Niagara Escarpment
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- čas přidán 7. 12. 2019
- This video discusses the relationship of the Niagara Escarpment and the Michigan Basin with regard to an extraterrestrial impact in the Saginaw Bay region. The energy transfer of an impact on a layered target is illustrated.
Related video: Chris Cottrell's Carolina Bays and The Michigan Basin • Carolina Bays and The ...
Thanks to Robert Kocher for calling my attention to the Niagara Escarpment.
Interesting & fascinating as always, your work is much appreciated, thank you.
This appears to be fairly thorough analysis of the Michigan basin and its geologic history. That is the first time I had heard about it.
Looking at a map of Canada, I can't help thinking the country must have been hit by impactors many times before. In addition to the Niagara Escarpment, there are many other features which are suspiciously semicircular and almost as big.
Have a look at the west coast of Quebec on Hudson Bay north of James Bay. Despite glacial erosion, the coastline is semicircular and there are a series of islands called the Belcher Islands located right where you'd expect a central peak to have formed inside a complex impact crater.
Likewise, in the southern part of the Gulf of St. Laurence between the province of Prince Edward Island and the mainland there is a semi-circular body of water called the Northumberland Strait. The semicircle extends from Cape Breton Island in the east to Gaspé in the northwest, and PEI itself follows the curve of the coastline, as if it is part of a crater rim.
Current geologic thinking says these features are associated with glaciers, erosion, and meltwater, but their shapes are too circular for that.
You have the best explanation for the Carolina Bays, in my opinion.
I'm also curious about multiple impacts. Randall Carlson thinks Lake Nipigon is an impact location. There are certainly signs of cataclysmic flooding from Lake Nipigon into Lake Superior. Add to this the possibility of other impacts like Hiawatha, and I'm really considering the possibility of a fragmented cometary impact across the Laurentide ice sheet from Michigan to Greenland. What a mess that would have made!
Also, maybe we've had numerous impacts over thousands of years from a fragmenting comet stream. But it's hard to imagine they hit nearly the same spots at different times. Conundrums abound.
Thanks much for your research and sharing it with us.
I saw Randall's video about lake Nipigon. It has a diameter of about 90 to 100 km. It would take a meteorite of about 6 kilometers in diameter to make such a crater. The meteorite that killed the dinosaurs was 10 kilometers in diameter. Although Randall makes a good case, I don't think that lake Nipigon was made by a meteorite impact.
Very interesting analysis. What is also interesting is that the western extent of the Oak Ridges Moraine in Southern Ontario, Canada ends abruptly where it meets the Niagara Escarpment, about 40km northwest of Toronto. The Moraine is believed to have been formed around 12,000 years before present.
This is super interesting.
Excellent. We should be remembered to keep our minds open to new possibilities and enter discussions about academic change with civility and positive regard for all explanations.
It’s time for the “academics” to wake up. Awesome work Antonio, appreciate you my man
Ahhh
The "I know more than academics because I watched a youtube video" commentor
Thanks for the work you do for us.
Mr. Zamora, you're suddenly very active on this subject. Thanks for these posts. I never agreed that a very low human population could be responsible for killing off a continent of fauna.
Yes he is very active hahaha.
I have published two books and one peer-reviewed publication about the Carolina Bays. Not many people have bothered to read them. CZcams allows me to make more people aware that the Carolina Bays are impact structures and that they are associated with a megafaunal extinction.
@Gregory Anderson Google knows everything…
@@Antonio_Zamora You're right A.Zamora. People (young) dont read anymore. Only watch TV or internet videos. Maybe you will convince some herd here.
Thank you very much Mr. Zamora.
Glad I could help. Proud of it.
Cosmic bambardment by asteroids and comets in our ancient past is a good starting point to explain many geologic features here on earth. Exploratory spacecraft and telescopes are bringing us closer to finding answers to many mysteries. Thanks for the video.👍
Interesting. Off to watch Chris' video again.
I find amazing frequency of scientist rejecting a hypothesis or Theory outright, without offering a possible theory or hypothesis of their own.
It is not necessary to provide an alternative hypothesis in order to disprove another, only to find faults or flaws in the presumptions, the data, or the inferences in the original. A hypothesis does not stand until someone comes up with a better one, it stands only until it is shown to be false. To require a replacement hypothesis is a logical fallacy called a false dilemma. The answer does not have to be A or B. It can be neither A nor B and just unknown.
Well done sir I enjoyed this a lot! I think Randall Carlson would be proud
Makes ALOT of sense ,
Ive always thought the upper (overburden ) layer in limestone quarries here in se manitoba looked like something violent,huge and turbulent destroyed and re-deposited crushed pulverized limestone boulders and clay conglomerate (which used to be originally solid limestone), back ontop of current solid but fractured mined layers of limestone, & befor the current fine organics soils layer slowly developed on top.
Your theory is spot on id say, and youve found the smoking gun! Well done!
