Is God Necessary for Morality? | William Lane Craig & Shelly Kagan at Columbia University
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- čas přidán 23. 06. 2012
- Philosopher Shelly Kagan (Yale) and apologist William Lane Craig (Biola) debate and discuss if the existence of God is necessary for living a moral life. | Columbia University | Explore more at www.veritas.org.
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🎯 Key Takeaways for quick navigation:
00:19 📚 The debate is about whether God is necessary for morality. The focus is not on whether belief in God is necessary for living morally.
00:47 🔄 Kagan acknowledges that morality has been discussed with and without appeal to God throughout history.
03:32 🌐 Kagan explains he will argue that belief in or existence of God is not necessary for morality.
07:12 💡 Kagan outlines his view of morality: right actions avoid harm and help others, even without invoking God.
15:12 🤔 Kagan explores whether moral commandments necessitate a commander or if requirements can exist independently.
21:53 🎯 Kagan asserts that moral philosophers inclined towards atheism can believe in a morality without God.
23:07 📢 Craig clarifies that the debate is about whether God is necessary for morality, not whether belief in God is necessary for moral living.
23:34 📍 Craig emphasizes that the question's answer depends on the definition of morality; some forms of moral behavior can exist without God.
23:47 🤔 Objective moral values are discussed - whether certain actions are intrinsically good or evil.
24:02 🤯 Both atheists and theists agree that God is necessary for morality to have objective significance.
25:50 🙅♂️ Without God, objective moral values would lack a foundation and might be seen as products of human evolution.
31:26 🦁 The absence of God questions the basis for distinguishing between right and wrong actions, as animals exhibit similar behaviors.
32:52 💡 Objective moral duties need an explanation without God's commandments as a basis.
36:30 ☠️ If there's no God, moral accountability seems to disappear, making actions ultimately insignificant.
38:48 🧐 The absence of moral accountability in atheism could lead to a cynical sense of futility in moral choices.
39:57 🤨 Atheists face a challenge in explaining the basis for objective moral values, duties, and accountability.
46:24 🤷♂️ Naturalism struggles to explain what makes human beings morally special and different from other creatures.
50:09 🤔 Dr. Kagan emphasizes that naturalism's explanation of moral significance may be subjective and based on personal beliefs.
52:15 😕 The definition of free will is complex and its compatibility with determinism is debated.
52:57 😮 If naturalism is true and determinism holds, free will might be lacking, which could impact moral value.
54:44 😶 Denying deeper meaning doesn't necessarily make ethics illusory; ethical significance exists on a human scale.
56:36 🤔 The significance of actions isn't just about cosmic impact, it's about personal, societal, and subjective value.
57:32 🤨 Disagreement about whether the lack of eternal significance renders actions entirely inconsequential.
58:39 😕 Objective moral values may exist, but on atheism, moral accountability might be lacking.
59:50 🧐 Moral viewpoint's adoption is questioned, especially in the absence of cosmic implications.
01:04:44 😕 The role of God in enabling free will is a point of contention.
01:05:55 😯 Objective moral values provide a basis for evaluating actions, even with human imperfections.
01:06:55 😮 Accountability in a theistic context and the potential tension between salvation and moral judgment.
01:13:10 🧐 Acknowledgment of human imperfections, sin, and the role of religious and moral education.
01:14:18 🤨 Examining theological aspects of salvation, punishment, and moral accountability in Christianity.
01:15:14 😕 Perspectives on the significance of actions within a temporal context and despite cosmic outcomes.
01:15:58 🐾 Theists argue that a Christian perspective provides a basis for ethical treatment of animals, seeing it as a divine responsibility to care for the Earth and its creatures.
01:17:36 🥩 Different perspectives on animal treatment: Theists emphasize responsible stewardship, while non-theists may argue against causing harm to animals and advocate for vegetarianism.
01:19:15 🌍 Discussion on cultural differences: Exploring how societies with various moral codes and treatment of marginalized groups can be evaluated based on transcendent moral standards or evolving moral truths.
01:20:53 👥 Moral assessment of societies: Theism allows making moral judgments about societies' actions, while non-theism might rely on gradual societal evolution in recognizing moral truths.
01:23:01 🕊️ Theism offers a foundation for objective moral values, duties, and accountability, with divine nature defining the good, while atheism might struggle to ground these concepts.
01:24:52 ⚖️ Atheistic perspectives on morality: Atheists propose that morality can exist as an objective reality through a moral contract formed over time, regardless of divine influence.
01:26:03 📚 Encouragement for exploration: Both sides encourage students to delve into moral philosophy and religion to better understand these complex issues and engage in informed discussions.
thank you for this outline!
First time I've seen Kagan not sitting on an antique podium, scratching it with his Converse.
I must admit, sitting cross-legged on the lectern, how gauche, I thought and there did confront my innate conservatism, that I didn't know I had XD But I persisted and came under the spell of a very fine teacher.
i like the energy of his lectures, he’s the kind of professor i would like to be one day
@@liam1561 ._.
😅😊😊😊😊😊😊😊😊😊😊😊😊😊
@@hinteregions you’re psychotic if you had such a visceral reaction to the way someone chose to sit such that they might be comfortable over a prolonged amount of time in the same spot
This is how a Philosophical discourse is supposed to be done. The best I've seen so far. Thank you Professor Kagan and Doctor Craig.
Milo Ibrado eactly! This was very pleasant to watch, unlike Krauss, where I cringe everytime I watch his childish arrogance on display
@@Chicago-os9bl weeewwwa
@@Chicago-os9bl vivid
well... who won ?
@@mzkhan93 Does it matter?
This is one of my favorite WLC debates, since Kagan really helps illuminate the question-begging coming from WLC (and his supposed "foundation" for morality). When Craig got to the part about, "What's so special about humans from a naturalistic perspective?", Kagan pointed out the incredibly obvious answer to that. Craig, however, refuses to accept it since he's defined human significance in terms of god from the beginning. This way, no matter what the naturalist points out, Craig just retorts with "so what"? Kagan saw this and brilliantly pointed out how we could do the same thing with god-prescribed morality, to which Craig just stubbornly refused and decided to stick to his preconceived notions.
Even though Craig is wildly incorrect on many things, he usually outperforms his opponents due to him being a good debater/rhetorician. In this though, Kagan really outclassed him. This was almost as good as the Sean Carroll debate.
Kagan had some very good answers but on others it doesn't seem to make sense. Or at least it makes very little sense. Whats good for one person is often bad for another - why should a person care about the collective? And whose to decide what's better?
@@weeklydaily4775 A contractarian or a utilitarian can offer an easy answer to this question - it is about what is the most rational/beneficial decision for all parties involved. I grant that these frameworks have criticisms, but this is just an example that helps show that we can navigate the moral terrain and discover better pathways than others...OBJECTIVELY. You can be dead wrong in thinking that a certain action is good, because your beliefs and thought processes about certain things may be objectively untrue.
The “so what?” argument against God doesn’t work. Simply being that God is all powerful, all knowing, all wise, all good and all just. The universe is not. God created humans with morals & intent, therefore we were intentionally design by an intelligent mind with purpose and understand morals instinctively.
What would feel more special? Finding a hundred dollars on your own, or someone giving you a hundred dollars? You’ll feel more valued if someone gave you a hundred dollars. God intentionally gave us life, therefore we value it more. With that value comes morals and eternal fate.
In a godless universe it’s easy for me to say “so what?” when it comes to morals because my eternal life isn’t destined with consequence. My morals are determined by the biological mindless chemicals that make up my brain, therefore nobody’s at fault for their actions. As Richard Dawkins said “DNA neither cares nor knows. DNA just is. And we dance to its music”
Now in a godly universe you can also say “so what?” when it comes to morals, but it wouldn’t be rational todo considering the outcome of your eternal fate. It would be self reckless. You’ll be taking the alternative route of Gods standard of good. Of course you can say “so what if it’s self reckless” but that would be your choice that determines your outcome.
@@justinsjourney851 That's an interesting take on it, but it's hard to say whether there's an a priori basis for these "ought" statements in the first place. If you recall what Hume said on this, he made the distinction that you can't get an "ought" from an "is". So even if god is all-knowing, there is nothing you can say that can logically take you from "god knows X" to "god tells us we OUGHT to do X". This would still be a human intuition to lead from is --> ought which is not logically derivable from all-knowingness.
Defining god in terms of "all-good" is quite a loaded term in the first place. The origin for where we get good and evil is from consciousness itself. All the theist ends up doing is inflating this notion infinitely when it comes to god. It's projection, and gives no insight on what the nature of "good" actually is. If you recall the old Euthyphro dilemma, this is the exact point that it is raising - is god commanding something because it is good, or is it good because god commands it? No matter what answer you give, there can never be a non-circular definition that answers this question.
God's omnibenevolence is simply an extension of the human mind that we take for granted. This is akin to saying that god is all-knowing, all-powerful, and has the biggest biceps. Where did that come from? It was simply an extension of the experiences and attributes we give to ourselves as humans. If you want a sound definition of morality and you think naturalism can't give you an answer, then god certainly can't give you an answer either.
@@johnnylamaa2569 Let me address the all knowing part first and I’ll reply to the other statements since this will take up some space.
That’s Theological fatalism, and it goes like this
1: God foreknows we will do X
2: if God foreknows we will do X, we will do X
3: We will necessarily do X
The thought is that by this logic we will “necessarily” (or be forced to) do action X because of Gods foreknowledge.
The first two premises are correct. However, the conclusion and point 3 does not follow from the prior points because of the injection of the additional word “necessarily”. In order for this logic to follow, we must remove “necessarily”. Since it does not appear in any of the original premises. We are left with this.
1: God foreknows we will do X
2: if God foreknows we will do X, we will do X
3: We will do X
This is not logically coherent, but this argument no longer implies Gods foreknowledge forces action X, because action X is not necessary. The logic here only proves that there is a correlation between action X and Gods foreknowledge. Correlation does not imply causation.
Then why is there a correlation? Because our future action X dictates what God foreknows. It turns out that our action X causes Gods foreknowledge, but not the only way around. This correct causation is the reason for the correlation.
It's really fruitful argument ever I have heard! 💕
How fun would it be to watch Frank Turek try to debate Shelly Kagan
Try....and fail.
@@biggregg5 yeah I mean it would be fun to see Frank Turek
Because I … I mean I’m genuinely convinced that Turek just doesn’t see another alternative other than God for the concept of morality
WLC I think is too smart for that . He just lost
@@azophi Obviously, without God, there is no objective morality. Shelly Kagan lost.
@@terminat1 obviously?
I can see how people argue that but by my lights it’s just not… obvious… to me 😅
@@azophi Perhaps because you're a committed atheist.
This is probably the best debate I've ever seen involving William Lane Craig. I'm very impressed with Shelly Kagan's thorough logic and rhetorical skills. These are both things that Craig's opponents too seldom demonstrate.
@HuckFinn I disagree, logic and skillful debating tactics can and are sufficient for corralling Craig's case for theism. Most of the sophisticated rebuttals to his arguments come from published written sources (a fair share from professional philosophers), the debates are mostly for the interest of the public and getting a message out with an apologetics twist that is deemed important (from Craig's standpoint). Most of his opponents from what I've seen aren't particularly proficient in countering Craig's case (like outlining his assumptions with explanations on why they may not hold up). Craig is a sophisticated debater/apologist so he shouldn't be taken lightly, especially in public forum circumstances.
HuckFinn That’s a lot of talk with no substance! Mind sharing which of Craig’s premises are wrong?
HuckFinn You again provide no substance! I’m starting to wonder if... hmm... maybe you have no objections! What a fool. Goodbye clown😂
HuckFinn Still haven’t heard any specific objections!
@HuckFinn I'm not the one who got on the offensive with no specific arguments. I'm not here to debate Kagan's points. I'm here to see if you actually have something useful to say, since you're obviously very opinionated. You think you're oh so clever bringing up Kagan and calling Craig names but you prove over and over again that you can't debate the topic. How hard is it to point out one incorrect point of Craig's? You're probably some loser who's just filling your missing self esteem with the hatred of someone clearly very intelligent and accomplished. If that's true, I pity you. Whatever the case, you're a waste of my time, so I'm done responding to your insipid remarks.
