Charles II and the English Restoration (The Stuarts: Part Three)
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- čas přidán 31. 12. 2017
- www.tomrichey.net/euro
Soon after the death of Oliver Cromwell, the Commonwealth government collapsed and Charles II, the son of the executed Charles I, was invited to return to England and restore the monarchy. Charles II, known as the Merry Monarch, abandoned the strict religious policies of his father and grandfather, pursuing a policy of Christian toleration and non-enforcement of laws against Catholics and Protestant nonconformists. The court of Charles II was interesting, to say the least, frequented by bawdy poets like Rochester.
Charles had over a dozen illegitimate children with several mistresses and struggled to maintain them comfortably. Louis XIV offered Charles money in return for assistance from the Royal Navy in his wars against the Dutch as part of the Treaty of Dover. Another provision of the Treaty of Dover, which was kept secret, involved Charles converting to Catholicism if an opportune time to do so presented itself. Charles found this opportune time on his deathbed before passing the throne to his brother, James II, who would not wait until he was dying to convert to Catholicism. James' Catholicism was a major cause of the Glorious Revolution.
This is the third part of my four part lecture on the Stuarts, the English Civil War, and the Glorious Revolution.
View Part 1: • James I and Stuart Abs...
View Part 2: • Charles I and the Engl...
View Part 4: • James II and the Glori...
I LOVE THE PEOPLE AND THE PEOPLE LOVE ME
SO MUCH THAT THEY RESTORED THE ENGLISH MONARCHY
I found you Kate
I’M PART SCOTTISH, FRENCH, ITALIAN AND I LITTLE BIT DANE
BUT ONE HUNDRED PERCENT PARTY ANIMAL *CHAMPAGNE*
@@katelee1434SPANIELS I ADORE NAMED AFTER ME TOO! LIKE ME, THEY WERE FUN WITH A NUTTY HAIR DO!
Thank-you for your informative lecture. It helped me understand this era. My 10th Great-grandfather was Sir John Bramston the Elder, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench. He decided against Charles 1 in the "Ship Money" trial. When Oliver Cromwell requested that he stay on the King's Bench, he wisely declined. He could have been among those slaughtered by a vengeful Charles 11 had he accepted.
I had forgotten what a wonderful teacher you are. Thank you for this video.
Bravo, fantastic lecturing, please create more lectures, make $$$ and get the youth into this fantastic world of history.
thank you for clarifying Charles II in such easy terms. interesting
Omg I really need to catch up on your recent vids. I love the Stuarts. Thanks for making the segments.
You have rhe best historic videos, i really enjoy learning from these amazing classes, best regards from Brazil
probably my favorite series yet!
+Le comte de Rennes Glad to hear it! It’s one of my favorite topics, as well.
Very Informative,Thank you.
what a wonderful teacher!
thanks tom i have learned a lot in this Stuart videos it is really interesting!
+Pascal Wanner I’m glad to hear you’re enjoying this lecture. I am editing the fourth and final installment right now.
To put it in Stakey's words: The only rigid thing about Charles was his male member
+Jeroen Wubbels LOLZ
?
In 2018: "Britain has this very strange relationship with Europe"
In 2020: Brexit.
Thank you sir giving informative information.
I love the paintings you show! Thank You
Glad you like them. Happy New Year!
thank you and happy New Year for you 2, you want me to translate your video's in dutch?
I WOULD LOVE THAT! Just let me know what I would need to do in order to facilitate this. I think this particular lecture series is of interest to my Dutch audience. Feel free to email me so that we can discuss this further - my email is available when you go to the About tab on my channel. If you follow my work, you know I have a special love for Nederland and Nederlanders!
Nice, but I am from Belgium, I live in Antwerpen, but in history we were one before, you can mail me, at lievesaillart@gmail.com
Mij first name is Lieve,
I was thinking, if you help me with my art, I translate for you, I mean I am an art ans filosophy teacher, but I am not so good with websites.