It’s funny how many people I know that live on or near the escarpment but only know of it as the falls. It’s such a beautiful area. The whole stretch of it
I've been saying this for years. The reason for the escarpment is the ice sheet. Water doesn't compress, so there was a huge initial "pushing" force in the general area for a couple milliseconds. Afterwards, huge amounts of ice were ejected (and some earth which formed the great lakes), while the ice at ground zero was vaporized and ice a lil farther from the impact area was liquefied. The great lakes are not a natural geological formation...they are a wound
Ice and plasticine cannot be compared. The heat of compression in such an event, evaporates the water rapidly into gas and then compresses that gas further. The volumetric difference between water and water vapour at 1 atmosphere is 1:1000. 1 single cube of water or ice turns into a 1000 cubes the same size. This water vapour undermines the ice layers and then expands rapidly. It is a secondary explosion in itself. The water vapour would be considered a volatile agent in such a collision. I am a fridge mechanic and understand well the heat of compression as well as evaporation.
I saw an interesting history series a while back called 'How The Earth Was Made'. One show dealt with Niagara Falls, Great Lakes, and Niagara Escarpment. There is Limestone in the region. Some of the Limestone was converted to Dolomite over time. Dolomite is harder, less erosive. It is also more resistant to acids.
Over eons in places where Limestone is located, it has eroded and dissolved. The Escarpment Cap is Dolomite, it sits over the softer Limestone. Dolomite did not erode as fast. Bottom of the Great Lakes are Dolomite, acting like a bathtub. At the Falls, softer Limestone gets cut by water quite easily. The Dolomite 'cap' part of the Escarpment only fails after softer Limestone underneath fail. Then the Dolomite ends up in pieces on top of broken Limestone.
A while back, engineers blocked the Niagara River above the Falls in one area. They wanted to see debris pile, and condition of the cliffs behind the Falls. With that information, they were able to better predict erosion and mitigate.
Link to program: czcams.com/video/wztD2yxuyhI/video.html
Well done sir.Thank you for looking at the problem from all angles.
I propose that the ‘evidence’ of ice laying at the impactside is eroded away by events/meltwater after the impact, so ‘no morenes etc’ doesnt have to mean ‘no ice’ there...
Another eye opener and icing on the cake...well done.
Cryin' Out Loud - this thing is Right Under My Feet & ℹ've been living right On Top of It !!
This is GREAT to learn 👌 thank you
Can we get LIDAR over Saginaw bay or side scan 3d sonar? The Navy brings Minesweepers through the St. Lawrence waterway often on cruises. The sweepers have unique capabilities to see what you're looking for... a crater.
Fascinating, thank you. And on my birthday! Great gift!
Fascinating. I previously lived on the shore of Erie. In my field I found an ossified fossil of what looked like a piece of spine in a seashell encrusted piece of stone.That got me interested in the geology of the area.
Fascinating piece sir. Well delivered.
Very interesting info on the Niagara Ecarpment thank you
Thus is what I was looking for after tonights upload Antonio
So informative and clearly explained. Thank you!
Good work Antonio! Researching maps one feature at a time is such an exciting and valuable thing
Wow, another really fascinating area. This is one of the reasons I love CZcams!
We are honored to be in the presence of a hell of a scientist. I am amazed and thankful.
You have convinced me that there was a catastrophic event 12,900 years ago.
I suspect there were 4 impactors that day which may have occurred when the parent body dis-rupted as it approached the earth.
Two in Greenland and two in North America, Saginaw Bay and Lake Nipigon in Ontario.
This would explain the severity of the effects from what may have been smaller impactors.
Keep up the good work
Several articles on a likely impact at 41 degrees South (likely in volcanic rock due to the amount of chromium found in the black mat layer down there)! String of pearls impact like what hit Jupiter back in 1994? Highly oblique angle of impact in South America may of left no tell tale crater! Possible other impacts from same body into the oceans! Very interesting stuff! Is it no coincidence that Niagara Falls are stated to be 12,000 years old; www.history.com/topics/landmarks/niagara-falls
@@greenbankgus Latest age calculation of the Niagara Falls is 12,500 years.
The Niagara escarpment Marks the outer boundary of a crater formed by two large meteorites that struck where Lake Michigan now sits. This event happened towards the end of the ungerdrius period.
great video. I grew up on the escarpment east of the falls and agree with your theory.
Great presentation! Well thought out and supported by facts, yet disputed by others who only want to hypothesize.
Or have their own reputations to defend.
Thank you for sharing this information. I was not aware of these land formations in Michigan. It does look like a smoking gun...of some sort!! Perhaps the Niagara escarpment was one of a few (dare I say multiple) near simultaneous hits to the Laurentide ice sheet. I thought I read of other areas consistent with meteor hits to the Laurentide Glacier having occured farther north in Canada, as well. (?Firestone et al) In my mind, it could be that we may have experienced multiple hits, either at the same time, or at specific intervals between the thousand odd years that spans the Younger Dryas phenomenon revealed in Greenland ice cores. Great food for thought. Again, many thanks.
