Hospitals are Hotspots for Antibiotic-resistant Germs
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- čas přidán 5. 09. 2024
- Thanks again to the Koslicki Lab at Penn State for supporting this episode. Their lab focuses on computational biology, including the analysis of metagenomic data. If you enjoyed this video, check out some of their papers: koslickilab.gi...
While antibiotics have saved millions of lives, misusing them can speed up how fast bacteria evolve to resist them. And it turns out that one of the biggest hotspots for these antibiotic-resistant bacteria…is hospitals.
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Thanks again to the Koslicki Lab at Penn State for supporting this episode. Their lab focuses on computational biology, including the analysis of metagenomic data. If you enjoyed this video, check out some of their papers: koslickilab.github.io/Koslicki-lab-PSU/
I'm always happy to "geek out" over all things computational biology so anyone (including students interested in this area of research) are welcome to reach out via the contact info on my website!
My aunt and a close friend both died of MRSA in the last several years.
@@drewharrison6433 I'm so sorry to hear that!
Is there any help for people who are immune compromised? We use a lot of antibiotics as we get really sick a lot
@@Boo-pv4hn It's not the antibiotics that you are taking that are the problem. My aunt and friend both were exposed to MRSA during surgery. You can't get antibiotic resistant bacteria without being exposed to them. Good luck to you. At least this is one less thing you need to worry over. Also, MRSA is fairly uncommon.
If they also checked the beef farms that heavily use antibiotics, it should also be similar.
Not just beef, all kinds of meat farms. Farmers are even allowed to use back-up antibiotics that are our last hope against mostly resistant bacteria...this is just insane
@@moritz7179 Everything in nature is out to kill you one way or another. Well help them kill us by trying to save people who would normally die for their stupidity. Or mass cattle farming. They better work on those algae, insect or lab grown meat solutions faster.
Thanks for highlighting this important field of research (yes, I am biased as it's what I research ;) ) and showing how important it is to study all these microorganisms in and around us!
How do you feel about bacteriophage do you think they can help where antibiotics fail?
I’m just interested in a professional opinion because some pages say it’s worse some say it’s a god send
@@shxtgigs4662 It's one of those areas of research that is quite promising, though not without their own risks. For example, whenever you try to use one organism to combat another, we can't always predict with 100% certainty what will happen. So it may become another "weapon" in the fight against harmful pathogens and bacteria, but there's still a fair bit of investigating that needs to be done (i.e. it's not a silver bullet that will be on hospital shelves tomorrow).
@@dmkoslicki yeah I thought soo as an Australian the best analogy I can think of is using cane toads to fight cane beetles and then the toads decide it’s to much work and destroy the native environment
@@dmkoslicki reallly your body is just a giant ecosystem
I did research at an undergrad on this! Specific algae are actually really good at degrading the antibiotics from water/wastewater!
Evaluating the efficacy of an algae-based treatment to mitigate elicitation of antibiotic resistance. Kassandra L Grimes. (I was just helping her in the lab at the time. )
It is a very interesting way to help deal with this problem. Thank you for shining a spotlight on the problem!
pupular discussion is focused so much on occurence of antobiotic resistances instead of their proliferation. should we care less about them occuring in hospitals, and more about selectively breeding them in our water?
@@SoftSemtex cus the most vulnerable/weakened people can be found in hospitals, so it is the worst place to have these antibiotic-resistant bacteria
@@SoftSemtex Hospitals and long term care facilities have a lot higher incidence of antibiotic resistant infections and people in hospitals are often getting treated with antibiotics/immunocompromised, which makes the more susceptible to infection, that's why they are mostly talked about in reference to hospitals.
@@SoftSemtex the issue is also that the effluent water from these facilities causes just as much, if not more of a problem long term.
Seriously though if cleaning departments were given an actual BUDGET to get the cleaning agents needed to keep on top of these germs we would go a long way to prevent this from happening.
Speaking from experience.
Agreed. As well as upgraded air filtration systems.
I totally hear that! The scary thing is when the bacteria start developing a resistance to the cleaning agents themselves! Nothing beats a good sterilization though
@@dmkoslicki the only good sterilization is repeated heating at varying temperatures. guess no one wants to cook poo, though
Cleaning agent? Why not use UV light - one single UV light can disinfect all surfaces in a room in seconds. Of course it can make you blind or give you skin cancer in seconds too, so you would need some PPE and seal the room beforehand. But this requires no chemicals, is easy and fast and disinfects every non-covered surface.