Of all the philosophers that Dr. Craig has debated, Kagan has probably been my favorite. But his argument still screams subjectivism to me. Fantastic debate.
Yeah he made a ton of great points succinctly, but ultimately he's calling subjective morality "objective" (exactly like Craig).
What's your definition of objective/subjective?
@@majmage You ultimately cannot truly KNOW anything, unless you have omniscience, or know someone who does.
@@jibblecain What does that have to do with my comment?
@@majmage Craig has an actual basis to define something as objective
Fantastic debate. It's great to see WLC challenged in this way. Thank you for sharing!
When was he ever not?
I don’t think he was challenged at all. I think the challenge he was facing was that Kelly was being very slippery with rationalizing his worldview- even admitting that Determinism and Free Will can coexist (by some stretched philosophical argument).
Kelly even misquoted Craig’s quote of Ruse and was basically asking Craig to explain why Ruse thought the way that he did.
I felt Kelly was very defensive (naturally if you hold the belief the he holds) and that Craig was very patient with Kelly’s slippery logic.
@@hugomunoz9039 He can't be 'challenged,' he is a Christian. I've done Kagan's really excellent first year Yale course, and all I could think was how much Craig would benefit from that excellent dissection. Craig is no fool, he is an excellent thinker and fine speaker, but unfortunately for us all he is simply wrong. The last thing Shelly Kagan (there's no Kelly here) was is 'defensive,' that is pure fantasy on your part. Restrained, perhaps.
@@hugomunoz9039 "Man can will, but he cannot will what he wills" - Schopenhauer. Here, this, philosophy, as (not) opposed to theology: czcams.com/play/PLEA18FAF1AD9047B0.html
@@hinteregions Christians cannot be challenged? I have no idea what that even means.
Anywho…yeah I’m sure craig could learn from kagan….kagan could also learn from Craig….we could all learn from each other. Haha.
This was an incredible debate, especially the back and forth. Excellent arguments and objections on both ends.
I thought WLC's arguments were absurdly weak. Delivered confidently, but weak.
then who won
@@mzkhan93 The one who didn’t loose.
@@GeoPePeTto ok. whos the one that didn't loose and won?
Open dialogue at 42:00
Thanks for this
Fantastic debate, obviously Shelly Kagan was much better prepared !
The Veritas Forum had made it very clear that they were not interested in having a knock-down debate but a friendly dialogue that would foster a warm and inviting atmosphere for non-believing students at Columbia. The goal was simply to get the issues out on the table in a congenial, welcoming environment.
I think it's nearly impossible to have knockdown debates in philosophy, especially when both sides are well versed with the topics
The atheist was not stringently challenged.
@@thejaskrishna6061 Atheists have no reason to be moral since death to them is merely non-existence.
@@ThomasCranmer1959
Theism doesn't force people to be moral either.
That was kind of the point of "I can do evil and as long as I manage to recognise the saving power of Jesus in the accountability is not really there"... for which Craig couldn't really reply.
Appealing to divine revelation doesn't solve metaethics problems.
that's literally a quote from wikipedia, which is credited to Craig, explaining why he did so badly. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Kagan#cite_note-11 it comes right after Craig saying Kagan was lying! "the view Kagan defended in the debate was not his [Kagan's] view at all"
Craig's Post-debate review:
Contemporary moral arguments
By the way, the curious thing about the view that Kagan defended is that it is not really his view at all! He is a radical consequentialist, who holds that the moral value of our actions is determined solely by the consequences of our actions. He believes that we are morally required to perform any action, no matter what it is, if it will eventually lead to the best result overall, the best defined in terms of human flourishing. If torturing and raping a little girl leads to greater human well-being in the end, then that's what you're morally obligated to do. Kagan admits that this sort of consequentialism is not only widely rejected by ethicists but is wildly implausible as well. I suspect that's why he chose not to articulate and defend his real views in our dialogue but to affect a position he himself regards as false, namely, the view that the moral thing to do is whatever ideally rational persons would agree one ought to do.
In our dialogue I argued that objective moral values and duties are grounded in God and His commands. So in answer to your question, "Don't we agree that normal people SHOULD be rational even if God didn't exist?": if by "should" you mean "morally ought," then on atheism I see no reason at all to think that people have a moral duty to be rational. There's no reason, given naturalism, to think that the relatively advanced primates on this planet have a moral obligation to be rational.
Contemporary moral arguments - The problems in Kagan’s pretended view
As for what's wrong with Kagan's pretended view, we need to keep clearly in mind the distinction I constantly emphasize between moral epistemology and moral ontology . Moral epistemology concerns how we come to know the Good; moral ontology concerns the foundation in reality of the Good. The view affected by Prof. Kagan, if it is to be relevant to my case for God as a foundation for morality, must not put forward merely as a prescription for how we come to know our moral obligations. That's not the issue before us, and the theist could agree that asking, "How would perfectly rational persons act in this situation?" might be a reliable guide to discerning one's moral obligations.
Rather Kagan must be taken to mean that our moral obligations are actually constituted by how ideally rational people would say we ought to act in a particular situation. But then the question I raised in our dialogue presses: why think such a thing? Why think that if you could assemble a committee of perfectly rational human beings and they all would agree that you should do some action A , this constitutes a moral obligation for you to do A ? As a foundation for objective moral values and duties this explanation seems wholly arbitrary.
Prof. Kagan in his book The Limits of Morality (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989) has a good deal to say about the need for sound explanations in moral theory. He rightly maintains that "one of the things we want our moral theory to help us understand is how there can even be a moral realm, and what sort of objective status it has" (p. 13). He insists, "This need for explanation in moral theory cannot be overemphasized. . . . Ultimately, unless we have a coherent explanation of our moral principles, we don't have a satisfactory ground for believing them to be true" (Ibid.) He anticipates the objection that all explanations must come to end somewhere . "Perhaps this is so," he responds, "but it would still be no license to cut off explanation at a superficial level" (p. 14). Short of an adequate explanation, he says, our moral principles "will not be free of that taint of arbitrariness" that characterizes ad hoc shopping lists of moral principles (p. 13).
Contemporary moral arguments - The explanatory inadequacy of Kagan’s pretended view
As I said in our dialogue, Kagan's pretended view seems to me to be characterized by just that sort of arbitrariness because it cuts off explanation at a superficial level. What we want to know is why the decisions of such an ideal committee has any objective status in grounding actual moral values and obligations. I can't see any reason to think that this is the actual ground of objective moral values and duties.
Indeed, given that perfectly rational people do not exist, how can his pretended account actually ground moral values and duties? There is no such ideal committee; it does not exist and has never considered or decided anything. So how can actual objective moral values and duties be grounded in such a non-reality? (If Kagan's pretended view grounded morality in the decisions of actual human beings, it would be just an affirmation that moral values and duties are not objective. They're made up or constituted by human beings. But then moral values and duties would not be valid and binding independently of whether anybody believes in them or not.) Asking how such ideal persons would behave might, once more, be a helpful guide to discerning our moral duties (like asking "What would Jesus do?"), but a non-reality cannot be the ontological foundation of some reality.
Finally, notice that there is an assumption underlying Kagan's pretended view which threatens to be massively question-begging, namely, it just assumes that all perfectly rational people would agree about what our moral obligations are! That simply assumes that what Kagan calls moral minimalists, like nihilists, egoists, and libertarians, are all irrational. But then he needs to show why the atheistic moral nihilist is wrong in thinking that in the absence of God objective moral values and duties do not exist. Otherwise, he's begging the question. So long as it is rational to maintain, as I argued, that in the absence of God, objective moral values and duties do not exist, minimalists cannot be excluded from the ideal committee, and so the committee will fail to agree that we have any moral obligations to do anything. In other words, to borrow Dostoyevsky's memorable phrase, all things will be permitted.
- William Lane Craig
Can I call you William? Dear William, Kagan's basing the objectivity of morality on our capacity to reason and be rational does not seem to me to be a naturalistic theory at all. It is not an explanation of how we came to create moral systems or why they express an objective reality. A true naturalistic theory would inquire as to how humans came up with moral systems: what were the precipitating factors, and what were the actions that allowed moral systems to become self-organizing and universal to all human societies? You both seem to presuppose different ideas about "objectivity". Your's is that objectivity comes from the omnipotent perspective of God's. Kagan's is that objectivity comes from the consistent use of reason. In some ways you are at an advantage, because modern philosophy has handicapped itself by falling into a useless debate about whether or not morality is based on anything real or whether it is just imposed on reality by our feverish imaginations. The fact is, we need imagination to understand anything that we cannot relate to directly. That would be God, reason, and objectivity. Remember, a naturalistic explanation is based on physical events and actions. As soon as you bring in metaphors like "reason" and "objectivity" to an explanation it isn't a naturalistic explanation at all.
naveen82376 it is idiotic to say that we need to assume that rational beings will agree about our moral obligations, when we know we agree and we are the only rational beings that we know of. What the hell does he mean he says that it is an assumption, from where i am standing it seems to be observation.
naveen82376 But were you predetermined to make such a response or did you choose to respond how you responded? If you are making a truth Claim you are rising above subjective reasoning and by doing so you Violate Determinism. ☕️
David Hartzfield sorry but it doesnt follow.
Naveen well said. I'll be honest? Is not how deep our wisdom nor know everything that needed to know that exists? Neither upon all dry GROUNDS nor all the things you can't see? My brother a candle that is truly lit? Is for that precious candle is to be lifted up to shine upon the dark that don't comprehend the true light? But a candle that is not lit? Just looking pretty? Our tongues? Our word has power? Our tongues uttered becomes our world? Your will be done? Like you can't force your wife to love you? Other prepare digital wife? Press button kiss me? Lol! Pressures of life? Many can't stand nor delight talking to God? But not all? These individuals are humble but yet a lion? Kings and priests you are? @LLOVE STAY BEAUTIFUL MY BROTHER I SHALL DO THE SAME. Removing death upon all dry GROUNDS of what sin nor anything goes? Has planted upon all dry GROUNDS. That brings opposite of God intended indeed. @LLOVE everything has time? Like the man who's throwing the bible and the Koran like trash his will be done? Stay beautiful my beloved brother? Many, many, many, true individuals are like a lamb. Rather wash your feet of showing their strength of humbleness? Yet, solid like the dry GROUNDS.
All 10 pixels in this video are amazing
At 1:14:35 the look on Kagen's face when he get's WLC to use the 'no true Scotsman' fallacy almost word for word. Just great
Almost everything they say I find myself disagreeing with. Strange to see that after 4 years I’v realized I’m neither an atheist nor a Christian, and yet I still believe in God.
I can sympathize with this. Do you also have the weird feeling that we're approaching this the wrong way?
well then probably just a Deist.
@@flapjackpanda
Nope. Classical theist. Deism is the worst idea.
@@whoami8434 Classical theism is a form of monotheism, so would you consider yourself a christian? or perhaps something else entirely?
@@flapjackpanda
I would consider myself a classical theist, but that doesn’t mean “Christian”.
It's very fortunate that morality is not _actually_ grounded in a celestial authority that previously condoned and mandated genocide, infanticide, slavery, etc.
Have you watched/read any responses to the issues you've brought up? I mean it would be cool if you did I promise the Bible isn't as immoral as you think it is
@@Miskeen-33 Yes, I've watched/read varying excuses people try to give to sugar-coat and justify things like genocidal infanticide, and as an ex-Christian I understand what it's like to be convinced that there's some divine goodness and rationale behind slaughtering little kids. I'll nonetheless reiterate that it's very fortunate that you don't actually get your morals from this deity.
@@onionbelly_ i certainly do Because the bedrock of society is judeo-christian ethics. Things like just war theory, and not lying.
I'm assuming you're talking about the God of the Bible. According to who's moral standard that God is immoral?
@@Miskeen-33 _"the bedrock of society is judeo Christian ethics"_
Hmm 🤔 I find it interesting that you use the phrase _"judeo Christian"_ . Can I just point out that both the Jewish and the Christians hold the OT in common and it is only the belief in in regards to Jesus being the messiah that differentiates them. This difference in theology regarding the rejection and killing of jesus was used by CHRISTIAN Germans as justification for the slaughtering of 6 million. Did their subjective opinion justify the holocaust and somehow make it moral ??? I think not dear ...