BTW Randall Carlson is a researcher who has travelled across the US, and holds similar theories (about that glacier and meteors hitting it, in that time period). He might be interested in the work you presented here. (@Geocosmic Rex on You Tube) You might consider contacting him, and comparing notes...just a thought...Great work!
I went with Randall Carson and Graham Hancock exploring the Carolina Bays. Here is a video: czcams.com/video/WLk5c5iaxrM/video.html
Excellent as always. keep up the slow but inexorable progress 8-)
Alexander the Great, at one point after sweeping up opposition methodically, as might a God, asked captured leaders,
"What is it that you fear most?" They answered, "That the sky might fall upon our heads."
By far the finest analysis of this event yet Antonio. Academia will fight you the bitter end to preserve their clattering heap of junk.
very, very good. keep on, dear Sir, keep on!
Aha, so they have proved there was no ice-sheet in Saginaw Bay 12,500 years ago, but maybe there was ice there in 12,501 years ago! and the impact removed it?
Excellent analysis!
Great food for thought - thank you. How about a video with your take on isostatic rebound?
Fantastic! I had no idea! Thanks!
Super great lecture.
Based on the lunar impact crater density, Earth must have had around 4 million such impacts. Yet only about 180 extra-terrestrial impact craters on Earth have passed the geological evidence threshold. That's a discrepancy of five orders of magnitude. To paraphrase William Shakespeare: "there's something rotten in the state of geology", erosion notwithstanding.
If there was no impact 12,800 years ago, it's awful coincidental that the various elliptical depressions up and down the East Coaxt are all orientated in s7ch a way that that trajectory intersects at Saginaw Bay. It would appear that there's a possible, perhaps probable, association between these elliptical depressions and Saginaw Bay. If we consider the orientation of the Nebraska Baxin, and the shape of the niagara escarpment, an association seems strengthened. An interesting presentation.
I love and appreciate your videos. I rewatch them several times to absorb all the info you share. I find geology in general and the Younger Dryas just fascinating! I have a question though. I don't know if you'll ever have time to answer or not. But I'll ask in case you're interested. Could you please look at the topography of Northern Alberta? Specifically, near a tiny town called Beaverlodge. There's a hill called Strawberry Mountain and it's the highest feature for miles around. The Philip Currie Dinosaur museum is in the area as well. I'll find the coordinates and come back and insert them to be more helpful. I just wanted to leave the comment now so you know I click on your videos as soon as I can. Thank you so much for sharing your knowledge with us. 💋💖
I took the Dino 101 course from Dr. Currie
@@Antonio_Zamora Wow, that's great. My spell check changed the name, It's SASKATOON mountain not Strawberry, lol. But it's 150 meters tall, near the town of Beaverlodge and the highest feature in the western Grande Prairie area. It's easy to picture an inland sea when standing on the top. It would've been the only island for quite a distance. Then perhaps a rest area for early people. I've read it was part of an ice free corridor at one time.
@@bludaizee24 If mountains could talk...
@@DabblersDen Yes! If only, lol. If you go onto the Saskatoon Mountain park site there's some photos taken from the top showing the amazing views. I've stood there and it's easy to imagine a different time & what the view might've been. There has to be an ancient shore line. THAT'S what I'd love to look for!
That was extremely interesting. I was always thinking two dimensionally of the same concept, that the ice would move instantly but radially pushing the earth and vegetation at the edge of the ice sheet outward, thus explaining the buried wood stories while digging wells south of there.
Awesome!! Learned a lot!
Fascinating, to say the least!
So interesting!!
Excellent, thank you!
The escarpment itself is created by unequal erosion of shale next to the tougher dolomitic limestone cap of the escarpment. The limestone deposits are probably the shore of a sea which has long since retreated and eroded away the interior.
Great video.
Brachiopods... 400 million years ago. (Devonian ~ I guess) Me on a bicycle at the bottom of a quarry (maybe I was 14 years old) , Sylvania Ohio, (East of Toledo). Maybe a mile from the Michigan border. The quarry was involved with cement production. A cascade of Brachiopods all along one side maybe 50 feet high. Just Brachiopods. All the same shape and size. Really bizarre. Lake Erie ... with much less water (than 50 years ago). Lake Michigan ... now less water in the south than the north. Maybe the limestone strata of the terrain in the Great Lakes region can "flex" in elevation in response to the weight of "snow," "water," and "ice." It may be that this characteristic has actually sustained "the Great Lakes" over time. Many geologists assert that Lake Superior is the only Great Lake with a truly "geologic" etiology. So Lake Superior feeds (much of) the water into the other four "Great Lakes." ??? The northern "break" in the Niagara Escarpment ~ Sault Sainte Marie ~ well there's "Niagara Falls" (another story). The Michigan Basin, Saginaw "Bay" Lake Huron (along with the Niagara Escarpment) are the true "features." "evidence," errr proof of that "event." It is the Niagara Escarpment that has sustained the "Great Lakes" for the last 12,900 years. ~~~ Seems clear to me. ~~~ ~~~ Course you've got to admit that all those "Bays" and "Basins" are pretty cool too. !!! ~~~. Just imagine.
