The Physics of Music: Crash Course Physics #19
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- čas přidán 28. 08. 2024
- Music plays a big part in many of our lives. Whether you just like to listen or you enjoy playing an instrument, music is powerful. So what is music? How does it work? What are the physics of music? In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about how music functions in terms of waves and how these waves interact with our ears.
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Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: / pbsdigitalstudios
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We made quiz questions to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: bit.ly/3TW06aP
PLEASE DO CRASH COURSE MUSIC THEORY
I would also love to see a CC Music Theory, or a CC Music History
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PLEASE make Crash Course Music Theory a thing!!!!!!!!!!!!
As a musician and science nerd this nearly brought me to tears. I loved this well done crash course. DFTBA.
No drums? OK sure I guess I'll go sit in a corner. oh wait! I already do.
Here you go: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drum_vibration_animations Might be useful in QM as well.
+neverAskMeWhy07 +
A lovely day for science.
I agree.
- Nick J.
Okay, how about some diagrams for us lonely free reed instrumenters? We never get any theory love!
Nobody said there would be math... ;)
maverickbna Its not typical maths, its just a sum like in science or geography S=D/T (Speed=Distance/Time
Thats not really maths just music using arithmatic symbols. If was Maths then it would have the four operations; multiplication, addition, subtraction and division
Thanika Kaur-Scille It was a joke, apparently it didn't get through. Thanks for the explanation though :)
Please make more music-related videos!
Yes! Please do!
We need more music vids!
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please do this!
I want to see a Crash Course for Music Theory. It would explain more about the musical notation of the harmonic series. For example the first harmonic has 1 wave, the second has two. Doubling the frequency adds one octave (same note, but higher pitch). The third harmonic is the 5th of the relative scale. (If 1st and 2nd harmonic is C, the 3rd is G) and the forth harmonic is four waves, which is double the frequency of the second harmonic and thus two octaves above the first harmonic.
The fifth harmonic is interesting. It is a slightly flat third. This is why wind bands have the advantage over guitars and pianos. Wind bands can adjust the the thirds of chords to perfectly fit into the harmonic series to produce are more powerful chord.
Love this. Very useful for my Physics of Music university course.
Don't suppose you folks could do a series on music history, could you?
I think this episode is really cool, and I learned a lot, but this just scratches the surface of the science of music.
will we get a series talking all about music?
Crash course, music theory?
This is the video I've been searching for years to help explain music to my mates.
Thank you crashcourse and please do more music related videos.
i aM SO HAPPY THIS IS OUT NOW BECAUSE I HAVE A PHYSICS OF MUSIC REPORT TO WRITE THANK YOU
are you going to create a crash course for music?
I highly recommend pairing this video with "Why It's Impossible to Tune a Piano" by Minute Physics for those who are interested/studying music theory/mathematics. He expands on these concepts with more complex real-world mediums - very good stuff to know.
As a musician I feel compelled to mention this:
A bigger reason why instruments sound different is because of how the sound is created, and what goes on inside the instrument.
Seen CrashCourses before, but this one made me go straight to Patreon and support.
Great work!
I usually set videos like this to 1.5x, but did not with this. Thanks for not dumbing down too far.
The Bassoon and Flute sounded different at the end because they weren't playing the same C. The Bassoon played the C an octave below the Flute's C. Should have had them both play the same frequency for a better example.
I'm impressed. Feynman's Lectures on Physics beside you. Great video.
I guess we percussionists just don't get to learn about our instruments.
Just pretend they're big woodwinds.
+Ian Conn It's more like they're a really wide string.
Not really, though.
A string vibrates transversely but the column of air in a drum is longitudinal.
Piano is a percussion instrument, so all is not lost.
+Ian Conn actually the air vibrates in the same way. you could call the skin of a drum a string, i think.
ermahgerd i clicked so fast, math and music are my everything
Oh the stereotype. Gurl, you are not helping.
+Catsexual I'm not helping the stereotype either by being here
Neither am I.
Oh man if you still can't spell stereotype after it's been repeated twice you're so boned XD you need a beer man
maths is love, maths is life
This combination of subjects is exactly why I am interested in majoring in acoustics. Love it!