May you please add the functionality to do clips of this youtube video, in order to share with friends?
I think what Craig wanted to say was “those who break the social contract have not evolved to the same level as others”
Craig was torn apart once again on morality. Kagan did amazingly. New fan.
How so?
Nah.
Yes, his presentation had a sense of natural expression unlike Craig’s rather scripted speech. Not that one is necessarily better than the other, but to my ears, Kagan could have been speaking almost off the cuff. He also managed to express complex ideas using accessible language. It would be a pleasure to be taught by him.
I was disappointed that Kagan didn't provide a real argument for "objective" morality. I suspect there isn't really a good argument for this so I don't blame him but it does ultimately mean he falls back on subjective morality
@@andyfireandairhow is harm subjective? It either happens or it doesn’t
Morality has always been a huge problem for religion. A religious person can be moral, but they have no way to explain, through faith, why any act is right or wrong. See how badly apologists fail on this. Or can any apologist manage it? All true morality is humanistic.
the Bible tells us why. what are you talking about you fool 🤦♂️
@@bunnypoop4508 why should I or anyone accept the bible as an authority on anything?
@@jameslay1489 Jesus Christ
@@bunnypoop4508 which doesn't tell me why.
This seems like a flawed criticism of religion. After all, people who follow the Bible (Jews/Christians) can easily say that stealing is wrong because God decrees it thusly. In doing so, the Bible followers will have explained, through faith, why that act (stealing) is wrong. So, it seems like the central point of the comment is demonstrably incorrect.
.... Do you have anything to add to the actual discussion at hand?
Kagan is so good 😳 and Craig asks good questions 😌
Why would a loving, generous, just, faithful, kind God commit the atrocities described in Leviticus?
Because it's not loving and is a creation of human imagination.
@@CesarClouds Wrong
@@manne8575no. He's correct
@@paulnejtek6588 I can assure you he's not
@@manne8575 no, you can't. I'm not assured at all. Most likely you'll be unable to answer basic questions about how Christian belief even plausibly makes sense, much less is actually true
Moral value is succinctly described by evolutionary psychology and similar fields. We can observe this rules in other animals.
I have a feeling that Kagan is arguing for a morality more in the likes of Camus and Craig tryting to prove that Sartre's view is harmful.
Other than that Kagan faired his arguments better as after all it is his field of research. Craig found himself in a territory not quite his own.
Still, a very nice discussion, much better than the other atheist vs. Christian debates I've seen. Much more respect and no strawmen.
No strawmen? WLC was attempting one after another.
@@biggregg5 In your fantasy my guy
Hard to argue with you on that. It's at least problematic, and it could well be enough to prove that moral accountability is (in some strong sense) impossible.
I think I agree with you, but just in case you're interested I'll share the other side's view. Compatibilists say that, even though all of our actions reduce to a bunch of chemical reactions (which we can't be responsible for), that doesn't prove that we're not accountable. You're accountable just in case you're able to use your reason.
great debate! I have couple of thoughts. 1. It seems to me that both interlocutors agree that morality is beneficial for the society. William Lane Craig insists upon morality being mandated by a greater being as an assurance of its significance for the Universe while Shelly Kagan claim its a self-contained virtue. I myself have a pragmatic point of view so my question is: how does it matter? Isn't the existence of moral values and sticking to them by a vast majority of our society enough? It's like arguing that getting to NY by a bus means less than getting there by a car (assuming both routes take the same time). The aim is to get to NY. If we agree upon morality being necessary for an efficient function of a society what difference does it make whether moral code comes from ourselves or a higher being? 2. William Lane Craig presents the higher being as a moral god, good, forgiving etc. What if it is not? Then, the moral code it mandates will not be in our best interest. What if it asks, as he wouldn't never, to sacrificce our oldest son as a sign of our devotion to it? Is it moral to follow its instructions even if intrinsically we know they are wrong?
WLC's point is that morality is objective, that is totally independent of human subjectivity, with a transcendent source that is God. Without this level of objectivity, morality is only apparently objective, and in reality only a consensus amongst a moral community. The implication is that there is no guarantee that what we hold to be good/evil will continue to be the case historically and geographically, and there would be no basis apart from consensus to argue for such.
I too agree that it probably does not matter. Whether or not morality is grounded in a god, or within humanity itself, nothing changes. Crimes are certainly not being committed on this basis (that we know of). And ironically, the ones that do are the religious cults. And even if our moral framework evolves, it'll do so organically along with us. On your latter point however, it seems more on the lines of "the end justifies the means" rather than an argument for moral progress.
What you've pointed out resembles the old Euthyphro dilemma. Even if god exists, he is just the messenger on the moral truth, and something being "correct" is independent of his existence. Also, I think it's kind of strange that Craig is using god as an "objective" source of morality - god is literally a SUBJECT. If he wants to define god as "the good", then it just becomes a circular definition. And as you pointed out, if god wants to condone slavery or human sacrifice (or any other abhorrent act), we would have to just blindly follow him.
I think it makes much more sense for morality to be reason-derived, even pragmatically. We can think about the steps in our moral thought processes, and see what is wrong with them. This helps us improve on our ways of thinking and could help us reach more sound conclusions. On the god theory, however, we have a celestial big brother telling us what to do, without any justification other than "it came from me". There's no room for growth here.
With the transportation analogy, it might be okay to have god tell us what the fastest route to NY is. But if we wanted to go to Philadelphia instead of NY, what would we do? We'd have to consult god. However, if we reasoned through things (and found out WHAT criteria makes for an efficient path), we could find the best path for every single worldly situation - whether it be NY, Philadelphia, LA, or any place of your choosing. Ethicists are the tour guides to morality - this is what they study and think about. "Divine command theorists" in today's time are not taken seriously because of this fact; they have nothing to appeal to other than "god said so because god said so".
1. Because if morality comes from a god, its alleged representatives can dictate what we ought to do, whereas a secular moral code is open source as it were.
@@gerardjayetileke4373 Even assuming such a source exists, what method is there to determine what its objective moral code is? Craig doesn't consider the Qur'an a holy text, even though it's just another revelation from his god.
Where in history or geography has it ever been the case that a religious community agreed on anything though?
@@aspacelex that's precisely the point. As long as the said source (God) itself isn't accessible directly apart from interpretation, it will always be subject to change, not unlike the morality from a secular point of view. I do believe there can be an argument for morality based on historical tradition, be it religious or otherwise, but it still wouldn't justify a metaphysical source in an absolute sense. It's just not grounded in the real world.
Kagan fails in his argument that morality depends upon your position in society, and "what kind of creature you are." It fails because that position is relative, not objective, and as such it applies individually and recklessly with no firm boundary. For instance, the Nazis thought their position in the social sphere was superior to all others. They then used that personal view of themselves to kill and do harm - and justified it. This is what Craig means by morality must be objective, and not based on some fanciful notion of position. Kagan hasn't really thought through his argument.
Kagan seems to be a very intelligent and thoughtful person…I would be less flippant about accusing a Yale professor of not "thinking through his argument." Kagan does not fail…yes the Nazi's used subjective reasons to commit atrocities…the rest of the "social sphere" i.e. the society as a role looked at the situation objectively and came to the correct moral conclusion.
We don't need a God to be accountable to…it's enough to be accountable to each other.
jdplanas I'm not sure how stating that Kagan hasn't thought through his argument is "flippant", but oh well. Just because a person has a degree from a prestigious institution does little to impress me on subjects like this. That's because it's often the case that the person's emotional and personal views get in the way of their common sense or "smarts." Intellectual skills often take a back seat to personal worldview, and I think that's the case here for Kagan.
In the case of the Nazis, you note that "the rest of the "social sphere" i.e. the society as a whole looked at the situation objectively and came to the correct moral conclusion."
And...your point?
The issue is that morals can and are just subjective points of order without an objective source to lay the moral framework. Using Kagan's point of view, there's no reason to believe that his morals are any better or more beneficial than mine are, or the Nazis were. Craig is correct - Kagan is not - in spite of his Yale degree.
dweezel theyounger "Using Kagan's point of view, there's no reason to believe that his morals are any better or more beneficial than mine are, or the Nazis were."
Err, what? There's no reason not to think the Nazis morals was beneficial? You might want to reconsider that statement.
dweezel theyounger My first point wasn't an argument from authority. I don't agree or disagree with him because he has a Dr. in front of his name. Kagan's point is that we can be our own source of objective morality and he he laid out a good argument. My point is that a Yale University professor of philosophy (who has dedicated his life's work to the subject) has probably spent a good deal of time thinking through his position. You may have very valid points for disagreeing (or not), but accusing him of not thinking it through is insulting. So when someone disagrees with you it's because they haven't thought it through enough?
And if you take some time to think it through, you'll see the real argument from authority comes from the religious. They claim their god is the only source of morality and then claim exclusive access to speak for that god. That is not objective morality, it's divine command authority. What was the excuse used by Nazi's during Nuremburg? It wasn't my fault, I was ordered to do it. The whole line of reasoning that without God the Nazi worldview is just as valid as anyone else's I find ridiculous and relies on a known logical fallacy reductio ad absurdum. It's not like the Jews were wandering around the desert and didn't figure out murder was objectively wrong until forty days after they reached Mt Sinai.
jdplanas If there is no single point of morality, then what morality do you choose, and why would one choice be better than the other?
@Samuel Bennett I think you defined "thinking" wrong.
Why is the moderator asking questions again?
Dr. Crag asked,” Why do you define harming others is absolutely wrong.” Dr. Kagan said,” Because I am able to realize the definition (Because I am able to realize this behavior wrong.)”
I would say definition of morality is not harming others. No more, no less. And since God cannot change moral laws with his will, that means moral laws are independent of anybody's will. Moral platonism also suggest that, so we can eliminate the middle man, God.
@@goranmilic442 It's not that God can't change moral laws with his will, rather that God's will or God's nature is the moral law. This is why the Euthyphro dilemma is a false dilemma.
1. Are things good because God wills them?
or
2. Does God will things because they are good?
Rather, God as the greatest maximal being is maximally good, therefore being more like God is good and less like God is evil. God is neither arbitrarily determining things to be good or held to a higher standard that is itself good, rather since God is good, he wills good things.
@@grantgooch5834 "Since God is good, he wills good things" doesn't really explain why this would be a false dilemma. You didn't explain who and how decided that, for example, rape is bad. You just said that God is good, rape is bad, so God is against rape. That doesn't explain why did God decided that. To put it simply, when God created rule "rape is bad", he either had reason for that or he hadn't have reason for that. If there was no reason, then all moral rules are arbitrary, there was nothing to stop God to decide rape is good. If there was reason why rape is bad, then those reasons are always valid, even without God, so you don't need God to realize that rape is bad.
@@goranmilic442 what about cheating on your wife or sleeping with your best friends wife without anyone knowing. No one is being hurt, what about lying about your SAT score to get into college. What about peeping and watch someone take a shower without them knowing. No one is being harmed. those things seem immoral to me.
Your question is a great one. Reason faces the same challenge that morality does... namely is there an absolute standard we can appeal to or is it simply majority consensus? Objective or subjective? If it's subjective, or up to the individual, then I think reason is quite unreliable since it really boils down to one man's opinion over another.
_urbansamurai,_ Maybe you've already discovered this in the 8 years since your comment, but reason is just the historic track record of arguments.
* Some types of arguments were reliably true. We call those "logical".
* Some aren't reliably true. We call those types of arguments "fallacies"; they aren't logical; they're mistakes.
The big problem confronting theists has always been their inability to present a _non-fallacious_ argument for a god. (Craig just _says_ objective morality exists, and _says_ a god would be required for it, but that's fallacy of bare assertion. A mistake. So when (in other talks) he tries to use morality as his argument for a god, it all rests on a non-existent, flawed foundation.)
@@majmage Granting for the sake of argument that God does in fact exist, is there any logical problem with saying that God creates morality in the same way he creates existence itself?
The theory that moral and rational claims are demonstrated through historical track records doesn't meet the ontological burden of proof; pragmatism and populism are not in themselves 100% reliable tools for deducing such proofs. Up until the 19th century, history and experience would have validated slavery as a moral institution, albeit there were dissenting voices throughout time. The historic track record argument fails for many reasons, namely the regressive and progressive tendencies of civilizations.