Nice to see this type of thing at least making it to peer reveiw
The peer review was tough, but the elliptical geomorphology and the physical model were convincing enough.
Good Review! 👍
God damn, that is one hell of a shot gun impact.
Excellent.
Just looking at the whole thing from above I see a rather large circular image. It seems that something really big hit the planet so hard that the shockwave dented the surface and pushed it down the 300+ feet in that rock face. Impact center in the Saginaw Valley. Looking at the gmap satellite image, the valley can be clearly seen.
So, to me, it looks like the state of Michigan's Land mass and the great lakes were formed by a very large strike from out there in space. This thing had to be huge and travelling very, very fast.
nice work, thanks
Thank you.
There is another possibility: Two impacts.
- First one that created the Carolina Bays. Must have happened at a time when the ice shield existed on the impact site in the Great Lakes region way more than 12900 years ago. Impact evidence like a platinum rich layer still needs to be identified to date that impact.
- Second one that created the black matt and other impact evidence 12900 years ago but did not hit an ice shield and did not create the Caroline Bays. The impact site is not idenified yet. The possibility of a swarm of major airbursts and maybe minor impacts not leaving large craters should be considered as an alternative to a large impact.
Great video with fascinating information. I enjoyed your narration, thank you for the post.
It is possible that a single large extraterrestrial object broke apart prior to impact resulting in multiple impacts in the Great Lakes Region. Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 broke apart near Jupiter. Each smaller piece was still large enough and traveling fast enough to leave earth sized impacts on Jupiter that were visible for months.
The ballistic flight paths drawn from individual 'bay's back to origin don't all end in same exact spot. It is likely they trace back to 4 or 5 spots spread out over Great Lakes Region. The broken pieces could arrive at different times. You would have debris tossed over longer time period, minutes or hours apart.
You are correct, when those meteorites struck they gauged out huge chunks of ice that travelled south east and formed the Carolina Bays.
@@glenngodbert2244 Thanks for comment. There are people still stuck on thinking nothing on this scale could ever happen. I am glad I wasn't within 1500 miles downrange between Nebraska and Carolina's. It was a rally bad day and few survivors.
OMG... I lived up there , and the fossils..., "the impact fossils, are abundant and phenomenal". I have one in particular from Saginaw that is a thing of mineralized beauty. I had never seen a lidar image of that Saginaw bay crater. That was a hell-of-an impact. So these images strongly suggest that most of the Carolina Bays, "in the Carolinas", were from that Saginaw impact, and further more that the Glacial Ice was still very thick 12,900 BCE. On a whole different note, the largest density of Massasauga Rattlers are in the Midland area, near saginaw..., suggesting fiery Serpents brought Rattlesnakes to Earth. I call the Rifle River, " MISHO ". aka the Serpent. "WOW", Serpents came to earth on comets.
The impact was off the coast of Wisconsin, about 50 miles into lake michigan
THAT'S WHAT I'M TALKING ABOUT!!!
Both shape and orientation of surface features in Nebraska and also in Carolina, magnetic anomaly in Saginaw, trace heavy metals are not apt to be a total coincidence. Could the basin just be a weak spot in the underlying crust? Adding more "not coincidences" will finally find a coincidence, and detractors will jump on it. An impact capable of creating the basin through ice would create shocked quartz, I imagine.
i feel like i got my sanity back. from the day i saw the Carolina Bays convergence, i thought "man, imagine if the entire great lakes area is ground zero..." -people called me nuts, but now that idea looks perfectly reasonable.
Good luck, my study told me that your exactly right.
There are plenty of crevices and caves as well along the escarpment. Possibly similar to the cenotes in Yucatan?
Well darn, I was hoping I was the one who pointed it out in your younger dryas impact video from over a year ago. Oh well...
The escarpment also extends to the south side of the Great Lakes as well, it's just not as pronounced so doesn't get a lot of attention. Great presentation!
The more people that are aware of the impact origin of the Carolina Bays the better it is. Some of the details may appear insignificant but they can contribute substantially to an overall picture.
Do you have a reference to the southern side of the escarpment being present? Even just a topo map link showing it would suffice.
Ron Rothrock
I used to, but the old links are broken. University of Green Bay Wisconsin and Michigan State had some good papers available online, not sure if they’re still there.
I don’t think an actual escarpment exists on the south side, but a ring of Silurian (I think) limestone.exists. I’ll have a look and see what I can find.
The Niagara escarpment is a lot older than the last glacial epoch. I don't buy his hypothesis. It may have been an impact crater, but it would have to be waaaay older.
The age of the niagara Falls can be determined quite accurately by the calculation of how much the falls has receded from the Lewiston, NY original falls location. it can't be much different from the 10-11,000 year age.