Agents. right.
At my hospital there is a current problem of MDR Acinetobacter and CRE Klebsiella. It's scary because when it first started the Acinetobacter was resistant to almost all the antibiotics on our panel but was still susceptible to 3 or 4. But now it's resistant to everything. We are now using phage therapy but it's not working too well.
I did my alternative service at a retirement home. Every time one of our residents came back from hospital, we had to isolate them to get rid of the MRSA they'd brought back.
Thats kinda scary
Oh man I hope something promising happens w the phage therapy mdr bacteria are frightening and becoming more and more common sadly
@@aamirrazak3467 Yeah, I think bacteriocins might also be a promising future treatment.
So true. My mom got MERSA while in a hospital. There's only 1 antibiotic that works against it, and it is losing its efficacy.
I was suspected of having a MRSA infection a decade ago. Very scary news when you can barely breathe because your lung's collapsed and a giant wad of infected pus is taking up the space instead. They tried a broad array of antibiotics before breaking out the vancomycin. Was almost sent home with a PICC line to continue IV regimen of it before they found out I didn't have insurance.
There's several that works against MRSA, Vancomycin is the common one but yes there are cases of VRSA coming out. There's another 2-3 other antibiotics that are reserved after Vanco.
What gives ID teams nightmares is P. Aeroginusa, gram negatives are harder to treat than gram positives and there's no easy single antibiotic that covers them all.
The 'intelligent design' of universe deems necessary a 'breakdown evolution' from which the end result of the next dimension will arise.
This obviously includes germs, so nothing surpising that hospitals are such hotspots.
I had a high school friend that caught MRSA in the hospital after going for the flu and he passed away unfortunately
Your comments are completely valid for arenas in which antibiotics are heavily used. There is, however, an area in which these chemicals are even more concentrated - factories for antibiotics. Many of these factories are in Chine and India where environment oversight is rather relaxed. The antibiotic-resistant plasmids are found at mind-boggling frequencies in water courses and ponds abutting these areas.
Factory farming in animal agriculture has incomparably larger impact on a widespread antibiotic resistance than hospitals. We should probably talk more about it.
This was more new information than I expected, because the title just implied nosocomial infections, which are very much a known factor. Are there any means of sterilizing hospital wastewater in development?
It's not a matter of sterilising the water. Treatment plants have been treating waste water bacteria for over 100 years now. The issue is with the antibiotics themselves, which are molecules floating free in the waste water. This is a much tougher not to crack: how to remove several different classes of chemical from water, effectively and economically. The only solution I can see would be to incinerate the sludge collected at sewage works.
Beyond sterilizing wastewater, the antibiotic resistance genes themselves are actually making it out of the hospitals and into the environment by "hitching a ride" from bacteria that have incorporated those genes via horizontal gene transfer.
@@dmkoslicki I agree - you're quite correct, but don't go far enough. It's not just the resistance genes, but also the chemicals that provide the evolutionary pressure for the emergence of these genes that need to kept out of the wider environment.
Thanks for highlighting this incredibly important area of research! I've had MRSA, but thankfully, it wasn't antibiotic resistant. Very interesting video!
@Dridowu shut up
Awesome, so glad that you are getting ahead and publishing on this topic before the conversation is controlled.
I remember reading about a surface adhesive, based on shark skin, which is bacteria-resistant. Something about the pattern of the skin keeps bacteria from spreading, was my understanding.
Well, shark skin is kinda like sand paper, so I guess it's because of the arrangement of the scales that make it like you described
I SAY WE ARTIFICIAL SHARK SKIN EVERY SURFACE IMAGINABLE.
Who would have guessed, the place where uninterested doctors and nurses dispense antibiotics like candy has an antibiotic resistant problem.
Who would have guessed it.
Have known this since high school. I've avoided hospitals like the plague (pun intended) ever since!
Will still go to a doctor or specialist if I'm ill but if there's a choice or a good reason to avoid going to hospital, I will always take that option
My dad died almost 17 years ago because of a resistant bacteria. I forgot the name of the bacteria, but it got my dad while he was recovering from leukemia and a medula transplant. The doctors knew the possibility of this bacteria infecting him but didn’t prevent it from happening. They knew about an antibiotic from Australia that could kill it, but didn’t manage to get it in time.
