and the very high frequency type was much more precise that what the British could muster. Wikipedia is reasonably fair on this.
@@BasementEngineer Hilarious and baseless rubbish the Cavity Magnetron was invented by the British and exchanged with the Americans for their productive assistance in manufacturing for WW2. Along with many other cutting edge technologies like the Frank Whittle Jet Engine and the all but proven theory that an atomic bomb was feasible...Just stop talking nonsense and read up on the Tizard Mission. you're wrong DEAL WITH IT.
@@BasementEngineer Face it - chain home radar and similar designs were used all around the world inclusing the US Navy but the Cavity Magnetron was AMAZING and it was invented by the British.
@BasementEngineer - German RADAR was nothing compared to the increase in power by the tiny Cavity Magnetron that was housed in panes and used to detect enemy aircraft and submarines. You have ZERO evidence proving your nonsense.
@@georgebishop4941 Agree with your last statement.
But the idea that you could cook with microwaves of the right frequency, and also use them to disinfect clothing, is of German origin.
Optimus Prime: The Decepticons devised a new attack, Autobots, roll out!!
Megatron: That's my cousin Magnetron chilling out... It's not his fault!
I finally understood how the microwave works !!!
Thank you!!!
Greetings from brazil, i give you my like!!
Excellent explanation. And thanks for crediting it's invention to us 👍
"This mean the technology you now understand-"
WHOA let's not jump to any conclusions I have no idea wtf you just said
6:14 Haha, take that, US!
--UK
Great. I really appreciate videos of your channel
That was my favorite character in Transformers. Excellent video!
I'm guessing the American Scientists watched this for their explanation, hence their confusion.
I thought it was a good explanation. Maybe because I'm not American :P
Nether is the cavity magnetron
@@Kj16V I'm American, I got it after one viewing.
This video gave me an understanding from a theoretical perspective. Is there something incorrect about their explanation?
Them Americans were not able to think outside the box.
Thatk God they got better with time.
0:48 The 'i' button just takes you to the Learn Engineering Channel. Clear as mud.
Amazing video. Thanks!
Wel done. Very clear explanation and no wonder it is difficult to understand whoever came up with this design is clearly brilliant!
my granddad was involved in the first development of these systems, we only found out relatively recently since these projects were surrounded with secrecy
I genuinely thought this said 'Megatron'
I was looking forward to transformers info.
funny enough, the magnetron needs high voltage to work, which is generated using a transformer
Great explanation very good video! Now I understand how it works.
Very thankful that you exist dude! Thank you for your constant public service! Also can somebody explain the theory of radiation to me I can’t find concise literature on it
“The charges produce radiation when they accelerate” I wonder what inverse process you could consider this from the electrons relative perspective
hi, i saw your content but in different leangue in chanel "ilmu rekayasa", is it on your permission?
Of course it is. "Ilmu Rekayasa" is basically the Bahasa-translated videos and voices version of the "Learning Engineering" channel.
snitches get stitches
You done great job. very easily explain. And my little suggestion is Put some mathematics also , If you want .
Woow. What a beautiful nature of inductor. It helps me understood clearly its uses.
Your videos are very good and the explanation is super. Looking forward for future videos
"Americans couldn't understand it so it's one of the most complex technologies!"
*European scientists spinning in their graves"
Just imagine a body spining inside a coffin
you mean they party in their graves , since its a compliment for them
How much rpm do they spin at?
@@Engineer9736 usually 220 m/s because its recommended by the regulatory body of the european union.
*British
Goading me out of retirement, eh!
Thank you for the excellent graphical explanation.
Thank you so much. Really Helpful.
Can you explain in more detail about the anode cavities surrounding the cathode, how is this energy calculated ? what happens if you have more or less cavities, does the size of the magnetron affect the performance?
It has so much content. To learn it , direcly find a microwaves theory textbook.
It's one the most complicated technologies ever because Americans had a difficult time understanding it?
Yea, that was an odd comment.
Imagine americans opening an avocado
@Pavor in America we were taught it was the Jews. Go figure haha
@@zealobiron I understand the issue was more economics for more resources (natural) and Germanification (some German work propaganda) of all of Europe and I guess the World since they were into Eugenics. Don't forget wasn't Hitler only... there were other Marxist with a range of Socialist Agendas with Franco, Mussolini and others. Jew's were the scapegoat and were also an issue with a cycle in basically jobs leaving the country and going east and even like now days to China... though I think then more like Eastern Europe and Middle East more-so... maybe Africa also. Figure Italy was developing Africa still, France was also and Spain and Portugal were still vested in South America.
Technically, there are other Vacuum and Gas Tube "Tron" devices with the U.S., Great Britain, Germany and the Soviet Union leading developments regarding the specific ones. The Cavity Magnetron happened to be a scaled down system compared to the others since the others like cyclotrons and klystrons were huge.
