MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE I L-2 I CENTRAL DOGMA I BIOLOGY I CLASS 12 I NEET/CBSE/State Board

The molecular basis of inheritance is a fundamental concept in biology that explains how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next through the structure and function of DNA and RNA. This topic is typically covered in Class 12 biology curriculum and includes several key subtopics. Here is an overview of the main concepts:
1. DNA as the Genetic Material
Griffith’s Experiment (1928): Demonstrated the phenomenon of transformation in bacteria.
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Experiment (1944): Identified DNA as the transforming principle.
Hershey-Chase Experiment (1952): Confirmed that DNA is the genetic material using bacteriophages.
2. Structure of DNA
Double Helix Model: Proposed by Watson and Crick (1953). DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands forming a double helix.
Components of DNA: Nucleotides consisting of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine).
Base Pairing: Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T) and Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C-G) through hydrogen bonds.
3. DNA Replication
Semi-conservative Replication: Each strand of the original double helix serves as a template for a new strand.
Key Enzymes: DNA polymerase, helicase, primase, ligase.
Replication Fork: The area where the DNA strands separate and replication occurs.
4. RNA and Transcription
Types of RNA: mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
Transcription: The process by which mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template.
Steps of Transcription: Initiation, elongation, and termination.
5. Genetic Code and Translation
Genetic Code: A set of rules defining how the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Codons: Triplets of nucleotides in mRNA that specify particular amino acids.
Translation: The process of protein synthesis where ribosomes read mRNA sequences to assemble amino acids into polypeptides.
6. Regulation of Gene Expression
Prokaryotic Regulation: Operon model (e.g., Lac operon) illustrates how genes are regulated in bacteria.
Eukaryotic Regulation: Involves more complex mechanisms including chromatin remodeling, transcription factors, and RNA interference.
7. Mutations and Genetic Disorders
Types of Mutations: Point mutations, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations.
Causes of Mutations: Spontaneous errors during DNA replication, exposure to mutagens (e.g., chemicals, radiation).
Genetic Disorders: Diseases caused by genetic mutations (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia).
8. DNA Fingerprinting and Genomics
DNA Fingerprinting: Technique used for identification based on unique patterns in an individual's DNA.
Human Genome Project: An international research effort to map all the genes in the human genome.
Diagrams and Figures
Structure of DNA: Diagrams showing the double helix and base pairing.
Replication Fork: Illustrations of the process of DNA replication.
Transcription and Translation: Diagrams explaining the processes and components involved.
Understanding these concepts is crucial for grasping how genetic information is stored, transmitted, and expressed within living organisms. This knowledge forms the basis for fields such as genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology.
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