Wastewater surveillance seems like a great idea for this problem. I think cities should start testing for MDR bacteria as well as these hospitals
I would have thought it was common sense to treat hospital waste water before releasing it into the environment
It makes me think hospitals should have waste pre-treatment before sending it out. Perhaps hit it with a low or high enough pH or other simple chemical treatment to just destroy the genes. I doubt it would take much, but if there was concern, you could rebalance the pH again before sending it out.
what about UV treatment?
Copper is antimicrobial and rapidly destroys viruses and bacteria upon contact. Brass is mainly copper and zinc, the zinc prevents oxidization of the copper.
I have a friend who lives in Scotland. He sufferes from severe kidney disease, but he's not strong enough to have a kidney transplant. And whenever he has a major procedure in the hospital, he winds up getting virulent infections - one time it was a bacteria that's only found inside hospitals and in goat droppings. So whenever I visit the hospital for any random procedure, I wash my hand whenever possible or necessary, and use hand sanitizer.
Disabled Army war vet here, and haven’t been to the VA hospital since 2019. Too risky for this old timer…..
its truly amazing how such tiny organisms as bacteria and viruses can so profoundly affect our health. It's sad that antibiotic resistance is on the rise and hospitals are a perfect breeding ground for them. Maybe it will lead to a paradigm shift in prescribing antibiotic so broadly for patients?
Thank you for this video, my mother died 6 years ago after contracting MRSA. This awareness is needed
@ 3:50 STOOL SAMPLES lol. nice
Haha.... That's a nice sampling of stools at 3:51
Great research, and kudos for pointing out the hospital effluent problem. The same problem exists for human waste water in general, as many inhabitants are also using antibiotics.
I liked the stools in the background when talking about stool samples. Good work Scishow team.
I had a cough medicine that said on the bottle "May darken your stool." so I bought three more bottles and did the whole kitchen.
The stool background when talking about stools was really funny
Antibiotic-resistant germs is not a new discovery. In the mid-1980s, I was working on a medical journal and one of my tasks was the back page with phone-book 8pt type lists of NEW antibiotic-resistant organisms found in local hospitals.
Thank you so much for covering this topic. Especially when considering the recent pandemic.
@Dridowu go away
3:53 Some colorful stool samples... LOL
Thank you for the new word/science! New ideas always feel so fresh n snuggly.
As to hospitals, they were always the best place to go if you wanted to get sick. Of course it's a craps shoot what you end up with....
"And congratulations! You're today's lucky winner of... *drum roll* Streptococcal Meningitis! Be sure to share that with your neighbors, friends, enemies, and anyone else you happen to bump into."
Heard about this issue before. Especially when it comes to skin infections --- flesh eating bacteria? Anyway, not a new problem, if you step back a bit, overwhelming infections, like with burn victims. There used to be a topically applied balm that contained small amounts of silver oxide that was sometimes used for such situations. This information dates back to the '70s. In some parts of the World, there are still over the counter soaps that contain small amounts of silver oxide, I think.
Is there any side effects that come with this? I’m on other meds and I worry about the contraindications.
I remember this being the subject of an episode of House M.D. lol
So are factory, farms but only animal rights activists want talk about it because "bacon THO". Your grocery list is more dangerous than hospitals by far, since 73% of the world's antibiotics are fed to farm animals and this number is expected to grow a lot by 2030 (Van Boeckel, 2019).
Thanks for pointing this out!
Love this channel, great episode! But is the blue sweater on blue back ground distracting anyone else?
In the light of nothing but pure reason it makes perfect sense. Where are you going to find the highest concentration of sick people? In a hospital. My mother died because she was hospitalised instead of being treated at home.
Friday February 18th 2022
Thank you for sharing this valuable and vital information ! ❤️❤️❤️👍👍👍♥️♥️♥️🤗🤗🤗
3:51 Classic metaphor.
Good video! Thanks for making this video available to the general public.
Not mentioning farms and the routine dosing of animals?
Treat the antibiotic resistant bacteria like a freshly ploughed field (which is what a hospital is). Quickly spray a bacterial solution that is mostly harmless but treatable with penicillin everywhere. This occupies the places where the antibiotic resistant bacteria would normally take hold, outcompeting them for space. A clean room will only grow bacteria that is resistant to clean rooms so you're setting yourself up for a fall.
there are a heck of a lot of people allergic to common, old-school antibiotics now, I'm allergic to penicillin and just about every other mold-derived antibiotic. If it ends in 'cilin' 'sporin' or 'mycin' it's probably on my list of meds I can't take and I'm far from rare in that, sadly. But I do hope that some smarter strategy that uses the logic of nature and evolution to keep harmful bacteria in check instead of trying to destroy them utterly in an arms race we can't win, will be developed. We can't hope to eradicate germs, and have learned the hard way that leaving a situation at a relatively safe rock-throwing skirmish level, is better than escalating things into Mutually Assured Destruction. We have to have a paradigm shift away from heavy-handed tactics that put evolution on steroids against us.