OMG, I just discovered this channel thanks to Extra Credits, the content is amazing. Thank you
Small error at 8:41 (the 2nd example is the 3rd harmonic); thanks for all your hard work! Well done.
The talk about closed- and open-ended pipes reminds me of an experience I had with a very long open-ended pipe (maybe 400 meters long?) that would "replay" anything shouted into one end a few seconds later. I mentioned it to my college acoustical physics teacher and he was unable to provide an explanation.
Crash Course music theory!
Please make more music content
How about crash course music theory/history? I watched Lypur do some of it a couple of years ago, he was a lifesaver.
Marching band is physics, geometry, and instrumental art, but you only get one credit for it. Way to jip us high school credit system.
At my school, we get a physical education credit if you join marching band.
+Nguyễn Đinh Quân lucky! I wish
+Nguyễn Đinh Quân I wish that would happen in my school.
+Nguyễn Đinh Quân damn, I wish
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Love this channel! Just a suggestion- there are clearly a ton of audio edits in this, which is fine, but they are crammed so close together it sounds unnatural. The narrator in this one is literally talking over herself in almost every sentence. Putting a half second pause between them would make it sound so much more seamless. However, terrific channel and very worth subscribing to!
You make physics seem so easy.
Please make crash course music stuff!
I cant express how much I love these intros ^^ I always pause to read them hehe
Make a Crash Course Music Theory series!
The flute playing the crash course theme😍😍😍
Great episode! My favorite instrument is the computer :D
Please do Crash Course Music/Music Theory
Just a pedantic comment for Thought Cafe:
The graphic at 0:25 shows a saxophone on the right as she says "brass instruments". While the body of saxophones are made of brass, they are wind instruments. The brass instruments are trumpets, trombones, etc.
u explained it perfectly thanks a lot seriously!!
This is my first CC Physics. While I enjoyed the material, I will say I like it better when Hank hosts CC
I have a question!
I play the clarinet and the saxophone. On both instruments we do an exercise where we alter our embouchure to achieve different harmonics of a particular fundamental note without using the register/octave key. On clarinet, what the video says about closed pipe instruments only being able to achieve odd harmonics holds true. On the Saxophone, however, you can achieve every harmonic.
To me, they both seem like they would be pipes closed at one end. Why does the saxophone act differently than the clarinet? Does it have to do with the saxophone being conical an the clarinet isn't?
This episode left me wanting a Crash Course Concerto.
omg i just noticed in the opening at 0:45 they have a trigger warning for trigonometry. lol
Dear anyone,
For singing: How exactly is the frequency happening? Is there a tightening or loosening of the vocal chords themselves to change the amplitudes of soundwaves? Is it only the exhale that's causing the vocal chords to move?
Please and thank you,
A curious scientist-singer
Light & sound separations:
White light can be separated into different color lights by prism (science). Can a song be separated (mp3, AIFF, Wave) into each different instrument track and vocal track by the computer software (art)?
Do you shorten the gap between the ends of sentences ? Sometimes the audio feels like it's chopped together very close with no breathing space between the end and start of a sentence. Great content BTW love the channel.
Can you do the physics of singing? That would be awesome
Bravo to all the music instruments makers! They are our unsung heroes today!!
Include citation in your description please! I use y'all for class all the time.
I love the physics of sound!!!
You know what else is music to my ears? Shini's voice :D
Please Do Crash Course Music History!!!
The saxophone isn't a brass instrument...
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Yeah... As a trumpet player, I am deeply offended.
I was about to say that I am a trumpet player I am offended as well
is mayonnaise an instrument?
No, but horseradish is.
+Fematika
I tried to play horseradish but I couldn't cut the mustard.
Nice
no, patrick...
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Thank you so much for this great video! I am a violin teacher and this is a wonderful explanation for some of my students about how sound works on a deeper level.
Crash course on music theory please :)
God, I wish this series existed when I was in high-school.
More music physics please!! 😍
8:36 Shouldn't the one in the middle be the "3rd harmonic"? So, 3 times the fundamental frequency (0.25) is 0.75.
Hier00 shut up
@@pablogarcia-villosladamend366 What a moron you are...
The beginning sounds like "morning" by Grieg
+Han Boetes Yes, it's not exactly it but it does sound like it. That was my first thought anyway.