@@veritasagape4043 I feel like you're weirdly mixing up two topics.
The development of logic over time is what led to us calling things logical.
The development of morality over time is a separate thing (and yeah morality is a technology gradually discovered very similar the development of logic).
So my comments on logic are an ongoing problem for theists because they have yet to provide a logical argument for a god's existence.
The moral argument is just one example of logical errors used to try to say a god exists: Craig says things without evidence, and that's fallacy of bare assertion (and long ago we discovered that _just saying something is true for no reason_ isn't a reliable way to know truth; and that mistake of having no good reason is why we call it fallacy of bare assertion).
@@majmage Perhaps it's better said that the development of the tools of logic led humanity to recognize what things are true and false.
I think your claim that theists haven't provided any "logical argument for God's existence" is simply incorrect. There are a multitude of logical arguments for God's existence, despite your disagreements as to the validity of those claims.
What I think you're looking for is a "true" logical argument instead of something like the following:
---
"All psychological scientists conduct empirical research. William James conducts empirical research. Therefore, William James is a psychological scientist."
Notice, all of the premises are true, and so is the conclusion, but it’s not a valid argument. All psychological scientists do conduct empirical research, and so does William James, but that’s not what tells us that James is a psychological scientist. Some people who conduct empirical research - Rosalind Franklin, for example - aren’t psychological scientists at all.
----
This is not to say that all logical arguments for God's existence are valid, or that all are faulty as in the aforementioned manner; some do have full logical coherence and summationary truth value.
You also claim that Craig "says things without evidence", but what do you mean by "evidence"? Are we talking the Oxford definition: "the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid", or the Ballentine's legal definition, "The means by which alleged facts are proved or disproved'? Are you looking for video footage, eyewitness testimony, personal experience, abductive reasoning, inductive arguments, divine personal revelation? What is your criteria for evidence?
@@veritasagape4043 Again, we're discussing _existence._ That means being "valid" isn't enough. We need a _sound_ argument for god(s). Nobody has one.
I provided a specific example of Craig's baseless assertion: saying objective moral values do exist. Well watch this entire vid and the entire rest of Craig's content, and you'll never find him supporting that claim with sufficient evidence to believe it's true.
So again, with each argument for god one or more logical errors (fallacies) was made. And bad logic isn't evidence, it's _just bad logic._ That leaves us without a good reason to believe any gods actually exist.
Yes, evidence is the body of facts indicating something is true.
Also, a quick point Craig wasn't allowed to expound on this but according to the Bible, we act morally because we want to follow God's objective command for X or Y, NOT for the SOLE reason we will be rewarded, so Craig's point that moral reasons and prudent reasons will conflict for the Christian and the Christian ought to chose the moral reason.
I think Craig in the interest of time seemed to concede the point that because we will be rewarded for choosing the moral over the prudent, it is actually prudent to chose the moral reason, when while he acknowledges that we will be rewarded, and we often know this, it is not the basis by which we act morally.
5.25. So if someone refuses to share their cake with a fat friend, is that morally good because they are looking after their friends health, or harming them because it hurts their feelings? Is it morally defensible only if the person doesn’t want to share their cake because of their friends health, rather than, they just want to eat all the cake and not share. Do you have to look at motives as well as actions?
all i have to say is this: Shelly Kagan is a philosophical beast
It's amazing to hear him instantly eviscerate the heart out of any moral argument Craig makes as if he's pondered the exact point many times before
@@superdog797 But he never actually justified why anyone has any moral duty or obligation to behave in any certain way.
@@j2mfp78 It's a discussion about morality. We have moral duties by virtue of social contract, human reason, the ability to appreciate immorality and consequences, etc. Kagan addressed all these.
@@superdog797 But those are just assertions. Who decided this was the criteria and that anyone has any obligation to accept or follow it? Someone could come up with a completely different set of criteria. Why would 1 be more valid than the other?
@@j2mfp78 Those aren't assertions. They are statements of fact. Someone could choose to ignore them if they want but they still exist. An assertion is an unjustified statement about some fundamental truth of reality. Kagan talked about this in the debate - he pointed out that the moral community comes to consensuses on moral positions. You ask "well what if someone changed [some aspect of morality]?" Well so what if they changed it? What's your point? On a separate note what do you make of the Euthyphro Dilemma?
Subtitulos en español por favor!! :D
Subtítulos:
Kegan: Yale no cree en Dios.
Craig: Dios no cree en Yale.
Kegan: alma confundido
Craig: alma redimida
Conclusion: Nadie sabe nada.
Subtítulos:
Yo quiero taco bell
I've listened to so many debates and reflected on my own life and one thing i learned is, once you reject God, you put yourself as god. No other way about it
It skipped a bit at 1:03:30
I always giggle when I hear Craig say doodies.
Honest questions: The phrase "a perfectly rational being" (1:04) seems to presuppose a kind of morality by which Shelly Kagan asserts morality is then derived. Which comes first the chicken or the egg? Also when in the "evolutionary" process does he claim this rationality begins?
I’m sorry, but your question is a little difficult to address with the time stamp you gave.
If we're starting at 11:09, you've completely mischaracterised what he said.
@@MissBlennerhassett876 I'm simply asking a question.
@@nathanfranckhauser Ok, I'll bite. Kagan didn't assert anything about how morality is derived. He was talking about moral principles and how we ground them, not our moral sense and where it comes from.
@@MissBlennerhassett876 This is incorrect both in terms of the overall debate: Kagan - "Is God necessary for morality?" (:26-:33 seconds in) And the context of my timestamp: 1hr 4min. (1:04)
That you are bringing up the torturer doing the torturing in this debate refutes your position that it wouldn’t matter after the fact. It absolutely matters and changes the experience of life for the rest of us because we have memories, share stories, and try to gain understanding of things through those means.
What point are you trying to make?
So many comments and nobody mentions arthur schopenhauer?
To this day I still haven't heard an answer to why whether something is good or not, from a worldview without GOD as a basis. I kept hearing about a "social contract" and how it would be objective, but if a group adopted and opposing "social contract" how would we know who is correct?
I think the understanding is that, this social contract is not arbitrary where a group suddenly decides on what's moral vs immoral. The idea is that it has happened over millennia, collectively, organically, where the species has come to recognize what things contribute to human flourishing vs what does not. Hence why our collective understanding of what "morality" is, has also evolved.
For me, ethics can be more objective than the social contract framing, because we continue to hone our understanding of human health and well-being, what promotes it, and what diminishes it. Can I say that human health being morally good is a universal absolute that exists separate from humans? No, definitely not. But it's a common ethical goal for our species, and I don't see a coherent alternative. (It seems that the only times it is justified to forego health and well-being are when the ultimate goal is an even greater or more widespread degree of health and well-being, like any other situations in life where we sacrifice a small happiness to achieve a greater one. This logic still applies in a religious context too, just with an added spiritual dimension of values.)
Now, say there's a hypothetical group of humans, or another species, who actually have completely different conditions for their health and well-being (beyond just cultural norms). I don't think the issue with that scenario is whether their morality is *true*, but rather how we could get along with such a group - how our ethics can interact with theirs. That is a practical conundrum, but not so much a problem with the fundamental basis for ethics. I have no problem with the idea that other intelligent species could have different but valid ethics within their own species, because their health and psychology works differently. (We can make the comparison to other animal species on our planet, and figuring out how to coexist with them when they often have very different instincts and needs than humans.)
To return your question in the other direction: I keep hearing about "God" and how it would be objective, but if a group adopted an opposing "God morality" how would we know who is correct? In other words, it is easy enough to say there is an objective morality. But I think the real puzzle is *how we can know* what that morality is. And it seems to me that the puzzle of how to know is just as concerning, and even more challenging, for those who must try to figure out God's morality.
@Greeneye Ethics simply boils down to accepted social norms in the way you seem to describe it. I don't believe we disagree about the furthering of human health and well-being as a general priority for a vast majority, but as you said there is no way to universally and objectively state that it is "good" or "evil". That is the main point. The inability to justify 'good and evil', 'right and wrong', and 'darkness and light' is not possible without a transcendent, independent, and morally perfect being.
You brought up rival groups flying the banner of their GOD and proposing opposing idea's of what is morally good. That is the essence of most religious or anti-religious debate. Fundamentally, it is exactly, like you said, a competing of cultural ethics.
The fundamental difference in Christianity is that it clearly explains that the evil (sin) we commit is what will separate us from the infinite, all-loving, and morally good creator for eternity. That creator will not be in the presence of imperfection, hence the choice for that same creator (out of his love) to provide a way to perfect us and reconcile us to Himself. Hence, the need for JESUS CHRIST. All of those other "God groups" say to do more good than bad according to their cultural ethics, with no way to rectify past sin or evil.
I kind of got off topic, but I said that to say if there isn't a transcendent moral law giver, then any actions taken (whether individually or collectively) cannot objectively be deemed good or bad. Furthermore, if there is no judge or punishment for evil, then why should anyone care?
@@ThereIsHopeInCHRIST777 It's objective in the same way that medicine is objective in terms of human health. As to why anyone should care: Well, why should anyone care about eating when hungry, or sleeping when deprived of sleep, or healing an injury? Do we require the same kind of ultimate "reason" to care about those things?
Don't get me wrong, there are some troubles. Like, how do you justify human well-being to someone who truly doesn't care about it or feel any compassion? I don't know the answer to that. But do you? How do you justify religious ethics to the same person if they don't care about spiritual purity? For that question, we are in the same exact boat.
But I have no problem accepting that there might be no "absolute" moral good separate from the experience of living beings. That is very far from saying there is nothing for me to care about. As a human, I am quite well fit to caring about the human experience, and about the nature of the world I live in.
P.S. I would definitely challenge your claim that non-Christians have no way to resolve past evils. But I think that's a tangent we don't need to go on. And by the way, even if I accept a transcendent basis for a moral good, that still leaves the question of **how to know** what that is. How to figure out the morally good behaviors. Me, I'm gonna look for something more objective than the words of a holy text. And I mean that with all due respect to the wisdom contained in any given one.
@@gerardjayetileke4373You are explaining the origin of morality, that is you are outlining how and why morality came to be. However, putting aside this simple ontological aspect of morality, the harder question to answer is why should one ought to be moral.
Why should I care for morality if it just is a societal consensus? If morality is merely decided by a majority vote, then it means nothing to me - it follows that I should do whatever I like without any regard for morality.
thanks
Es la primera vez que veo en mi vida un DEBATE.
Craig: Reality without god seems very depressing. Therefore a god must exist.
Me: same with Santa Claus.
Room level iq
If that’s all you could articulate after watching debate you’re literally brain dead
"When I first heard the message of the Gospel as a non-Christian high school student, that my sins could be forgiven by God, that God *loved me, he loved Bill Craig,* and that I could come to know him and experience *eternal life* with God, I thought to myself (and I'm not kidding) I thought if there is just one chance in a million that this is true it's worth believing. So my attitude toward this is just the opposite of Kyle's. Far from raising the bar or the epistemic standard that Christianity must meet to be believed, I lower it." - William Lane Craig
@@vejeke
Lol I actually care truth of my beliefs dear and "truth" is not determined by what I WANT to be true or which belief sounds the most appealing and offers me the most.
Truth is demonstrated not asserted its that which best conforms with the FACTS and EVIDENCE and "faith" plays no part in the equation.
Knowledge of FACTS, also called "propositional knowledge", is defined as true belief that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of justification. A "FACT" is a point of data that is objectively verifiable ( demonstrable ) Absent "Facts" one has only the opinion or guesswork and no justification to claim such knowledge.
Science has all the FACTS yet claims nothing as "absolute" truth. Christianity conversely claims absolute truth in everything yet has no FACTS 😜
@@trumpbellend6717 I have another one that is even better...
"The way in which I know Christianity is true is *first and foremost on the basis of the witness of the Holy Spirit in my heart* and that this gives me a *self authenticating means of knowing* that Christianity is true wholly apart from the evidence and therefore if in some historically contingent circumstances the evidence that I have available to me should turn against Christianity I don't think that that controverts the witness of the Holy Spirit." - William Lane Craig
Evidence, who needs that when you can say you have the Holy Spirit in your heart? Then it doesn't matter even if they go against your creed 🤣
As Sam Harris once put it "If someone doesn't value evidence, what evidence are you going to provide to prove that they should value it?"