Antonio, I suspect the convergence location, for most of the major comet fragments, will wind up being further west and probably a bit further north than Saginaw Bay. Additionally, I suspect the comet, like Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, was broken up before entering the atmosphere and that resulted in numerous fragments of various sizes raining down. When you look at the Carolina Bays you find the there is a variation in alignment of the major axis by over 10 degrees and I don't see a mechanism that could explain that variation from a single impact fragment.
In summary, I suspect the comet was fragmented and that several of the larger fragments propelled ice outwards which resulted in bays with variation in alignment of more than 10 degrees within a given area. The variation in alignment I'm talking about is within a relatively small area of, say, 20km. Of course, if the location is significantly further away the alignment would change, but I'm talking about the variation within a small area.
Fortunately, you have the opportunity to conduct your own triangulation study. Cintos.org has a database of 54,000 Carolina Bays and Nebraska Rainwater Basins.
Intelligent comment.
The basins are in Texas too
I live in Grey County and look at the escarpment every day. All theories of its creation have left me doubting. Thanks for your fine work. The Beaver Valley, the Bighead Valley and Owen Sound all open to the northeast. Any suggestions as to their creation? Google earth really highlights this.
One has to keep the YDIH in perspective, novel explanations are always met with skepticism and the messenger is often attacked. Being right can be a very lonely and alienating path in life. Certainly neither Darwin nor Galileo nor Copernicus were universally hailed as scientific prophets in their own time, but were rather subjected to extreme opprobrium and official persecution. Being right is often a curse if you have the need to proselytize to the non-believers.
The site of the impact is not as important as the physical evidence. Short of the Yellowstone volcano erupting, I can think of few other events which would have caused sudden climatic change with accompanying mass extinctions in North and South America and if in fact there were no impact - then where is the evidence of eruptions. Habitat loss, invasive species cause far more extinctions than human over hunting. Thus it is not so easy to create a genetic bottleneck in any species. Nor is it easy with small isolated hunter-gather human populations to destroy an entire prey-predator food chain or take out apex predators and large prey herds on a continental level. There would have needed to be a sudden and far reaching habitat loss which would have affected distributions of species on a continental and hemispheric scale and Antarctic and Greenland ice cores appear to show rapid shifts in climate (periodic Dansgaard-Oeschger and Bond events). While severe droughts lasting years or decades could destroy isolated pockets of relatively "advanced" but at risk neolithic human civilization, such events generally would not induce continental level extinctions. Arid climate conditions alone might change forest into tundra and grasslands into desert but such conditions would not necessarily lead to the sudden extinction of migratory or mobile populations of mega fauna absent other significant factors.
This is abundantly evident from recent history as despite our best efforts in America, we still have alligators, wolves, grizzly bears, mountain lions and bison - although in greatly reduced numbers so we need to understand that alternative long-standing theories that small bands of stone age nomads simply showed up and then proceeded to wipe out animal populations numbering in the millions as an example of myopic and delusional thinking predicated on iconoclastic applications of today's human population realities to a poorly understood distant past when humans were not the dominant omnipresent species in this hemisphere.
Therefore, for those who deny that genesis of habitat loss was extraterrestrial, I need to see a evidence of tens of thousands of flint arrowheads used to kill off the herds of North American mega fauna, or a viable explanation for the sudden habitat loss due to a terrestrial event such as increased volcanism. There are other possible explanations for sudden habitat destruction but where is the evidence for sudden disruption of the thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic coupled with a sudden but permanent shift in the jet stream which altered precipitation patterns and caused the rapid onset of chronic drought conditions on a continental and hemispheric level. Nonsense theories about pole migration notwithstanding - uneven glaciation in Siberia and western Alaska are evidence only of arid conditions unfavorable for snowfall and precipitation and not a shifting of the planetary axis or magnetic poles due to a near collision with planet X.
There are many possible explanations, and megafauna populations were already stressed during the prior 2000 years of the BøllingAllerød oscillations immediately preceding the rapid onset of cooling in the Younger Dryas. At risk mega fauna populations and may therefore already have been extremely stressed and isolated into genetic bottlenecks as of the onset of rapid cooling in the Younger Dryas. Futher, during this period wind speeds were much faster than today and arid and semi arid conditions prevailed such that wild fires could have devastated habitat. Any prolonged centuries long drought could have led to massive fires and in fact the ice core samples from Greenland and Baffin Island indicate that there were indeed many times more dust in the atmosphere then than today.
So while an abrupt change in precipitation patterns could have contributed to rapid habitat loss as polar ice sheets definitely interact with and impact jet stream paths which direct moisture over land masses. Yet such changes would typically be expected to have regional expressions and would not necessarily be expected to impact an entire continent or hemisphere. Therefore, logically something more than climate change and the impact of small numbers of human nomadic hunter gatherers caused the rapid onset of habitat loss leading to genetic bottlenecks and ultimately an extinction event. Ultimately, this recent extinction event is likely a cautionary tale about just how quickly abrupt shifts in climate can catastrophically disrupt ecosystems on a continental level. The question of course, is whether such catastrophic climate change was induced by terrestrial or non-terrestrial causes or a combination of both.