I never had anti biotics, nor do I know anyone who had. I find it amazing its so common in the US, while we seem to go on just fine without it in Northern Europe
so what do they do in your country for serious bacterial infections? Do they not administer antibiotics when someone undergoes surgery under general anesthesia? Honestly curious, not doubting your word but want to know.
@@kaiwannagoback5712 They only give out antibiotics if an infection is serious enough to warrant them, since our health system isn't run for profit there is no incentive for doctors to try and sell us things we might not need. Same with all drugs really, nothing in it for the docs to prescribe them unless you really need them.
@@krashd I do wish we could recognize as a society that market forces should not be how we run healthcare or other vital human needs, such as housing. It causes price gouging, rising insurance rates (and rising homelessness and desperation in those living one paycheck or rent increase away from disaster), and a plethora of unnecessary procedures done, which introduce both immediate risks and longterm ones when less invasive alternatives are ignored due to being less billable. Insurance rates increase, malpractice insurance rates increase, everyone loses except those who receive the payments from the insurance companies...which raise their rates on everyone, in return. The system of putting human needs under market forces is eating its own tail, but it's consuming real people, first. We're all told horror stories in hopes of scaring us into believing that market forces will deliver us all if left unregulated, despite the fact that in still-living memory (barely) men gave their lives, were hanged, in the attempt to organize labor, to stop those unfettered market forces from continuing to crush humanity in their wake. Money and the profit motive alone cannot be left in control of everything. They even say that democracy cannot survive any kind of social system, conveniently ignoring that social systems pay for paving our roads and providing schools, and having emergency responders when there is a fire or disaster. The truth is, democracy and representative government cannot survive much longer, the kind of corporate-driven special-interest politics we've had in the zealous drive to prohibit necessary regulations of capitalism in the US. That the Supreme Court declared in the Citizens United decision, that Corporations had 1st Amendment rights under the Constitution (the right to free speech) BUT could define MONEY as "free speech" and thus removed all limits on how much money corporate interests could pour into politicians' pockets, was the death knell of representative government of, for, and by the people here, and most people on the street that I meet, have never even heard of that decision and have no idea of its horrific implications, as corporations are now buying up the housing that ordinary young and middle-aged adults can no longer afford, so we may all enjoy the mercies of unregulated corporate landlords in the near future. Yes, I'm very concerned about the near future in the US for more reasons than I can touch in this. But you are quite right: there is a better way.
I heard that scientists are studying the shark’s skin because it resists parasites and they thought some similar type design would help this issue with the surfaces in hospitals with germs.
As has always been the case, is it not so?
Show Idea: Difference between Antibiotic and Antiseptic. So sick of people claiming that hand sanitizer is causing antibiotic resistant germs. Side note, Discuss Topic Antibiotics, because that is likely the cause of some of that confusion.
Maybe mixing it with drinking water is a bit of an old-fashioned way of dealing with human waste?
Linked to this, they found all sorts of drugs/medications in rivers.
Resistance is not as prevalent with herbs, I wonder🤔
That is because herbs don't do much to begin with.
*Gets admitted into the ER last night*… “oh cool Scishow just uploaded”
I'm pretty sure we can confidently bump that up to billions
Best stool sample picture!
I literally have not had antibiotics in 24 years, used to get them as a kid once in a while though, usually for strep throat.
Ish... I have two days of work positioned in a major hospital entry/walkway next week 😬
Very important topic!
The title of the vid is slightly misleading as it made it sound as if u'd only just heard of MRSA/'superbugs'.
The huge hospital in my city makes nearly everyone use a single entrance foyer.That can't be good!
We are starting to realise that contaminating wastewater has serious results e.g.The female contraceptive pill,via sewerage outflow in urban areas has also led to sterile hermaphrodite populations of amphibians,etc with some species now up to 90%= extinction.
It also doesn't help that there are Restaurant/Cafe Chains inside the same building.
Great information. Unfortunately hospitals are for profit organizations. Responsibility is not their first priority if it takes a bite out of their profit margins. Looks like resistant bacteria has a free hall pass.