@@vejeke
// "a self authenticated way of knowing" //
Lol truth is demonstrated dear not asserted, its that which best conforms with the FACTS and EVIDENCE and has nothing whatsoever to do with "faith"
Knowledge of FACTS, also called "propositional knowledge", is defined as true belief that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of justification. A "FACT" is a point of data that is objectively verifiable ( demonstrable ) Absent "Facts" one has only the opinion or guesswork and no justification to claim such knowledge.
Science has all the FACTS yet claims nothing as "absolute" truth. Christianity conversely claims absolute truth in everything yet has no FACTS 😜
At 1:09.20 Craig says you "have to have God as an objective transcendent standard for moral value." But the "God" that he imagines to be the objective moral standard is the one he subjectively defines as "God." Craig is the one who is declaring, on no evidence at all, that God, in Craig's imagination, must be loving and kind and moral and just. This is a typically subjective human definition of what an "ideal God" would be. So he declares that this ideal God exists, then claims that he must exist if moral standards are cosmically objective. The circularity is spinning.
Yep the claim that theistic morality is somehow "objective" is ridiculous. Theists are merely substituting their own subjective moral standards with the morals standards of the god they subjectively determine represents the "correct objective" morality. 🙄🤔
I'm positive there are light fixtures in there. If you two stop trying to identify objects by tactile sensation and make an effort to feel around for light switches, you'll enjoy the improved perceptive clarity. Such a venture may seem scary now but the perceived taboo is actually an artifact of the darkness itself.
Inertia commonly illudes its subject with apparent comfort, ease, and of all things, control; when in fact these qualities are increased by action!
Amen.
This was much more informative than the standard debates that Craig appears in, and Kagan was a great interlocutor in terms of bringing out the nonsense in some of Craig's arguments. "Absent God, our moral choices don't matter because of the heat-death of the universe billions of years from now." Does anyone actually buy that argument?!
unfortunetly many WLC fanboys.
yes
yes, those who stand with truth
Tacking on the heat death bit is irrelevant to Craig. He would be perfectly happy saying “Absent God, our moral choices don’t matter”.
What exactly is the counter argument? Seems pretty self explanatory that in the long run, given the heat death of the universe, nothing matters in the long run as nothing is lasting. Things only have temporary value to creatures who are themselves only temporary
Let's grant for the moment that God has created absolute morals, and that these morals can be discovered. Even so, this definition of what we mean by "morals" is just one of many possible definitions that we can choose to use. For example, someone might disagree with God's set of absolute morals, and many indeed do (including people who think that it's ethical to punish someone for keeping a slave). Similarly, let's grant that an objectively rational social contract can be defined in only one possible correct way, and that it would produce only one possible set of correct morals, which would therefore be a set of absolute morals. Still, this is again only one of several possible definitions of what qualifies as a moral. What this illustrates is the true scope of moral relativism: it's the umbrella that covers all of the different possible ideas that give rise to so-called absolute morals.
when i look at this topic , i can t see past the argument of objective morality and a higher power. how can a universe, which came to be on it s own, along with it come an objective morality? i can t see past this...]
@@stevejames5863 The definition of morals is "a lesson, especially one about what is thoughtful toward the future, learned through stories or experience." That's a pretty ambiguous definition, but it's basically a question about what is best for the future.
You can use these stories and experiences to build certain goals towards a purpose. For instance, if the purpose is to maximize human well being, then there are goals that should be met concerrning maximizing human well being. One goal towards such a purpose might be to not hurt each other, because hurting someone doesn't always maximize human well being.
It just so happens that human well being is an excessively complex topic with billions of variables that change every day. If we could possibly know all of those variables though, then we'd have a clear path towards the objectively best method of maximizing human well being.
It's already there in the universe, we just have to discover it. Similarly, the universe provided us with math, we just had to discover it. An apple plus an apple is objectively two apples. Thanks Universe!
No person in their right mind would appeal to absolute morality.
Both of the panelists avoid such terms precisely because they won't be able to make such a case.
Anyways, I could just NOT grant your conclusion. v:
BTW, if they're absolute morals, you do realise there'd be a contradiction if they don't perfectly overlap with each other, right?
If there's a contradiction, then they're not absolute.
@@malolazap5377 do you mean objective morality? or is there a distinction? i think if there is objective morality, some things can be: relative. what i m trying to say, if there is objective morality,and i think there are morals we can agree upon. where does this come from? it is a simple question. i don t think all morals are relative. there being a universe that just happened to come about, does not create morals that are objective.also, if you have an explanation for objective morality without a higher power- ok. otherwise, if morality is relative, that is different. if morality is relative then i think anything goes, why would we have laws, courts, and so on?
Hear hear..
"1. Context is "everything"
2. You are able to assume "everything" and "Nothing"
3. You will "question" anything
4. "True" and "False" exist "separate", without "Context"
5. "Good" and "Evil" can not exist without "Context"
6. "Morality" exists "separate" from, but not without "Context"
7. "Context" "Evokes" "Anything"
8." That which "Invokes" "emotion" is also "anything" "unknown" and "Absolute"
"Thanks." "Very" "helpful"
@@zucc4764 lol... Im surprised you can read
@@zucc4764 I'm wondering if you know what those words are defined as, and if you have the ability to ponder the meaning...
@@georgerigby2705knowing absolutely nothing about this guy you stupidly say your surprised he can read. He's not mocking the certainly unprofound msg. Just the silly, vague way you're communicating it.
Kagan talks about the "contract". What contract? Who wrote it? Who signed it?
I'll answer this using the question WLC absurdly asked of Shelly Kagan during the back and forth portion. For WLC to say "well what if someone in society does not sign the contract" and then act as if that is the straw that breaks the camels back is a misunderstanding of social contract theory. It, in no way, threatens social contract theory. When talking about social contract theory, I often find that people misconstrue what the actually "contract" means. The contract is not some physical document that everyone HAS to sign and HAS to agree to at birth - and I'm not claiming that you in particular make this claim, but I've heard it made before - the social contract is, instead, an immaterial societal agreement that is encompassed in the form of our traditional norms, folkways and general traditions that make any particular group of people who they are, as distinguished by their culture. So now the question, what if someone doesn't sign the contract?
Well, we have the same label for them that anyone else in society would have for them: we would call them criminals, and we would call them general deviants. Those types of people are unavoidable, every society of people has it's deviants. Everyone has a contract, whether you like it or not, if you are born into a society where people live socially then you are living in the terms that they have created. Now, whether or not you choose to deviate from the contract is up to said individual, keep in mind the definition I gave of what the "contract" represents. WLC argues that in order for their to be good, there has to be evil, for without the evil, we cannot possibly know that what is good is good. We can apply the exact same reasoning to social contract and, in fact, I could ask the same type of question and say "well what if someone doesn't obey god?" Does that destroy the god argument? Of course not, because all you have to say is that the said individual will face repercussions from God for not obeying. The social contract line of reasoning is the same, except instead of said individual appealing to God for disobedience, they appeal to the repercussions they will face from society for their disobedience which will take the form of social ostracism, time spent in prison, and other ways that we humans punish our own.
I wish that Kagan would have really laid the wood to WLC here, because he certainly had the opportunity, as it was clear that WLC had a scant understanding of what the actual contract represents. But this is part of what makes theories like social contract, consequentialism, and utilitarianism so effective. They are common sense theories. It is not hard, nor a reach, to believe that human beings, through everyday social interaction over time, develop the foundations for the societies they live in. You almost want want to say, well duh. It doesn't require nearly as much mental gymnastics that WLC has to go through to justify his beliefs.
there is a clear common usage of contractarianism in philosophy. Look shit up.
Kagan says “Let us all imagine a contract because we’re all perfectly rational” I suppose Kagan will be the perfectly rational human? Good luck maybe all of our politicians will sign it! What an a absurdity!😂
Craig talked about his invisible non-existent friend.
Carlos Danger Maybe I’m missing something, but it seems as if your explanation and Shelly’s explanation are different. The major difference is that Shelly did NOT include “societal norms” in his explanation. He said, this contract is what would be agreed upon by “perfectly rational” beings. This is a statement that seems to transcend societal norms, and presents a “sort of” objective foundation for morality.
My problem is with “perfectly rational beings”. It’s a thought experiment that assumes the outcome. For instance, why would “harming someone” be bad? There are different reasons people can come up with, but there seems to also be reasons why people are perfectly fine to harm someone just because they want to (what WLC pointed out, even if you only consider it 1 reason as opposed the “the” reason). So why think that perfectly rational beings would agree on the outcome that he is expressing? It seems to be begging the question IMO.
However, I am genuinely open to increasing my understanding of why you explained “social contract theory” differently than Shelly did IN THIS VIDEO. I’m open to you telling me the areas where I am wrong as well. Hope that makes sense.
I came here thinking Craig might slaughter him, Because in most cases Craig uses his "philosophical" background to kill off Atheist. But it was so refreshing to see a great Atheist Philosopher like Shelly use a thinking beyond the depths of Craig's abilities.
At best Craig uses his knowledge of philosophy to make it sound like he has a point to those who don’t understand his references.
If his goal was to be understood by speaking plainly, he would be de-converting people.
Instead, he keeps people in the pews by giving them the comfort that someone who sounds smart agrees with them.
@@sjd1446 At best, Shelley uses his knowledge to spew bs, such as " Compatibility". Shelley keeps idiot atheists comfortable with his bs.
@@sjd1446’ve yet to see one commented criticism of WLC that isn’t a character attack lol. Don’t take it so personally. You’re free to be an atheist. You don’t have to be rude to help you cope with your beliefs.
@@tristan8041 Describing dr. Craig’s actions is in no way tantamount to attacking his character.
I don’t see how anything I said could possibly be construed as rude. Why are you so sensitive about this?
Apologies if I hurt your feelings.
The reason I watch these videos is that I’m looking for a reasonable convincing argument against the position I currently hold.
The reason I comment Is to share why I am not convinced in hopes that someone might point out a misunderstanding that I may have about the arguments I’m hearing.
If you have anything to offer as far as that goes, I’d love to hear it.
@@robinrobyn1714 someone's triggered.
This is by far the best argument to William Lane Craig I have seen. Hitchens and the rest always make strong arguments against Christianity, but sometimes fall short on the morality argument.
*"Hitchens and the rest always make strong arguments against Christianity,"*
Really? What are those strong arguments?
Are you aware of a video entitled,
"The Sophistry of Christopher Hitchens"
And, just in case it is important to you, the video is made by both an admirer of Hitch and an atheist.
Last comment: "It's a threat to morality itself" I am interested in this, can you expound on that? Is there an example where morality is changing for the worse(or a moral standard of today that might be corrupted in the future)?
In one of Kagan's responses, he says that the reason we would regard human harming human as wrong, and not baboon harming baboon as wrong, is that humans have rationality, i.e. the ability to think.
The fact that he leaves it there, makes his point quite unsatisfactory. For why does this ability to think suddenly make it wrong that we harm another creature? Thinking is the ability to be intellectually aware of objects. So why does the ability to be intellectually aware of objects make it so that we ought not to harm another human being? There must be something, within Kagan's view, about the act of "harming another human being" that makes doing the act + being intellectually aware of the act, wrong.
WC rightly points out that rationality may be necessary, but it is not sufficient. Kagan's reply to this point is just as unsatisfactory:
He says that the reason thinking matters, is because, if I have rationality (can think), then I am aware of reasons NOT to, for example, murder. This would mean that the necessary and sufficient condition for an act being wrong, is that I can think of reasons not to do it. But this has the absurd conclusion that helping a dying person out of a ditch is wrong if I can think of any old reason for not doing it - for example, "if I don't help this person out of a ditch, then I can catch up on my homework".
Samuel Bennett In my opinon there is no need of rudeness here and if you decided he is not worth your time to refute than the sole reason for the very existence of your comment it simply to present unnecessary negativity. Now, that being said I do agree that trough Kelly's logic it's perfectly viable to think of a reason NOT to help the old lady and it'll be morally acceptable to leave here there, however what reason will that be ?