If you would like to visit Antwerpen, I could show you the Cathedral "Onze Lieve Vrouw Kathedraal in Antwerpen, with Rubens fabulous paintings, so we could discuss our trade, what do you think?.
@@Lieve_Saillart Yes he is a proplayer in LOL
You are epic. Thank you sir.
Very nice explanation ❤️❤️❤️❤️
I am a Scotsman living in Ireland for many years as my mother God rest her soul was Irish. I am a direct defendant of King James the V of Scotlsnd through his daughter Jean Stuart (half sister of Mary Queen of Scots) who married the Earl of Argyll. My great grandfather was a Brèton who married a woman from Wexford (Ireland). King Charles was Cathoilc but he kept it to himself but on his death bed he died Catholic, King James his brother was a staunch Catholic, but his daughter Mary with William xeposed him as they were protestant.
And don’t forget the most important thing Charles II did! He granted his friends the Carolinas & they named Charleston after him 😎
I do mention Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper in the next installment of the lecture with a proper shoutout to the Lords Proprietors!
Great job! Really clear and enjoyable explanations, thanks! 😄
Below is an expanding and (roughly) chronological list of links to European history videos (generally these feature lecturers who summarize material well and deliver it in an engaging way, such as Tom Richey and Paul Sargent, or great animators featuring maps that illustrate the passage of events geographically). The units correspond to those of AP EURO (see link all the way at the end). A few videos on a 'Crown and Church estates' series from Marty Rady (of University College London) are sprinkled in, which feature the importance of Central Europe, an area that is generally not covered sufficiently in most introductory courses. While most of these materials are appropriate for AP Euro students, undergraduates, particularly those who want a refresher before taking more advanced courses, and life-long learners may also benefit from them. These materials compare quite favorably with 'massive open online courses' (MOOCs), and often are better, IMHO. Combined with a reading of some primary sources (many now easily available online in translation) and viewings of art from the eras covered (many great works can be viewed in high-resolution online), one can acquire a fairly good understanding of the last 500 years or so of European history in a relatively short period. Anything comparable would simply not have been possible for most people 20 years ago, and probably not even 10 years ago. Kudos to the content providers!
Unit 0
czcams.com/video/5PMdpW4ATvI/video.html, The Franks
czcams.com/video/gWidaBFrCL0/video.html, Monarchs of France from the Franks to the Bonapartes
czcams.com/video/0PN9f1Sz3bc/video.html, How did the Holy Roman Empire form (a short introduction featuring the emperors Charlemagne, Otto I and Frederick Barbarossa)
czcams.com/video/JtAWGX5k1UM/video.html, Professor Rady's introduction to the Holy Roman Empire
czcams.com/video/0b76jyFUcU8/video.html, feudalism
czcams.com/video/dBwqeO6LAu4/video.html, chivalry
czcams.com/video/B2XGZ9guUI0/video.html, Prelude [..to the Italian Wars and the Renaissance]
czcams.com/video/ayZJ5QE_lsY/video.html, Italian Wars 2/10 - The Kingdom of Naples [continuation from the previous video]
czcams.com/video/TvlTLUc-c6E/video.html, the Hanseatic League
Unit 1: Renaissance and Exploration
czcams.com/video/DcCojSiNAqc/video.html, Renaissance and exploration (AP European History: Unit 1)
czcams.com/video/WhVFf5-qi1k/video.html, The Portuguese Empire
czcams.com/video/1eWnEdmKUJc/video.html, Why did the Portuguese Empire collapse?
czcams.com/video/lM_Wzt_Z228/video.html, Why the Ottomans Never Colonized America? [they had maps of it, and named it 'Vilayet Antilla', but never succeeded in mounting an expedition]
czcams.com/video/t3dkXtW5AEU/video.html, Why did the Dutch Empire Collapse
czcams.com/video/ABnWyOzdo-I/video.html, Why did the Holy Roman Empire have no colonies?