Scary stuff
as if i needed more reason to be scared of hospitals lmaoooo
How far along are we in regards to using phage therapy to kick superbug ass?
we are!
I want to know how we are using viruses that target bacteria, that might help solve this issue.
My mother got her staff infection at a hospital that looked clean.
“staph”.
I'm just saying, release bacteriophages and in turn, the resistance of the bacteria will go down to compensate.
I have to point out that antibiotic resistant genes are not new. We get the bulk of our antibiotics from fungi. Fungi and bacteria have been coexisting for hundreds of millions of years, and resistant genes developed long ago. What is different today is that we are unwittingly selecting for them. We need to be more careful.
My Nan went into hospital with cancer and died of the hospital bug before the cancer killed her.
So why not use the poop from the hospitals in biofuel to heat the hospitals and at the same time destroy the germs too ?
because it's costly to implement, and capitalism seeks the shortest returns, which is why capitalism shouldn't run politics, medicine, or anything to do with ensuring human wellbeing or ecological solutions.
Quick unleash the phages!
i used to work in a hospital and i would always sanitize my station with wipes and try to keep my area clean. some of my co workers didn’t care as much. one lady even got mrsa on her face from her nasty nails 😵💫
Doesn't surprise me in the slightest, I've always assumed this
If there is so much antibiotic resistant genes in hospital wastewater, why not install a disinfection glass pipe the water has to go through, where the water is blasted with powerful X-ray or hard UV light? I once saw a fresh water treatment plant where they do it with UV light... with enough intensity this shreds everything down to DNA in seconds.
Sharing on MeWe!
What my parents taught me: No unnecessary medication. Ever. My mother was a nurse and my father a mining official with highest paramedic qualifications. They didn't panic if you were sick or had an injury, and while loving, did not tolerate drama. That is why I find this current melodrama (over a virus that kills the elderly and frail) so utterly unbearable.
it's a virus, not something antibiotics would even be good against, and the vaccine is not an antibiotic. You're talking oranges and apples there. I appreciate very much your point of view about the need to keep hysteria down when it comes to routine illnesses and stop the overuse of antibiotics and unnecessary medical procedures. However, it's not factual to say that the virus we're talking about only kills the elderly and frail. Some people are more prone to it than others for reasons that aren't to do with being elderly or frail, probably differences in individual genetics and immune systems. Children and healthy, active 30 year olds have died from it. Many people have had their lives destroyed by "long Covid" and lingering neurological and organ damage, from it. They can't be dismissed as "people who were probably gonna die of something anyway". I also don't agree with the extremism in places like Australia, using this situation as an excuse for gross overstepping of government power without due process, and cutting down any freedom of speech surrounding it, or even the right to safely question the government. I do believe that when it comes to our own bodies, there needs to be personal discretion or at least wiggle room, because neither extremist ideology on this is valid. Vaccines aren't all equally safe, and equally effective, nor are all equally necessary. Nor are vaccines the unequivocal evil they are being called in conspiracy theories. People's right to informed consent and REAL consent (not coerced consent) in medical treatment needs to be respected. Too many factions want to eliminate choices for the other side, and don't realize that if we allow draconian laws that make that possible out of fear or hatred or intolerance, we're bartering off our own freedoms too. Laws that eliminate personal discretion and choice, whatever our overarching belief is about what is right, should be viewed with extreme caution, because once a freedom is legislated away, it's very hard to win back, and so it's a knife that cuts both ways, to arm the government against "the enemy" believing that any means necessary to suppress the other side, is justified. It doesn't take much to let in the tools of totalitarianism and they are almost always ushered in as emergency measures and usually promised to be temporary but once enacted, have little way to be held to that. I was glad to read your thoughts, and have the chance to respond, hopefully in a way we both took something good from. I'm fearful what will happen soon in our country if people continue to lose the ability and willingness to engage, and seek only the input of those who share the same point of view. :) Your reply gave me something to think about, not just dismiss.
@@kaiwannagoback5712 I was born and bred in Africa. Never lived anywhere else. Now 67. If you want to worry about disease, there's ebola, rabies, malaria, TB (which still kills more people in this region than covid) HIV/Aids and parasites, gruesome parasites that crawl out of your eyes and cause blindness (called river blindness, official name onchocerciasis) and which is cured by ivermectin, I can't remember when last I saw a man being led down the street by a child on a stick.
This hysteria over covid is so irritating, like friends in their gated communities complaining about not being able to get the right shade of fabric for their redecoration.