Further, the exact southern boundaries of the dynamic Laurentian Ice Sheet are not necessarily known for any given period so those who claim that Michigan was not glaciated in the Younger Dryas are not necessarily correct. Glacial deposits and other indicia of glaciation traditionally used to demarcate the four major glaciations separated by warm interglacial periods: the Nebraskan, the Kansan, the Illinoian and the Wisconsinan (each named after the US state where the southernmost terminus of each respective ice sheet was purported to have reached) are not necessarily known with chronological certainty and therefore assumptions about the timing and extent of glaciation are not necessarily accurate, true and correct.
In the end, the question that needs to be asked is which theory or theories most completely explain(s) the Younger Dryas megafauna extinction. Juries are instructed to draw inferences from circumstantial evidence and prisons are full of people convicted on the basis of much less evidence than the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis. Given that we have evidence of an extinction event 65 millions years ago that is correlated with an impact by either an asteroid about 50.3 miles accross or a much higher velocity comet about 6 miles across, this is not Earth's first rodeo in regard to the association of evolution and mass extinctions due to extraterrestrial impacts. Sure there are other explanations for extinction events - but it is foolish to think a few thousand humans with flint arrowheads and no medical supplies wiped out every camel, mastodon, sloth, lion and cave bear across the North American continent.
We underestimate the risk posed by smaller but higher velocity comet fragments at our own peril and compared to NEOs we know relatively little about the orbits of many long period comets and would possibly have very little advance warning of an approach coming from the direction of the sun.
The implications of the YDIH are significant for understanding the need for planetary defense and in regard to the rapidity of climate change once certain toggle points are exceeded and the fluid dynamics of Earth's jet stream driven weather patterns and energy transferring ocean currents are significantly altered in as little as a few years or decades. Most of our climate change models are a mish mash of consensus models (compromises and averages and means) and so such models are very likely significantly off track and overly optimistic in regard to predicting the rapidity in which extreme climate oscillations can occur. The YDIH is therefore relevant to how we should address a multitude of national security issues and optimally allocate limited resources accordingly.
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Most interesting essay. I have always been interested in instant geology. That interest got me thrown out of a geology minor some 50 years ago.
@@gregwarner3753 Even though it is recognized that the planets formed by accretion, geology has resisted the interpretation of some terrestrial features as having been created by impacts. It was only in the 1960s that Eugene Shoemaker was able to provide convincing evidence that Meteor Crater in Arizona was an impact structure. Today, only primary evidence like shatter cones and Planar Deformation Features in quartz are considered proof of an impact. This is in contrast to the deductive methods that are used to determine the extent of glacier coverage.
Remarkable! I was aware of this theory in main part by one of your earlier videos. I also read a variety of other material on the subject. The stratigraphy imagery was VERY tantalizing and the tell- tale curve of the Niagara escarpment is quite remarkable- even mind boggling. However! The escarpment itself is stepped down away from the impact- that is to say down to the north. As a stone mason in NY State I am quite familiar with the Niagara and Onondaga and other escarpments. The superficial thinking would be to assume that the escarpment would have cliff faces toward the impact site in a shallow crater like effect. To have the cliff faces away seems counter intuitive. I understand that they result from sloping angles of sedimentary limestone that were torn away much earlier by southward glacial scraping and resulting in about what you would expect- jagged cliffs facing the direction the glaciers came from. The massive pushing of the this vast escarpment by an asteroid into a ring shape toward the north would either A: Remove the north facing cliffs by shoving them north into other strata thereby pushing up that other strata in their path into a crumpled zone -maybe a bit like Pennsylvania coal country but into an arc- Or -B: It would stretch and ripple the strata - a bit like Jell-O on a massive scale and produce perhaps cracks radiating out from the center toward distorted stretched rim features to somehow retain the escarpment features' classic north-to-south glaciated cliffs- but now somehow spread way out in an arc hundreds of miles further north.... In short I can't imagine how this stretching would produce the arc with intact north facing cliffs. On the other hand, the arc would have to be anciently created in this way by some other means if the asteroid did NOT make it. But at least it's north facing cliffs would make sense. Rather than try to dispute you, I plead ignorance and am interested to learn if you have any ideas on it. Paul
The idea that the Niagara escarpment is related to an extraterrestrial impact is very controversial. I was just describing someone else's theory, and I got a lot of negative comments about it from geologists.
@@Antonio_Zamora I see, Also not sure if you saw the recent evidence of the Mid - Michigan gravity anomaly. If so I missed that video.
Then perhaps a large icy comet... brings its own ice ejecta material.
Antonio, Have you studied Hydroplate Theory?
It fully describes the source of the meteorite, why there was ice, when it was, and the layering of the sediment.
I think it will answer almost all of the questions around this event.