Eh, like most science, technology, math and engineering... there are subjects with subject matter experts and I'm sure there was a learning curve at first.
Interesting how each side in WW2 would slowly advance their technologies so to not want the others to find out and use. I wonder what wasn't disclosed to this day? Solid State technology came out more at this era as well as more advanced logic methods also leading into transistor computers. czcams.com/video/GJCF-Ufapu8/video.html
There are other episodes worth searching for or finding from your library and watching.
Well, that's true
I don’t know if it’s because I now know more physics than I did 6 months ago or if it’s because you explained it really well, but I tried watching a few videos (I don’t remember if I watched this video) 6 months ago and didn’t understand how it works. This time I understood. Thanks!
The video animation and illustrations were awesome; better than a text book.
They didnt even cover how Magneton is an electric type that works well against water
I don't get the antenna part, does it simply means that the whole things is simply used to create a powerful/quick go and back movement of electrons in the antenna? (I guess it couldn't be that otherwise we'd rather use a transistor).
You can't use transistors to switch in literally gigahertz
@@worldofelectricity4038 but some transitor produce THz waves with high power Eg: www.techexplorist.com/nanodevice-operates-10-times-faster-todays-fastest-transistors/31090/
@@ytrew9717
Explaining better his answer, you cant have high power transistors (usually mosfets) that have high switching frequencies. Usually, they are restricted to about 100kHz ceiling, due to loses in switching efficiency.
@@betolee4292 that makes sense, the link I provided above says transistor could do it., but don't talk about efficiency.
@@ytrew9717
Yeah, in signal transistors the time to charge the transistor´s gate is very low, so it can work in these frequencies. For high-power electronics, transistors have high gate capacitance that doesn't allow efficient fast switching. This is one of the reasons that valved electronics music stuff is still used today and is far better than transistors.
This is so well explained omfg
Hey,
Please explain how wireless charging works !
Basically 0:53, it's just oscillations of magnetic energy.
Wireless charger works on the principle of mutal induction
Two coils close together can transmit electricity via induction! Magnetic waves produce current when they cross a conductor.
Look up some video about wireless lighting LEDs with coils. The LED will light as both coils (coil with power and coil with LED) get into effective range
same as 1:1 transformer, two isolated coils. one powers the another
I wonder if you could take a magnetron and change it to transfer data.
Cellphone communications use microwaves, the only difference would be the amount of power.
You really don't want to stand in front of a microwave beam of over 1000 watts of power, it wouldn't end well for you.
Anything in the range of 300MHz and 300GHz are microwaves, under 300MHz is radio and above 300GHz is IR, visible light and all the way up to gamma rays.
Just don't fuck around with microwave over magnetrons, or any other high power device lol.
Excellent ... understanding is so simple
Awesome to see the "tron" devices explained. You can go through all the Vacuum and Gas Tube "tron" devices now maybe? Thanks for sharing!
This is the technology which leads to invention of microwave oven.
Well not only the microwave oven, also the Lineal accelerator which is whitely used in many areas especially in medical for radiotherapy systems.
@@KingOf7oooms is it whitely used in many areas? wow!
Divad Ignawm sorry it is a typo mistake, obviously I meant widely :)
I got this recommendation as my son likes megatron from transformers
Thanks for this !
I’d like a hutchison effect speculation video.
And some animations of the salvatore pais patents
The best explanation of magnetron basics !
- Magnetron on standby.
- Magnetic field commencing.
- Need a little force?
- Generators ready.
- Point me in the right direction.
- Shifting polarity.
- Opposites attract!
- We need no compass!
- My power is irresistible.
- Moving within range.
- Reel them in!
- This is a tow zone!
- Coils powering up!
- Let's bring them closer to us!
- Maximum charge!
- Enemy locked.
- Coils powering up!
- Maximum charge!
- Enemy locked.
Not interested,
Tell me how does Optimus Prime coming back from dead?
Very good. Really good simple to the point for anyone with any really basic electronic knowledge.
Great learning resort!
I add my impression that star-shaped electron cloud inside magnetron would oscillate changing shape when charge on the anode.
great video, thank you!! :D
Fabulous work!
INCREDIBLY good video I lunt alot, thank you. 👍🏼
It's really amazing and very good video from learning and understanding point of view.
Great job. Thanks.
Wow! Great vid!♥️👍
Interesting video here with great animations. Thanks for sharing. Gives me inspiration for my own channel.
A great vid & explanation on this device ! Well done but please add what the wave from the cavity to antenna output looks like ....along a wave guide.
I just found this wonderful channel, please don't leave it
That was realy understandable and knowledgeable
thank you UK for this great device.
Beautifully explained
Explained beautifully in short, it has a very complicated Math behind the Design
Superbly explained !