@@kaiwannagoback5712 You'll also be happy to know, that in the 21st century, disease is no longer a mystery that strikes at random for reasons unknown and people can only surmise it is evil, or a punishment for sins. Covid was particularly specific, striking very specific cohorts, which have been well documented - elderly, frail, obese, hypertensives, anyone on immunosuppressant drugs .... and a list of very specific conditions, known and documented. Compared to malaria, for instance, which can strike anyone of any age if bitten by the anopheles mosquito. The 1919 flu was also particularly cruel by striking down people in the flower of their youth - probably because death was caused by cytokine storm, your own immune system being turned against you.
@@kaiwannagoback5712 I know that a vaccine is different from antibiotics. I am talking about the human trait to abuse everything. Discover a good thing, that can do a lot of good, and then abuse it to the point of uselessness, whether antibiotics, vaccines or painkillers. Overuse or abuse or inappropriate use is never good and often leads to disadvantaging also the "innocents" who had not abused the "gift to medicine." The lives of people who had never taken (or prescribed) an antibiotic for colds or flu or "just in case" (because the doctor knows there's nothing wrong with you, but "just in case" - he can't be sued for having done nothing) are also at risk of antibiotic-resistant strains if they were to get it when going into hospital for a routine procedure.
Unfortunately, hospitals and pharmacies are run as businesses nowadays so there is no incentive to spend money on waste water treatment or stop selling antibiotics like candy
So...i guess they get a nice hospitality..
In what country do let hospital waste water run "untreated" into rivers?
This episode felt a little fishy. I hope the topic was not suggested by the koslicki-lab and produced as an advertisment for their research. The papers that SciShow showed do not seem to contain randomized controlled trials and but only observational studies, some with very limited sample sizes. If there is clinically relevant measurable benefit from meta-genomics interventions in healthcare, hopefully the research will show. I may be wrong but this video somehow gives me the feeling, this was not an objective view of the research. As a physician, I am excited about the possibilities that might come from metagenomics, especially having worked in pediatric infectiology for a very short time. However, there is always lots of money to be made for companies who offer these kind of services and, thus, conflicts of interest might arise. I hope this channel maintains editorial independence, keeps it's credibility and does not become something like Veritatium has become with its sponsored videos.
More reason to avoid hospitals unless absolutely necessary
Are antibiotics factories creating antibiotic resistant bacteria?
❤️
perfect place to send people who have covid.
Almost at 7mil
Especially in Germ-many
I'm blue da ba de da ba di
da ba de da ba di
But we don't pump untreated sewage into rivers. At least, in theory.
not supposed to in places with regulations, but regulations are only as strong as their oversight and enforcement and many egregious breaches of regulation have been unearthed by concerned citizens, kids' high school science projects, and the like. This is why we need more oversight for industry, and more consequences, instead of less.
i havent watched the video yet but yeah we should keep people out of hospitals. whether or not its a place to pick up the deadliest diseases just for being there. If youre not actually sick and in an emergency dont go to the hospital. I guess i should watch the video now
Ewww! ShakeUp XR C Diff
My uncle was a crazy orthopod who was on antibiotics 24/7 FOR YEARS while he worked in the hospital... just because he didn't want to get sick.
Like BRUH.
Was he doing that back in the day when they'd prescribe antibiotics for a cold or flu? they did that a lot in the 70s and 80s, just routinely slap antibiotics on everything whether it could help or not. It was a great error of the times.
this is why I stay away from hospitals
I guess hospitals need to clean up their waste, aswell as the air too, keep things clean and all that... :P
The bacteria didn't give consent to being given antibiotics. Their organelles, their choice! Fascism Fascism
I bet your mom tells you how clever you are every morning
@@HXXIIA Assuming their mom talks to them at all, lol.
this is disturbing news, especially after a pandemic
This is further proof of the reality of evolution. Why can't Creationists get that? Besides tiny cranial capacity, that is.
Just like fossil fuels, nuclear fission, antibiotics have saved so many lives yet destroyed many as well.
So monster really do live in the sewers.
Instead of antibiotics, we need to focus on probiotics more.
I never go to the hospital. It's full of sick people!
This just supports my belief that hospitals are where people go to die.
Or if you’re really sick/injured it’s probably the best place for you, but you aren’t the only one thinking that.
Take a look at your finger nails, are they clean? No? That's why diseases spread so easily. Incapable of comprehending contact surfaces.