czcams.com/video/er4CMhp6hqc/video.html, European conquest of America
czcams.com/video/ZLyzQO4t-xs/video.html, Italian City States
czcams.com/video/tIcmPM0zwQQ/video.html, Italian renaissance
czcams.com/video/nWNZh913458/video.html, Northern renaissance (Paul Sargent)
czcams.com/video/Xs1chMpM_nI/video.html, Printing press
czcams.com/video/EuzAbE-kPkM/video.html, Northern renaissance (John Green)
czcams.com/video/e8TnOUy4pK8/video.html, A brief reading from Pizan's 'Book of the City of Ladies' mentioned in Green's Northern renaissance video
czcams.com/video/El1CYR5M8eo/video.html, New Monarchies
czcams.com/video/PW24AvTo_hM/video.html, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
czcams.com/video/6-kqN_SniXc/video.html, Humanism, Free Will, and the All Nighter
czcams.com/video/pdbuYbxMy8A/video.html, Petrach
czcams.com/video/k9TxPMq_pY0/video.html, Petrarch and the Sonnet
czcams.com/video/WSsRxMRUqvI/video.html, Headbanger Humanism (August Burns Red and the Renaissance)
czcams.com/video/2Sl40C3JTLQ/video.html, Pico della Mirandola
czcams.com/video/-EDxoHp4fJ0/video.html, Renaissance Art
czcams.com/video/nlLQOUnOrZU/video.html, Machiavelli
czcams.com/video/V5ku8Qg0OpU/video.html, Jan van Eyck and Naturalism
czcams.com/video/TAGEus5FcrU/video.html, The Book of the Courtier (Castiglione's Guide for the Renaissance Man)
czcams.com/video/1d1xGj0cx9A/video.html, The Courtly Lady of the Renaissance (Book of the Courtier: Part 2)
czcams.com/video/MRYzW3BSj0I/video.html, Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire: Crash Course World History (Not a Richey video)
czcams.com/video/LdFT-VarMFc/video.html, the Sack of Rome in 1527
czcams.com/video/Dh-hLauV_nM/video.html, The Sack of Rome in 1527 [The Stand of the Swiss Guards]
Unit 2: Age of Reformation
czcams.com/video/cXYyIBdBubE/video.html, Why did the Reformation happen
czcams.com/video/Z4RNYQscm0w/video.html, Causes of the Reformation
czcams.com/video/5UQTSNL_688/video.html, What is Purgatory? (Catholic Doctrines)
czcams.com/video/a2irHpvLr7I/video.html, Martin Luther's Reformation
czcams.com/video/Tx1mipXKz0U/video.html, Professor Rady on the spread of Lutheranism
czcams.com/video/zCxZ63aC_8o/video.html, Professor Rady on Lutheranism's appeal in Central Europe
czcams.com/video/bY9lSNfOWZY/video.html, Martin Luther's Doctrines (Reformation Theology)
czcams.com/video/KZARuVXiH8k/video.html, Calvinism (Introduction to John Calvin's Reformed Theology)
czcams.com/video/Xv3Yrs6s0vI/video.html, Free Will and the Reformation [A wonderful exposition by Tom Richey on how the notion of free will was viewed differently by Renaissance humanists, Catholics, Lutherans and Calvinists]
czcams.com/video/qfKDzbNEHDg/video.html, Transubstantiation Explained [transubstantiation vs consubstantiation vs memorialism]
czcams.com/video/hcveOq9ce1c/video.html, The Catholic Counter-Reformation
czcams.com/video/JxYzLCvPyfs/video.html, The English Reformation (Henry VIII and the Church of England)
czcams.com/video/VAY2_wHVSHw/video.html, The English Reformation (Part II: Edward VI, Bloody Mary, Elizabeth I)
czcams.com/video/DMBR-sTypE4/video.html,The Six Wives of Henry VIII (Divorced [CoA], beheaded [AB], died [JS], divorced [AoC], beheaded [CH], survived [CP])
czcams.com/video/BMmNKYrp-4U/video.html, French Wars of Religion
czcams.com/video/L6xgTxWbQlI/video.html, War of the three Henrys