Certainly the "homework" example will not do here. The reason you can think of for not helping the old lady out has to in some way out-trump the importance of her life. Unquestionably the homework example does not out-trump her life but let's take for instance an example where there is another ditch right next to her and in that ditch is your wife/mother/daughter. And you have time to save only one of the 2 stuck individuals. Yet, unless one life is compared to another (like in my example) I cannot think of other situations where something else can out-trump a life.
Simeon Vasilev Hello Simeon...so you are claiming that the reason I am wrong to not help the person out of the ditch in order to do my homework, is that the reason for doing my homework is not as good as the reason to help the person out of the ditch. I certainly agree. But notice you have introduced the idea that certain reasons for acting (i.e. certain goals) are better than other goals.
So it seems your suggestion implies (correct me if I'm wrong) that the reason you can hold someone morally responsible for what they do is that, in virtue of having rationality (ability to think), they can be aware of goals, as well as aware of how certain goals TRUMP other goals, i.e. that certain goals are better than others.
But, in Kagan's response, he said that people are morally responsible for actions JUST by being aware of reasons for not doing something, i.e. that all you need for humans to be worthy of praise or blame is for them to be aware of reasons not to do something. But it looks like you need something extra, as you pointed out: there needs to be certain goals that are better than others.
The reason it is wrong for me to do homework instead of save a child, is not simply because I can think of a reason to not do my homework and save a child. For I can also think of a reason to not save a child and do my homework. The key, as you said, is that my reason for doing hwk is worse than my reason for saving the person. And since this reason is worse, and, qua rational, I can be aware of these reasons, I am morally responsible. But Kagan said that being capable of being aware of reasons for actions (and of course being able to control your actions) is sufficient for being moral. It seems you need the extra bit about certain reasons being superior to others.
To put it differently: simply because my thoughts do control my actions according to the intentions I make, doesn't make me morally responsible. That fact PLUS the extra fact that certain states of affairs are better than others (the state of affairs where "my hwk is incomplete and the child is alive" is better than one where "my hwk is complete and the child is dead"), makes humans worthy of praise or blame.
So basically what you're arguing for is that Shelly's "Moral System" system is in a way incomplete ?
Well, I have to say ... I agree with you!
Simeon Vasilev Right. Contra Kagan, simply the fact that humans are rational (can know and can control behavior) won't get you the result that humans are deserving of praise or blame. Cs if all states of affairs had equal value, no goal would be any more laudable than another.
Samuel Bennett That's a pretty good point. Not sure why the other dude was anti it if he wasn't trolling (I've seen lots of atheists claim to use 'reason' and 'logic' even though all they've done is reject some parts of the old testament and call people idiots if their thoughts aren't in agreement with them...I'm not one of those type of atheists)
But I think what Kagan means is that we can think about our morality, and it's not just that we can think, but we can distinguish, as it was pointed out in the debate, between what's prudent to do, and what's right to do.
By being able to think, we can distinguish between what's prudent to do (like doing your homework) and what's right to do (like helping out a stranger). You clearly have this capability, to distinguish these two, and so do most people. Just because we can think of reasons not to do each doesn't justify our actions. That just means we can think. But at the end of the day, we can distinguish between what's moral and what's simply prudent. It's not just about thinking, but it's that we actually can think 'morally.' Seems to me there's something in our thought process that lets us 'think' morally.
Craig’s first point is to define God into existence (God = good/good = God and God = morality giver, so since we have morality and “good” God must exist)
Which is why it is up to the atheist to explain how Morality and Goodness can be justified without God.
Because Craig's equation seems to be correct.
what kind of slogan is "Exploring True Life"?
52:17 who wants to see another debate with the amazing Shelly Kagan vs Craig but on free will?!?!?! ❤🎉
He really pushes that in his closing statement also, claiming that the theistic view is much more "attractive." And as you said just because it is an easier answer does not necessarily make it true. Although it is hard to justify objectivity in a atheistic moral standpoint does not mean that it is not there.
This has bothered me for years & bothered me further b/c I've not seen a comment addressing it: anyone else awe-struck by the casual dropping of the so-called "No True Scotsman" fallacy at 1:14:36? Does that alone not seriously undermine the "objective" morality argument that Craig had been on the ropes with for the better part of the beginning topic? Who among you can w/ authority define the genuine characteristics of a christian properly w/o contest or complaint? I would like to know why this isn't a tacit admission of defeat.
Pardon me, I simply don't understand what it is you're trying to say here. Is this a response to my question or a kind of proselytization?
All right, so proselytization.
+Kujo Johnston, I noticed a bit of laughter from the crowd at that point, I think some of them got it!
He is saying that there is no accountability since the rapist or murderer knows that they can still find god someday at the time of committing the moral wrong. I think that's far fetched and Craig is right in saying that a Christian cant think that way because no human being would think this way.
If they are not Christian or say an atheist then absolution wouldn't be something they considered possible even if they planned to find god etc. I highly doubt someone who is "100%" sure that Jesus's promise is real would be the same person committing that crime.
Hey Steve Frank, thanks for the comment. . . .
"A christian cant think that way because no human being would think this way" (sic)
So I am not sure what exactly that means. Are you sincerely trying to posit that no Christian, never mind a human being, not only has never, but in fact could never, think that it was possible for them to commit a crime (or crimes) then repent upon their deathbed & be forgiven by God & remanded to Heaven everlasting? That to think in such a way would somehow negate their status as quote-unquote Real Christians?
Why do we need to ask for forgiveness for something inflicted upon us? Shouldn't the apology come the other way?
1:03:00 I want to hear Shelly Kagan “lay upon you my elaborate theory of the nature of practical reasoning according to which prudential reasons have less weight than moral reasons.
The implication I take from this is that moral reasons outweigh prudential reasons. ❤🎉
Read his book The Limits of Morality
@@pente12 I have. Cover to cover. One of my favorites actually
Determinism & Free Will is a clear contradiction
Compatibility is an excuse to use any of them when needed.
I enjoyed this debate. My question is for Dr. Kagen, who asserts that a higher level of morality can be achieved through more rationality. In a purely naturalistic worldview, there is only molecules in motion, so how do we arrive at "better" rationality?
Natural selection.
Rationale is, from a biological perspective, an ability to comprehend an individual's circumstance. A more rational being would be more able to make decisions that lead to personal success.
If we assume that, to a notable degree, rationale is inheritable (or more precisely, the capability to reason is imheritable), then it follows that those individuals with rationality can benefit from the rationality of their ancestors.
Because of this, a more rational species would be more likely to succeed. Such a species would continue to refine its capability to reason through the interbreeding of rational members. Those members who are less rational (insanity perhaps) make poorer choices becuase they cannot as clearly comprehend what course of action would most likely lead to the benefit of the individual, its group, or its species. Because of this, they are less likely to succeed and/or produce similarly defective offspring.
In addition, more rational member would more capably recognize which individuals are most rational, and similarly, would choose better actions to be more successful. This more likely success breeds (literally) more successful offspring. Eventually, this results in a natural and inevitable selection of more rational beings to comprise a population.
This process therefore generates improved, "better" rationality. And if we define morals as those beliefs which are most likely to contribute positively to the success/prepetuation of a population, a more rational being is more moral, because violating such morals would be irrational.
Bit long winded I know, but I hope this helps.
Empathy... the answer is empathy.
@@insouciantFox this basically ignores the entire objection of, but why does X axiom matter - why does morality helping our species survive obligate us to follow it ?
@@fahim-ev8qq It doesn't. You're not truly obliged to do anything, assuming free will. If not, then morality is moot because whether something is right or wrong is irrelavent to the actions that we take, except in an academic sense.
The fact that we're comprised of molecules doesn't mean that we're _nothing but molecules in motion_ incapable of moral reasoning. We're still a sentient and social species that indisputably benefit from rational thinking (i.e., we're not inanimate and brainless objects).
Need sentience to make sentience, it is what it id
So every sentience is made? God is made?
And if the contract is to behaved in accordance with Gods law ?
Made by Jimbob
No perfectly rational being would ever agree to that.
@Miguel Cisneros
Pretty much every single thing in that Craig quote is a misrepresentation of Kagan's position. You people are so dishonest it's unreal.
Oners82 I agree.
I'm not adept at philosophy but if Craig is indeed a follower of an Abrahamic God, then the exact same thing can be said about him just as well - that we are morally required to perform any action, no matter what it is, IF God commanded it. So Craig and the rest of the adherents of an Abrahamic God will gladly stone to death their daughters if God wishes it or rejoice at the knowledge of so many children suffering from leukemia because God's ultimate purpose might be realized in the future due to their life of suffering.
@Miguel Cisneros There is no conceivable scenario in which torturing and raping a little girl would lead to the greater good. This is a completely absurd argument that people use against consequentialists.
I think the biggest issue with this contract theory, is that in a world obsessed with materialism, and it's accumulation, it is those who seemingly throw them away that gain the biggest advantage. At least in gaining material.
When was the accumulation of material unimportant in the history of man?
Not in it's written history, outside of the Bible. The Bible in contrast emphasizes the immaterial as having more worth. Other "holy books", have attempted to emulate this.
But if you look those that have shunned moral right, in their greed for material wealth, it would seem the advantage from a survival point of view to be "dog eat dog".
The biggest material winners are those who have thrown away this supposed moral contract. There is a difference between legal right and wrong, and moral right and wrong.
It may not be illegal for international bankers to fund despotic regimes, but it is profitable, and highly immoral.
But why is it immoral? This is something WLC completely fails at. The why.
Because the argument I heard, was we make this moral contract, so others will like us. Ultimately it is what it boils down to. Why is that advantageous?
Do you "like" the Rothchilds, the Trumps of the world? If you do what do you like? That every dollar of advantage they have over you makes every dollar you have of a lower value? Or am into an area of economics you don't understand?
Why would you "like" or think it is an advantage that they make your life harder?
The question was asked, "can atheists be moral without God?". Sure, as long as there is another set of laws that say you will do 25 years to life for murder, or 5 years for stealing.
As far as I know, in western cultures no one is going to jail for adultery, and it happens a lot. I will concede it also happens in the churches, but that is because they are not following the tenets of the book to do so.
But in a society, following the Bible with the belief in an ultimate judge, these crimes will not happen as often as the conscience becomes the policeman. A higher moral standard. This will only happen with the fear of God, and judgement. While there has been a lot of bad done in the name of religion, it wasn't done because they were following what the Bible told them. Crusades is a perfect example, as are The Inquisition.
I thought the Nazi example was too extreme and thus easy. A better example would be 2 atheists marooned on an island with limited resources, and no one to put you in jail.
At some point the contract will break down as they get hungry, and the battle over the resources becomes more urgent.
How many of you good little moral atheists would starve before killing the source of your hunger, the one taking up the resources you need to live, without the idea of eternal punishment for doing it?
If there is no God, and no police to punish me, why wouldn't I kill you to gain advantage? Would I rather be dead, or alone? With no afterlife, my guess the desire to survive would tip the scales over loneliness.
Or how about in the USA, you have kids who grow up gun nuts, hunting, with the flawed "American exceptional-ism", this idea of "take care of number one", "the individual is more important than the whole", mentality. Who then goes off to the army, who trains them to kill, gives them permission and even a moral reason to kill, along with a overal general purpose of saving the world, get so mentally damaged by the act of war? Vietnam killed more men by suicide, at a rate of 5 to one, at least, than died in combat. More than 250,000 have committed suicide while only 58,000 died in the conflict.
Or better yet. Going back to Nazi Germany. In the Ukraine during it's scorched earth campaign, they were killing civilians. One high ranking Nazi, who's name escapes me right now, I see the face, can't remember the name, skinny weasel with round glasses, sent a note back to Berlin, that they had to come up with another method, as the shooting them all was demoralizing the troops. Nazi's demoralized by killing the "sub-species" as they put it, bothered their conscience.
It hasn't been that long since homo sapien started walking this earth. How old are we now? You evolutionists keep changing it. You never admit you were wrong the last time, but I digress. But being so fresh from the jungle so to speak, we have apparently lost our will to survive, as when confronted with it, it causes such great anguish.