True lol i didn't think it was the crash course theme at first
what harmonics play also determine the shape of the standing wave. if it is only the fundamental, it's a sine-wave, if it has every harmonic up to a point, it's a triangle wave. If it has every harmonic possible, it's a saw wave, and if it has alternating harmonics, it's a square wave.
There's also more than just the attributes of the standing wave that play into it, The other half, is the way that energy is added to the wave, For instance the difference between a plucked string instrument, and a bowed string instrument. a Plucked string instrument when played softly is a sine wave, when plucked with a pick becomes a triangle wave, and when plucked very hard becomes a saturated sine wave (gaining alternating harmonics and becoming square-like, but not getting all the harmonics), and then loses harmonics over time. This is because energy is only added in one moment.
A bowed instrument on the other hand, Dramatically shapes the wave into a Saw-wave, containing all the harmonics. It does so by the bow gripping the string at one point, pulling it all the way to a peak, and then letting go, only to instantly pull it back into a peak again faster than it's normal oscillation allows. This means the peaks are equidistant from eachother, and the troughs are equidistant from eachother, BUT the peaks distance from the trough is skewed, where one trough is closer to a particular peak than another. Brass instruments also work this way, the inside of the mouth builds pressure, then releases it in a burst only to abruptly stop and build more pressure, but the pressure is only added at the peak and not the trough of the wave.
Then there's woodwinds, which are based on square waves. One end being closed does play into that square shape, of alternating harmonics, BUT the way in which energy is added to the wave is ALSO square in nature. In woodwind instruments there is a wooden plate, called a reed, which the air must flow over. air blows into the instrument and pushes the reed into one of two possible positions, it allows a small amount of air through and then the reed seals off the air from that direction, and now air must go the other way, which then flips the reed into the other position, and it alternates between two fixed positions. This is a square wave. adding energy to the wave ONLY at the maximum points of the peak and trough of the wave. This is also how kazoos work.
These principals for harmonic content where deliberately chosen to create different characteristics for instruments, and now in modern day, (especially in the 70's and 80's when it was new) electronic instruments attempting to emulate the sounds of real instruments, used basic waveforms, Sine, Triangle, Saw, Square, and Pulse, though at this point it's less about physics and more about maths.
And how does it work for brass instruments? You can play different notes without changing the size of the tubes at all. The brass players call the different notes you can play without pressing keys "harmonics". By what i understand, you can, by changing the embochure, "remove" the lower harmonics, but i am not sure that's how it goes.
Where can we ask doubts ? An email or something ?
Music is a God given gift.
' hey that's a familiar tune' is that epona's song from zelda?
*theme song starts playing* ow... close enough
You should do a crash course on music in general, history and theory
I love these videos although I only understand like 10% of what is being taught. And that's usually the first 20 secs lol
I wish she said the difference in sounds between instruments is called Timbre
Crash Course DEFINITELY needs a music series! That would be awesome!
at first I thought the "familiar tune" the instruments were playing was "morning mood". I didn't realize until seven minutes in that it was the crash course theme song. Is there a full-length acoustic version of the theme song anywhere on the internet for us to listen to? It was very beautiful~
Inharmonicity. This concept will blow your mind.
Question: will you teach subatomic particles?
I'll never look at my piano the same way again lol
U guys ARE awesome!!! thnx SO much!
Cool. What about tension and standing wave relation in a string?
This episode talks about the physics of string, brass & wind instruments only. What about percussion instruments like the xylophone, marimba, celesta or glockenspiel?
A show on classical music?
The keys on a marimba/xylophone/vibraphone/etc. act as a pipe open on both ends with nodes where the strings are.
