Paradigm Shift | Structure of Scientific Revolutions | Thomas Kuhn | Booster Dose of Sociology
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- čas přidán 27. 08. 2022
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Make a video on freyaraband's critique of science
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Post positivism
Please please post positivism also teach ....from 🇵🇰
Start 5.12
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I am afraid, but the idea of crisis that you describe is actually wrong. The example that you used to illustrated the points of 'crisis' in normal science is the crisis of the abscent of a covid vaccine in 2020. Actually, the crisis of Kuhn is not this kind of crisis. Rather, he is talking about something completely different. The covid crisis was a societal crisis in which society had no vaccine or medicine to cure the illness of covid. Whereas the crisis in normal science is the crisis within a theoretical framework which post-anamoly-observation becomes incapable of explaining the observed anamoly. For example, there was a time before the 'the germ theory' came into being. At that time, we didn't know that there are bacteria and viruses and other micro-level organisms (that is, extremely small living creatures) that have the capacity to enter and infect a healthy human body and make it malfunction. The discovery of germ theory brought into being a basic kind of paradigm. Before germ theory, people suspected that Malaria was caused due to foul smelling air. Malaria itself meant foul air (Mal = bad, aria = air). But this suspicion was not substantiated by evidence. So basically, people didn't know that real cause of malaria. But people at the time only knew one this: people who become ill due to malaria generally live near dirty town-drainage where foul smelling air emanate from the dirty drains. So they co-related malaria to dirty places where foul air is found. Later on, after lots of scientific studies, it was discovered that there is a micro-organism (like bacteria and virus but of a different category) called protozoa. It was identified and named Plasmodium falciparum. It was found out that all the ill people with malaria have this protozoa in their bodies.
Earlier, the paradigm was the 'foul-air theory'. The anamoly was this: It was found out that it was unable to explain the cause of malaria. So there was a crisis. Then came germ theory. The germ theory was a scientific revolution. It was capable of explain a whole host of problems. Hence a new paradigm came into being: the germ theory.
So this germ theory was a paradigm. And within this paradigm falls malaria and the cause of malaria, i.e., the protozoa. Now that the cause of a particular disease is found within this paradigm, people began to find cure. And most importantly, this cure was to be found within the confines of the paradigm, that is, one has to find out how to kill the cause, i.e., how to kill the protozoa (the germ) before it severely infects the human body. Now, eating this or that kind of herb and shrubs (tulsi, ashwagandha, etc) will not be counted as a scientific remedy. A scientific remedy to this illness must be found within the confines of the paradigm it self, not randomly. What herbs and shrubs do is vague. The vagueness has to addressed. It may increase your immunity or clean your blood, etc. but at the outset don't know what effect a particular herb has on the paradigmatic cause of the illness. So, either one has to declutter the vagueness or invent a completely new medicine. Hence, scientists have to find out what thing to eat so that the protozoa gets killed as early as possible. Now, notice that the problem is half solved (or as they say, once you ask the right kind of question, half of the problem is already solved). You no more panic "How to cure malaria? How to cure malaria?" Rather, you now ask a more narrowed and to-the-point question: "How to kill the f**king Plasmodium falciparum?"
Thus, if you had found out what edible substance can kill the Plasmodium falciparum, you would have found the cure to malaria. Problem solved!
In the case of Covid 19, the scientific community didn't go through the kind of crisis that Kuhn has described. Because the paradigm was already in place. The structure of microbiology was already in existence. We already had found out that covid was caused due to a particular virus - SARS-CoV-2 virus and not due to some alien cause. We only had to find out the way to kill the SARS virus within the paradigm of the microbiology. We didn't have to establish a completely new kind of science (paradigm) to cure covid. Had it been so, I wouldn't have objected to your video. Had it been so, had there been a Kuhnian Crisis, a new theory of covid disease would have to be established and studied. The effort for the discovery of a vaccine was only an effort to find a reliable solution to a problem of microbiology by remaining within the confines of microbiology. It was not like we had to invent a completely new field of science (a new paradigm) of Covidology. No!
So there was no crisis, no revolution, no parading shift (or paradigm change). The only challenge was to find the solution of a problem (of the paradigm of microbiology) within the paradigm of microbiology. That's it. So, the example you have given to illustrate the idea of Kuhnian crisis and paradigm shift (and I say this with due respect and without any intended offence) is systematically wrong.
Amazing inputs. I will pin your comment for students to refer to. However, it is impossible to explain Kuhn and crisis is normal science in 3 minutes of the video to majority of the viewers who do not even understand the basics of Sociology, let alone methodological crisis and nuances within such Phantoms in Philosophy of Science. In the end, all they would remember is the word ‘crisis’ that Antara Ma’am spoke of in class. It’s the inability of this exam system that I am helpless to. My lectures in Sociology if I ever become eligible to teach in university classrooms will surely bring in these and more! To more such viewers like you! :)