A primate doesn't show remorse for killing his dinner. In fact killing their own family members seems to bring a celebration, rather than remorse.
Why are we so backward to all of nature? We are the most aware, but it seems to take us out of sync with nature. Almost like we don't fit.
Not sure if you have noticed, but we seem to be at odds with nature.
If nature made us, we must be the Stewie Griffins of the world on a mission to kill what produced us.
Look at the statements on this page. You claim to be moral, but look at what you say.
The only thing the comments really show, is your morality. That and your absolute quaking in your boots at the idea that someone believes differently than you.
I mean, so what? Why is it such a big deal that you need to aggressively attack the person who holds this different belief? Why the need to mock? The false sense of superiority you are attempting to create?
It comes across as insecurity to me.
If all you did was address the issues, debated the points, you wouldn't come across so weak.
But the need to "shoot the messenger", is obvious proof of this insecurity.
Besides, all you have this time on earth. Why would a YT debate matter at all?
Shouldn't you be out doing something to make your existence worth something? Saving puppies or something?
No, you have decided to spend your precious seconds here, doing this, amounting to what? Proselytizing?
Attempting to save people?
If you ever were to take an honest look at what drives you to do this, attack belief in God, it would, or at least should trigger a deeper question.
Why does the thought of God, and someone believing in Him, drive you so nuts?
Could you try again, I'm not sure I'm following you.
😀
biggregg5 it's hard to follow mentally challenged person who thinks that legal system is synonymous with morality.
"The primate doesn't show remorse for killing his dinner."
Well, do you show remorse afer eating your burger?
That's a wonderful question. I just don't see what's inconsistent about saying that we're made of particles that obey natural laws, but that there are still moral facts over and above these natural facts. (This is sometimes called "non-naturalism.")
Example: If you learn about the neuroscience of love, does that give you any reason to think that love is less valuable? I don't see why that has to be true. Nor do I see why it has to be true in the case of morality.
What you say is true as far as it goes. There IS a neuroscience of love. But it is OF love; it is not love itself. Because if love is ONLY its neuroscience, then what we call love is just another accidental sock puppet of determinism no more capable of choosing or loving than a hiccup or a sneeze.
@@davidplummer2619
Yes, but what makes it less valuable to anyone? Determined or not, that person still values it, it still has an an impact on them. In truth, it is similar to those arguments about emotions being nothing more than chemicals. Why care about being happy or sad if it is just a chemical reaction in your brain? Simple, does it make a person feel these things any less? Do people suddenly stop feeling these things? Well, no.
To give an example, even if a person were predetermined to eat a big mac, does it make them value the taste of it any less? No, they still found value in their enjoyment of it.
Personally, I rarely ever think about whether my actions were determined or not, it simply is not a factor in my decision making. In fact, it is pretty irrelevant. What I value can be determined already, but it does not make my value of things drop. In my opinion, if I am determined to value or enjoy these things, then why not enjoy it? Of course, all of this just could be me.
@@rationeextrema3776 I can agree in the case of love, but not in the case of morality. I benefit from being loved and feeling loved irrespective of my metaphysical beliefs about love. Morality is different; it's not solely beneficial to me; I often find it burdensome. The idea that moral values are nothing but cosmic accidents radically diminishes their importance to me.
I like the way he talk lol
(2/2)
Also because I obverse morality changes, doesn't mean I accept their ethical/moral standpoint. This is a different time and we are a much further advanced society, therefore, I cannot judge people thousands or even hundred of years ago to the same standards. They were a product of their environment, just like I am today.
How odd that Craig, a philosopher, resorts to personal incredulity as a relevant objection to Kagan’s claims.
I think Kagan won handily. When your arguments are well thought-out, you iron out any problems and they make intuitive sense, and then you don't struggle to answer questions. Craig clearly struggled several times. Kagan never did.
@@geki9063 Exactly! It seems amazing to me that Craig would even contemplate debating an accomplished moral philosopher like Kagan in defence of an argument that is widely recognised in the philosophical community as being one of the poorest arguments there is to account for morality. Here Kagan shows unequivocally that not only can you successfully ground morality in a robustly defensible secular framework, but that there are multiple robustly defensible approaches (as there are!) that could have been called upon. Of course, Craig never once does what he should do to defend his position, which is to show systematically the flaws in all these approaches and why theism is the answer. Of course I understand that this is a time constrained discussion forum, but just the same he does not even give a cursory nod to competing explanations. This lack of honest engagement (and acknowledgment of competing views he has a duty to show are flawed) can leave believers with the false impression that there are only two explanations of morality, when there in fact dozens. And then to see Craig, an accomplished philosopher, shamelessly commit the no true Scotsman fallacy when pressed hard by Kagan, was truly pitiful.
And Prof. Kagan's 60 seconds about vegetarianism/veganism (1:17:30) is one of the most succinct and rational explanations why it is incompatible with an ethical life to brutalize and eat sentient beings simply because we can.
Why is sentient life more important than non-sentient life? Seems incredibly arbitrary to me. #PlantLivesMatter
Grim Theorist he didn't say they are more important, did he?
UkiWoDao By distinguishing sentient life as the type of life that is unacceptable to kill, he is directly insinuating that non-sentient life is acceptable to kill.
You must be trolling. There is a clear difference in importance.
The premise of Prof Kagan's utilitarian argument against non-vegetarianism is pain. Sentient life, or more specifically, complex organisms have evolved enough to register pain, whereas there isn't evidence available enough to suggest simple organisms like plants can. I remember reading a scientific journal saying that certain creatures which we domesticate and throw into the meat industry are able to suffer as well.
Can an Atheist explain what is the scale for right and wrong? And why we should be bound by this?
I think Kelly (and others) answer that first part rather clear: it's a matter of harm vs wellbeing (in it's broadest sense: individual and sociatel aspects, mental and physical, ... depending on the capacity to suffer, .. )
The second is a bit harder and easier at the same time: in a general sense you just don't have a choice but to deal with it, since you live with (and depent on) others. morailty is what social creatures do.
It's a fact no-one is 'bound by it'... you can oppose this view of morality and 'scaling' it. As many people do: from psychopaths to (some) theists - without putting them on the same line ;-)
Should you accept this view? well: if you have the wellbeing of concious beings at heart... you should do so, since it is pretty much the proposed definition of what 'morailty is'.
If you're view is that morality is about 'pleasing a god' (or something like that)... then you are just not talking about the same toppic anymore.
I agree. I don't see an inconsistency between natural facts and moral facts. I don't think materialism is problematic for moral objectivity, but for moral accountability. Let's say I disagree with a moral law or break it. My actions are subject to my reason, but my reason is subject to the involuntary chemical reactions of my brain. So while the majority may disapprove of my actions, I couldn't truly be considered immoral since I am genuinely incapable of moral agency. It seems problematic.
I know. I quoted from that entry on Craig's website, and used it in my own rebuttals that I presented here. I didn't think that Craig should be giving knock-down arguments or debating in his usual style, I just thought he might have brought up (cordially; tactfully) the glaring problems with the Contractarian approach that Kagan was floating here.
He did, didn't he?
Kagan did the same... Christianity (or theism in general) doesn't solve metaethics problems.
@@MalolaAnime
Craig left the biggest issues with Contract Theory out of the discussion, and posted them later on his website. They are huge issues which make that theory completely untenable. But he didn't bring them up here, for some reason (probably because the organizers of this discussion said it was not a debate, and so Craig was trying not to be too argumentative).
@@Mentat1231
Well, I guess we disagree.
"the organizers of this discussion said it was not a debate" = I guess. And granted WLC has probably the upper hand there, however it's... mostly... rethoric. Even here Kagan caught him several times with his rethoric games.
"that theory completely untenable" = That's arguable. However, I'm skeptical that if the discussion would have lasted more, WLC wouldn't have had to concede more.
@@MalolaAnime
I wasn't saying Craig was right in general or better in any way. Merely that the particular Contract view Kagan defended here (which he says isn't even his own view) has serious flaws, and that Craig happened to point some out on his site. I just wish he'd pointed them out here, so that Kagan could present another view. It would have been better discussion overall.
@@Mentat1231 What makes the Contract Theory argument untenable?
Shelly said morality is outside us, we don't just made it up, two minutes later, morality is something we create and give to one another (as a social contract)
moral rules
Two different schools of thought that can seem contradictory but studied independently, I personally wouldn't come to this conclusion. It's no different from someone believing in the bible and then deciding that following the rules of law on roadways, was conducive to an overall moral good.
Yes.
I'm not a Christian so your question would be irrelevant to me regarding a claimed holy text.
I'm simply asking do we have faith in our reason, is there any way we can objectively give credibility to it?
Explaining compatibalism isn't difficult. First, redefine 'free will' as 'doing what you want the most', then insert the idea that what you want the most is determined by factors outside if your control. It still baffles me why people think this would keep morality intact.
I think determinism is likely, and I agree; I don't understand compatibalism. Compatibilism is pure cope (libertarian free will is too, but it feels more innocent).
To be fair, I don't think we have any information about what causes our choices, either way (other than through divine revelation, that is). What we have is first-hand experience of finding some things more desirable than others. We have no actual knowledge of what causes that thing to seem more desirable in a given instance. We can maybe go back a few steps, like, "I desire to stand up because I desire to get some food in the kitchen," but at some point, this experience stops, and that, for me, leaves open the possibility of determinism.
It could also be that these desires spring up in our minds without a previous cause, sort of a "will ex nihilo", but as it stands from our first-hand experience, all we know is that the desires exist, not if they are caused or not. I believe this "will ex nihilo" would be wildly unexpected from a materialistic view of the world, in that case, I'd say determinism is unavoidable.
I do tend to be a compatibilist, though, because I interpret the bible to teach that.
Maintaining free will does not affect the existence of morality, but rather, moral culpability.
And I don’t think compatibilism redefines free will because people don’t have a great concept of free will to begin with. It’s not obvious that the definitive definition of free will is the libertarian conception. We might suppose that most people think free will is tantamount to libertarian free will, I.e. the buck stops with us. But if you really press people, they plainly believe in a causal chain leading to actions *even if* they believe in the soul and the super natural. Uncaused decisions are impossible for us to even fathom, similar to the concept of nothingness.
Compatibilism simply gets at the idea that, even if determinism is true, there is plainly a different between a reason-responsive adult human and a Rock. Makes sense to me.
@@tomman2972 I was notified of your message because I had responded here too, and really liked what you wrote. Keep it up :)
Compatibilism is the idea that in a deterministic world, we can make sense of notions like freedom, choice, reasons, character, and moral accountability. In other words, our understandings of these concepts should not require that the world be indeterministic. Different moral philosophers within the compatibilist tradition think differently about what exactly the features are that explain what freedom is, what moral responsibility is, and so on, but they tend to agree that attempts to explain these notions through some indeterministic power of choice are unhelpful.
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Kagan was talking ethics and rationality theory. Craig was talking moral ontology and existentialism.
Kagan was being dishonest because he knows on moral ontology and existentialism there is a lot more than what he is just talking about.
1. Why would human existence even have moral value & worth to begin with ?
2. Why not live according to self interest if this is the one and only life that you have ?
3. If all life ends at the grave, then ones destiny of the grave its totally unrelated to ones behaviour in life. Therefore, it does not really matter how one lives their life as it all ends up the same.
4. Who or what is laying any real moral oughts or shoulds upon anyone if there really are none ?
So, Craig was addressing these questions where Kagan was not. Craig won the debate.
Therefore, Kagan bluffed his way through and because many people don't know about moral ontology and existentialism -- then they thought Kagan won when he didn't at all.
Well i know what existencialism is,but i'm not convinced that craig won the debate.
He simply said that we should not harm other people BECAUSE they can feel pain,therefore they get unhappy,therefore it is bad.
To be unhappy simply means that we are experiencing something we don't want to experience,AND that we want to go away.
The fact that we are helping other people may have relative value,but it has value nontheless.
luca montermini
You wrote….
// He simply said that we should not harm other people BECAUSE they can feel pain,therefore they get unhappy,therefore it is bad. //
Craig never said that.
Yes i'm Sorry i meant kagan
What are you talking about? Kagan addressed all these questions in the cross-examination.