Excelent!
It might be a stupid question, but after reading your book and following your work and hypothesis about the bays, I would really like to have a poster on my wall with the color image of LiDAR as you use in presentations.
Do you have any idea where to buy?
I warned you..it's kind of stupid to ask..
Wonderful Christmas days to you, :-)
Those large posters of the Carolina Bays were printed by Michael Davias. You can contact him through cintos.org. His phone and email are on the web page. I had a few extras but I have given them away to libraries and some geologists.
@@Antonio_Zamora thanks a lot, I might join the search for Bay's too as it is a lot work and time for him.., and feels urgent to do.
Of course if was a comet impact. Platinum scattered all over is evidence enough. Keep up the great work!
@@theelectricorigins846 Sure. I meant to say platinum in the Younger Dryas bio ash layers all over the world.
And another nail is driven in! Thank you Sir!. This is irrefutable proof, time needs to be fixed but it IS there to show a strike. I love the penetration blast effect. It really does allow for an impact thru the dense ice. And everyone leaves out the most important feature after the strike, All that melted water running back and forth and then past the crater to remove most of it to the bedrock, all the while dropping their loads of encrusted rocks. Think of ice cycle bombers and many enfolded boulders and gravels. What a perfect mechanism to hide an event like a asteroid or comet impact. Really need to drive that hole digging in sc and get some samples. Lay this puppy down!!!
Although I do not negate a possible impact, but if it was at that scale to have deformed layers that deep, there must be more than choked quartz. Rocks must be fractured and brecciated considerably at that scale. Those fractures must still be fresh, after +/- 12.000 years, they did not have enough time to heal or seal. Consider an impact on an icesheet that is situated by chance on the remains of a much older impact site and dig further down. Cheers.
Maybe it wasn't an impact. 12.000 years? Where do you take that figure from? And if it's incorrect?
@@mythicscholar8055 12.000 years at 3:40. Then go back to figure Michigan bassin at 1:50, looks like huge filled in crater. Formed on precambrian rocks, 13000 feet deep, looong ago. Central layers in that crater are thicker in the middle, than on the sides, making it look like that depression has been slowly filled up, after first very big impact. If an impact at that scale occured at around only 12.000 years ago, causing such a huge structure, the nothern US would still be recovering today, no joke. But a much smaler impact on that older structure some 12000 years ago may have anyway caused Neb bassins and Car bays. Google for a timeline of Nördlinger Ries in Germany. I read many years ago a research about how long it took for live to come back. That wasnt a big boulder either. Impact on icesheet is very likly for me too, but without that huge deformation. Basic pregraduate geology courses,. Got my grad in geo-chem 20 y ago. Cheers
@@herbertboelk7545 I know what the video says. Again where does the number come from?
@@mythicscholar8055 what number are you questioning? Are you offended I wrote 12000 instead of 12900? Is it that?
@@herbertboelk7545 I'm not offended. Just that figures like the roughly 12.000 or 10.000 for Dryas are just a religion. Do you know where are they taken from?
Two side notes:
1. The building of the Erie Canal. The engineering of the canal locks at the Niagara Escarpment.
2. PreColumbian copper mines in the general vacinity with nearly pure copper.
If the diagram at about the 2 minute mark is accurate it is not a recent impact artifact. Look at that diagram. The layers are all thicker in the area. That means there was a depression in the cambrian era that was filled in by sediment in that era. Each successive layer is thicker in the area indicating it was filled with sediment from the corresponding era going forward in time. That points to a depression that is getting filled and subsiding in an ongoing process across the entire time frame rather than a compression event near the end of the time frame. A compression event at the end of the time frame would show equal width layers bent by the impact force with only the top fill layer being thicker. Perhaps it's a much older impact?
Important to determine the extent of the ice 12900 years ago.
Is there an easy way to recognize shocked quartz by a layman with a naked eye? And is it something that would have been ejected to surrounding great lake areas?
The detection of shocked quartz usually requires a microscope with 1000x magnification power and polarized light illumination. Sometimes the quartz grains are polished to bring out the details of the Planar Deformation Features (PDFs). The Wikipedia page has some nice images. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shocked_quartz
The quartz grains are small enough that they can be displaced and carried by water currents. The crater in Greenland under the Hiawatha glacier was confirmed like this. "Glaciofluvial sediment from the largest river draining the crater contains shocked quartz and other impact-related grains."
advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaar8173
*Let the Sunshine In...*
thanks
Interestingly, I was reading into the stone structures they found under Lakes Michigan and Huron just yesterday! Possibly a carving of a Mastodon on one of them, and we all know pretty much exactly when they went extinct... 😉 They have not released the actual locations as they are considered sacred. This is sensible, but a shame - these would have been above ground pre Younger Dryas and could give an indication of what occurred locally perhaps?
Possibly. It's also just as possible those paintings were created by surviving Clovis making a pilgrimage to find out what the heck happened.
Do you have a link?