I have a question regarding the closed pipes. In your diagram, it shows 2nd harmonic. I thought that closed pipes only go in odd numbers so wouldn't it be 1st, 3rd, and 5th harmonic?
i like this its very helpful in my acoustic science
The relationship between note frequencies in the 12-seminote scale is magical. When pulsing a string every note is present in the vibration (in different octaves but still present). The second harmonic is nothing but the original note one octave ("scale") higher (since its twice the frequency). Third harmonic is the 5th of the original note one octave higher (e.g. if original note was C, the third harmonic is going to be a G). Fourth harmonic is again the original note but this time 2 octaves higher. Fifth harmonic brins a new note, the 3rd of the original (e.g. form C to E). Sixth harmonic is again the 5th of the original but two octaves higher than the original note. Seventh harmonic brings a new note again, this time the minor 3rd of the original. Eighth harmonic? Yes, again the same note than the original but this time 3 octaves higher. See the pattern? Prime number harmonics (except for the second harmonic) brings new notes to the string, while non-prime harmonics "reinforce" previous harmonics already present. After 12 prime harmonics every one of the 12 seminotes will be present in the vibration! But you´ll have to go up to the 41th harmonic for that ;(
The ninth harmonic is a new note also, and nine is not a prime number.
As I watch this the information increases as does her rapid speech, this material should be presented again with someone else , this instructor reminds me of an auctioneer, now in this career she would be excellent
I'm working on thesis work that involves clamped/free vibration. It's rare to see this kind of stuff talked about so thats pretty cool :)
Hey guys idk if there's a problem with me but there was once a singers song gave me something like 'awakening' it didn't mean I had delusions but all my senses were sharpened and I felt so at peace. This effect lasted for several weeks. What wave does it sound like? I've always loved classical music and always was triggered and inspired by it but never felt like I did with that singers song
0:27 Saxophones are actually woodwinds, not brass instruments. They have reeds in the mouthpieces.
8:36 i think you mean 3rd harmonic
This video answered a question I've had for a while: why do musical frequencies sound similar but visual frequencies don't look similar? That's because musical frequencies aren't just normal waves, they're standing waves. I bet normal sound frequencies wouldn't sound similar either. But standing waves are different. And our ears/brains are capable of distinguishing these waves, and recognizing their overtones. Thanks so much
This answered so many questions I've had and gave me the direction I need to go ~ Thank you so very much.
THANK YOU SO MUCH for making all of these physics videos!!! I always look forward to watching them whenever we start a new unit! :)
A piano string struck with a hammer doesn't actually result in a true standing wave. It's similar to a standing wave, but a true standing wave needs to be actively driven, like with a bow on a string or air moving across a reed to make it vibrate. The frequencies in the sound waves produced by a piano differ from a true standing wave based on the shape of the string, and musicians call the deviations from the true standing wave frequencies inharmonic deviations. Not to be confused with the term "enharmonic" which is totally different. Some other instruments have such large inharmonic deviations that a sense of pitch is impossible to detect; a crash cymbal, for example.
I just watched this for 8th-grade science class
this is better than doing things like quizziz
Pinch Harmonics work on an electric guitar because you create the end nodes with your pick muting and the fret finger. which is why some you will have to move your hand up or down the strike zone!
They need to bring in special guest host Zakkk Wylde to explain pinch harmonics
You should have highlighted the clarinet! It's the most interesting one! I can't recall it all but basically the shape of it means it only represents like 1/3 of the wavelength as opposed to 1/2 like on string etc.
Now that these harmonics are defined, how do they then effect matter while in motion? (cymatics) Given the atomic weight of molecular structure and the influence of gravity, please explain how a sound wave influences the direction and coupling of molecules into a geometric pattern.
you guys are the best of the best
2:20 No you cant. You are thinking of those videos where you can see the string move like that, but that is just due to th shutter effect. If you film a string in slow motion, it just moves back and forth. The ossolating motion is created inthe air by the string
And this is why I play the drums!
Physics and music, my 2 favorite things!
Who else try to understand but at the end of the video remembers nothing? Is that only me??
If you're trying to actually learn from cc, you will probably need to re watch into you get it. For this physics series, it would help most people to actually write down the equations and work through them with her. I mean, she is cramming full lectures into 10 minutes. Even though she doesn't elaborate on everything, it's enough to have a basic understanding(hence the crash course), but it's still physics, to learn you need to learn it.
It's not you. I was completely lost for most of that. LOL
You need to take notes as you go!! Word for word copy out the important cc's. Nobody can retain that much info by just watching the video once!!!!
Darkmadbunny lol im not actually taking physics, im just a nerd who likes learning XD dont judge me i dont wan to take notes.
+Andrew Van Lare (Drewlare01) hardly a "nerd" if you don't take notes.
I love this episode!
I love this series