I don't think that "rape is wrong" can be objectively true if truth is completely dead. In that sense, God is necessary for moral facts.
In a universe that is nothing more than matter and energy, then life itself is ultimately a Monte Carlo game. It has no purpose. It's just a collection of molecules. In fact, if we look at the words of genetics high priest, Richard Dawkins, then passing on your genes is the only truly moral imperative there is in the universe.
Dawkins argues in his book The Selfish Gene that all life is programmed to do one thing… Pass on their genetic material. So in a universe of nothing more than matter and energy, rape is a highly moral thing to do! In fact, seems to be the only thing we can do that actually matters.
That is until the sun expends the last of its nuclear fuel starts expanding and the earth evaporates like a drop of water on a hot skillet. Rendering everything that humanity ever did or thought utterly pointless.
The problem is this: if we don't have free will, then we're not morally responsible for our actions. But if we're not morally responsible, then we don't have any moral duties, and right and wrong are just an illusion.
This isn't an airtight argument, though. Lots of philosophers think that moral responsibility is compatible with determinism; what matters isn't that we're absolutely free, but that we're able to use reason. I think that's the right view, myself, but it's not obviously true.
In terms of cosmic consequences, I think Craig has it exactly backwards - the importance of human suffering is magnified vastly if this really is our only life on the universe. For infants born with, say, heart defects who exist for only hours in anguish, if they're to be rewarded with eternal bliss, the proportion of their suffering to their pleasure is negligible. The mind of the believer in cosmic justice is soothed. For moral people who don't believe in an afterlife (including many Jews), it becomes vastly more of a problem and a spur to action.
In fact, his comments on speciesism are sound, but atheists like CosmicSkeptic don't use that as a reason to constrain their circles of sympathy, they use it as grounds to limit the scale of behaviour which causes suffering which they're complicit in.
There are no "cosmic consequences" in a materialist universe, there is no reason for existence, no value to life at all. All information will degrade and become irretrievable with the heat death of the universe - pain never mattered, nor does a full life or even a life of billions of years, it is but a flash in the pan to be utterly destroyed for infinite eternity. Only in a universe where there is a design for something greater, a place where we are building to, a way for everything to add up to something new, does anything matter.
@@Maxalthor It only matters by fiat: Euthyphro’s dilemma. Terror management theory compels us to lie to one another about an extension of our ego, then to further abandon empathy as a basis of our interactions with each other.
@@gamerknown There is no dilemma, good is of God's nature and pushes towards greater revelation, divine growth or destiny, all that is not of God will perish and become meaningless. Being fearful is irrelevant, you have no basis for anything to matter at all without some form of spirituality, you are taking for granted an implicit faith or you are in denial of reality.
@@Maxalthor Wrong, every living thing dies, you’re special pleading for humans
@@gamerknown Yeah, who else to have a bias for humans than humans. We must be the center of everything.
WLC seems not even to have understood the contractarian thought, even after several times in this debate where Kagan explained it to him. Statements like "What if he doesn't want to sign the contract ...."
show this clearly .... Or later when the animal question comes up and Kagan has yet again to explain his position
"My view wasn't survival of the fittest ...." This must have been annoying for Kagan ...
Somehow I got the impression Craig argues on individual and cosmic level, but 'skips' the population level that would be most relevant in a naturalistic view
by "objective", craig seems to mean that "objective" is supposed to mean "exists without reasons"
No. Objective meaning that it exists beyond your own reasons.
Around 19:18 Kagan makes the point that if you brought four different secular moral philosophers on the stage you would likely get four different stories on how to ground morality. I have had this debate playing in the background, so I think I've missed something; however if I'm not mistaken I'm fairly certain that the nature of objective morality plays a role in the debate. That said, if four secular moral philosophers have four different explanations of grounding morality, wouldn't that imply that on the secular view morality isn't objectively grounded at all?
Not necessarily, though that is a good point. There could be, even under objective analysis, multiple mutually satisfactory moral answers to a problem. There could also be fuzzy or unknown answers due to limitations, but we can still try for the _best_ answer in an objective fashion. And there could be moral philosophers who are mistaken. I don't think one should make too much of that statement in the way you characterize it, since his point there was more just to concede the fact that moral analysis is difficult and not as unambiguous as certain areas of human analysis, though that doesn't make it not objective in some respects at least. The objectivity comes from the fact that it's objectively verifiable if you are or are not "not doing harm, and doing help."
BINGO!
If four scientists argue about the mass of a star, that doesn't mean that there is no objective mass to the star.
The point that Dr. Kagan is making is that there are many logically consistent versions of morality that do not rely on God. He's not arguing which one is the actual correct interpretation. This is the same for Theistic views on morality, which have many different flavors and nuances. If disagreement within the atheistic camps means they are wrong, than the same must be said for the Theists.
58:54 - Brilliant counterargument from Professor Kagan
It didn't seem like they were on the exact same page around this time. Kagan's argument made sense until he starts mentioning objective. I also didn't feel like Craig answered these (counter)arguments in the best way.
@Tony Droid give me a second brother, I wrote this comment 2 years ago and have no context. Hahahaha
Hehehe! To some! They questions? Their life? Why? I'm above ground? What's the reason? Purpose? And goal? Who? Ever gave me the privilege to know? What life is all about! Even, sharing, what life is about. @LLOVE
If anything good can be said about William Lane Craig, it'd be his reminding us to be consistent (as in the inconsistency between atheism and the belief in an objective morality). Shelly Kagan means well, as do other atheists who make this sort of argument. And his presentation was surprisingly civil and remaining on-topic, which unfortunately is not common among the people WLC debates) but the argument itself just doesn't pass muster in enlightened debate. I believe in objective morality, but I concede there is no way to provide a basis for it. I am certainly OPPOSED to many things we would all call "wrong", and I'm not opposed to our use of these words in everyday life, but when you get right down to it, I'm not the least bit disinclined to admit that our moral values (even the very importance we place on the preservation/improvement of human life) could very well simply be made up, by us. Science can definitely show us HOW TO preserve/improve human life, but it cannot show us that we SHOULD do this in the first place. It's an ASSUMPTION, that human life is important, in the grand scheme of reality which extends into a literally unmeasurable universe.
I reject the claim that theism is any more/less capable of providing a foundation for objective moral values. Any value judgment is inherently subjective, be it from a fallible mind or a perfect, omniscient mind. It's still not objective. At all.
Saying there are objective facts to base our subjective moral opinions ON is not the same as saying morality itself is objective. As said before, science can present fact after fact with which we can make informed decisions, but those decisions when it comes to morality are going to be geared toward achieving a goal we simply made up. Granted, Kagan gives a coherent reason to believe we as human beings are "special" (namely that we can reflect on our behaviors and their consequences), but that doesn't suggest MORAL significance. At best, it confirms what we already know, that we are the dominant species on this particular planet. It says nothing in regards to whether that makes us morally superior to other living creatures or any other reality of the universe for that matter.
The social contract theory is still dependent on the same assumption I've been highlighting. A perfectly rational mind would only choose what benefits humankind, after assuming that is the morally correct endeavor.
That we think the flourishing of humankind is morally just in the grand scheme of reality (including all of the universe) does not make it so. Indeed, if we zoom out ever so slightly, we see that our existence actually HURTS at least one thing, and that would be our planet's immediate atmosphere. Who are we to say/What have we to show in science or nature that our existence is more important that the Earth's atmosphere?
I will submit that an atheist can believe in an afterlife where they will generally get what they've given, which would be a workaround of Craig's third premise. That, or any belief in a sort of karma here on earth would work. Theism wouldn't be needed there. Further, it wouldn't be needed for free will either, because an atheist can still believe in a spirit, or a "self" independent from the brain or anything else measurable/observable by science.
Also, I'm surprised Kagan refused to explain why he felt determinism and moral accountability were compatible, given Craig's argument.
"Why not believe that moral reasons outweigh prudential reasons? The mere fact that there's a conflict (between morality and prudence) doesn't commit the naturalist to conclude that the prudential ones are the weightier ones."
Depends on what you mean by "weightier". Again, the subject is the supposed objectivity of morality. As naturalists, we can objectively confirm prudential reasons but not moral reasons. That IS the conflict, that naturalism cannot tell us what should be done. That is to say, both nature and science speak volumes about prudence but are silent on morality (unless we define it as "what's good for humans", which I've already addressed). So we all CAN put our notions of morality over self-interest, but we can't pretend their mother notion (what's good for humanity as a whole = morality) has been objectively granted in a comparable way to the very observable facts of prudence. So Craig is not suggesting that naturalists STOP putting their notions of morality over prudence, just that they recognize there doesn't seem to be any reason to believe it's comparably objective.
"My view wasn't 'survival of the fittest' (in respect to animals vs humans). My view was 'Don't harm. Do help.'"
Well on animals specifically, your view was that we as humans are "special" because we can reflect on our behaviors and their consequences, etc. so your statement here doesn't really refute Craig's suggestion, that you would need to apply a TYPE of "survival of the fittest" mindset.
_"My view wasn't 'survival of the fittest' (in respect to animals vs humans). My view was 'Don't harm. Do help.'"_
_Well on animals specifically, your view was that we as humans are "special" because we can reflect on our behaviors and their consequences, etc. so your statement here doesn't really refute Craig's suggestion, that you would need to apply a TYPE of "survival of the fittest" mindset._
I won't go through all of what you wrote, but as an example you are wrong here.
The argument was that humans are special in that they are *morally accountable* because we can reflect on our behaviours. That's not what gives us moral significance- it's the potential to be harmed that does that.
Animals, like babies, are not morally accountable but can be harmed. So those of us that are morally accountable are bound by "Don't harm, do help".
You've conflated the definitions of "objective" and "universal." There is no reason that something must be universal in order to be objective. For example, the top of mount Everest is the highest point on earth is not universally (across all time) true. But it is objectively true today. See, when I qualify my claim using "on Earth" and "today," it is true. Objectively. Not universally.
It's not subjective, because if you think Mount Fuji is higher, you're wrong "on Earth" "today." Maybe at some point in the past or the future, it was or will be the case that you're right. This doesn't make the view subjective. It makes it relative.
***** Thank you for that correction. My view on this subject has changed somewhat since I wrote the original comment, and I've made some changes to the comment now as a result.
Great post sheantu I was struggling to articulate that point when I debated Vic. It'd be nice if you could post it on other shelly Kagan vids
Dr. Craig asked,”Why do humans think loving others is significant?” Dr. Kagan said,” Because I think it is good. It is just a special property of human.”
and you have a problem with that why?
@@JohnGrove310 Come ooon, you know! You know!
@@JohnGrove310 What could you possibly say to someone who has a problem with it? Say I'm a good little atheist who thinks 'morality' is for fools; if I rationally perceive that I am benefitting by not caring about the welfare of other humans and that I can keep getting away with it without anyone noticing, why in the world should I want to stop?
@@danieltemelkovski9828 Just like any other moral theory, the social contract does not expect everyone (especially the psychopathic type in your hypothetical scenario) to agree in harmony, so you're really making an irrelevant point.
@@onionbelly_ A proponent of a moral theory may not expect every single person to be convinced by that theory, but all moral theories are required to respond to objections and challenges to them. If my objection can be dismissed as irrelevant simply because not all people can ever be expected to adhere to a single theory, then so can all objections to all moral theories be dismissed as irrelevant, which would bring moral debate to a standstill.
I have to agree with many of the comments listed below, Craig was clearly out classed. Shelly immediately stumped him with his first question and Craig was unable to provide a compelling response when he was able to respond. I guess it makes a big difference when you're sitting across from an eminent philosopher who happens to be an atheist; he's trained in the same discipline as you so you can't flippantly use your philosophical training to brow-beat, you must provide cogent arguments. Craig definitely didn't provide any cogent responses to Shelly.
I love Craigs responses and thought Kagan was quite inept in his arguments. Guess just different strokes for different folk. Craig is the best in this debate and pretty much every one i have seen.
@@ceceroxy2227Shelly won by a landslide
I think that Dr. Craig blew his point on determinism and free will... basically, that's the end of the discussion.
Proposing the social contract as the source of objective morality is a petitio principii, i.e. it begs the question, for an objective morality is required previously.