@@OpusBuddly as it happens, I do!
This is the website of the archeologist who discovered the Lake Michigan site, in the menu there's a 20 minute video which is excellent. You'll be able to find other things online, and Graham Hancock also mentioned them in his latest book (which is excellent). Enjoy.
holleyarchaeology.com/wordpress/index.php/the-truth-about-the-stonehenge-in-lake-michigan/
@@juniorballs6025 thanks, extremely interesting
Is it farfetched that the impact over ice hypothesis would also explain the formation of chert from limestone and the strange ooid formation from rapid geothermal activity along the escarpment?
I have another video that relates the ET impact with the draining of Lake Agassiz through the St. Lawrence River. czcams.com/video/cawrBvT1MHM/video.html
@@Antonio_Zamora Thank you. I don't doubt your experimental findings or the logic of the Bays' origin by ballistic trajectory from the Great Lakes. I recently came upon the unexplained anomalies of how the expansive chert formation from the Silurian limestones of the escarpment and the prevalence of thick iron ooid bands(Neda mine) came to be. I thought towards the ice-blunted energy and pressure inputs' potential to create that kind of semi-metamorphic rock. As a new sort of impact proxy?
I have heard theories about the Siberian Traps being caused by an impact that formed the Wilkes Land crater in Antarctica, and also the Deccan Traps being caused by the Chicxulub impact event. In both of these cases, the impact crater were also roughly antipodal to the respective traps, and also the traps were thought to be more immediately caused by magma plumes. I have wondered if the impact of the extraterrestrial object could direct forces through the whole planet similar to the way the impact forces caused the stratifications on the surface in Michigan like you described in this video. This brings me to my point. Could there be any evidence antipodal to Saginaw Bay as a result of the impact?
Antipodal effects of large impacts are conjectured but not proven. The Younger Dryas impact was probably too small.
You may be right about the ice not being melted by 12,900 years. There may have been ice in the ground as well that was fractured and ejected from the impact.
The image, at the 3:20 mark of this video, is a serious eye opener!
Would you say that the asteroid, was traveling from the southwest to the north east?
Great research Mr. Zamora!👍👍
Most likely opposite.
@@fredriks5090 I'll wait for the experts response. TY anyway.
@@fredriks5090 The Carolina Bays would indicate this.
The impactor here is believed to have been a fragment from the break up of a larger comet / asteroid remnants of which we see today as the Taurids Meteor Shower. Its best known sibling fragment is comet Enke, though there are other large fragments too. The Taurids emanate from the constellation Taurus, which is generally East. Thus the Saginaw impactor likely came from the East. But it should also be noted that 'glancing' meteor impacts are also exceptionally rare - something like 15% of all impacts. The Saginaw meteor would likely have hit the ice sheet at a steep angle - not glancing. Which is to say the 'splash' from the impact really can't tell you from which direction the meteor approached.
Is this why most rivers in Northern Wisconsin flow from South to North?
Could you explain what is surrounding this point? 46°39'27"N 85°47'28"W I noticed it while flying around in google earth.
It looks like a semicircular depression, but it is not possible to really know how it formed just from Google Earth.
In Lake Huron under water is the escarpment called the Alpena-Amberley Ridge?
The Alpena-Amberley Ridge is a feature of Lake Huron. It was above water 9000 years ago. There is evidence that Native Americans set hunting traps there. www.pnas.org/content/111/19/6911
It must have been super cold there still at that time to support caribou.
Enough force to eject large enough blocks of ice would most likely have liquefied them into water. Also, the layers of rock would not be so consistent, but would be disturbed greatly.
High-speed impact experiments on an ice sheet by professor Schultz show pieces of ice being ejected. Ice is a poor conductor of heat and the impact energy moves the pieces of ice instead of melting them. See the video of the experiment. czcams.com/video/1IrxFAFL-oc/video.html
@@Antonio_Zamora It's not about the heat, but the pressure. Just look at a water phase diagram to see what those kinds of pressures do to water.
The experiment you linked was just a one-inch thick piece of ice. the physics is much more energetic, when you talk about two miles of ice.
The water phase diagram shows that up to 100 megapascals the freezing temperature remains at 0 degrees Celsius. From 100 megapascals to one gigapascal the freezing point is about -20 Celsius. At higher pressure water is solid ice. So, assuming that the glacier ice temperature is 0° there will only be a brief interval as the pressure builds up when the ice can melt. However, if the glacier ice has a temperature of -20 or below, increasing the pressure will not create any water.
Antonio Zamora... As shown by the massive chunk of ice landing at Kantubek, Uzbekistan, pushed out by Hudson Bay impact #1. The large iron meteor “skipped” & landed at Meyghan, Iran, to be partially filled & distorted by the Taklamakan impact 1,300 yrs. later.
The Hudson Bay event (6 impacts), Taklamakan event (it airburst & split in half, & the northern half airburst again) is only two of the four iron meteors of the Younger-Dryas.
Hint... all four “skipped.”