czcams.com/video/B18zwAVO4q0/video.html, Thirty-years War
czcams.com/video/J1kZNKmtl4k/video.html, Mannerism
czcams.com/video/t7Wx21kTY9Y/video.html, Parmigianino and El Greco (Mannerism: Part 2)
czcams.com/video/_tmha5Iw3b4/video.html, Baroque Painting (Baroque Art: Part I)[Motion; emotion, turbulence, grandeur and contrast]
czcams.com/video/vhY8EZhKuGU/video.html, Baroque Sculpture and Architecture (Baroque Art: Part II)
Unit 3: Absolutism and Constitutionalism
czcams.com/video/5vQo3-Wn2Vw/video.html, Absolutism and Constitutionalism
czcams.com/video/lZIgQGTCk8A/video.html, The Divine Right of Kings (Bossuet, James I, Louis XIV)
czcams.com/video/ZlOdf_o7yu8/video.html, Mercantilism: The Economics of Absolutism
czcams.com/video/IWQfb2vtxnA/video.html, Louis XIV: Sun King of France
czcams.com/video/X235vpOToVU/video.html, Versailles
czcams.com/video/yNCD9uTiAl0/video.html, Wars of Louis XIV
czcams.com/video/BlXJk2AWg4w/video.html, The War of the Spanish Succession (Wars of Louis XIV: Part II)
czcams.com/video/GhSmaRAOxus/video.html,Historiography of Louis XIV's Wars
czcams.com/video/Q3toT5d6NKs/video.html, The rise of Russia
czcams.com/video/wojI4sQO5M0/video.html, Peter the Great: Tsar of Russia (Tom Richey)
czcams.com/video/FlKcX3OeJhw/video.html, Peter the Great (John Merriman, Yale)
czcams.com/video/Ecu0TmcjRAw/video.html, The Great Northern War
czcams.com/video/oBvZAPQVIro/video.html, Enlightened Absolutism (Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Joseph II)
czcams.com/video/0y6VKs05QmI/video.html, Pugachev's rebellion
czcams.com/video/zFh_-fNejzw/video.html, Partitions of Poland
czcams.com/video/LW5NYnZ9X8w/video.html, Prussian Absolutism
czcams.com/video/bOaT4giiNNg/video.html, History of Kings and Queens of England
czcams.com/video/zKrK5iDz6ps/video.html, James I and Stuart Absolutism (The Stuarts: Part One)
czcams.com/video/vWtnHWG48Bg/video.html, Charles I and the English Civil War (The Stuarts: Part Two),
czcams.com/video/MPMaJGs6K-Q/video.html, Charles II and the English Restoration (The Stuarts: Part Three)
czcams.com/video/xhHgAuyGm7o/video.html, James II and the Glorious Revolution (The Stuarts: Part Four)
czcams.com/video/pIJSisZ23p4/video.html, What was the agricultural revolution
czcams.com/video/40UwxKSMMbs/video.html, What is a Stadtholder? / Wat is een Stadhouder? (Dutch Republic - European History)
czcams.com/video/OKKGGwvy3eg/video.html, Dutch Golden Age Painting (featuring Hals [1582 - 1666], Rembrandt [1606 - 1669], Vermeer [1632 - 1675], and others)
czcams.com/video/N2LVcu01QEU/video.html, Hobbes vs Locke
oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-3, Why Great Britain and the Netherlands didn't become as absolutist as other European powers (John Merriman, Yale)
apstudents.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-european-history, AP European History units
I just read the poem. And..wow..it's very interesting XD
First-rate lecture as usual. And New Englanders may be interested to know that the River Charles in Cambridge, MA. is named after Charles II.
+Aryeh Finklestein Thank you very much and I will have to remember this next time I teach the American Revolution!
which accent does he have people? awesome...
The Roman empire didn't only bring new or alternate words to the isles, but also changed English writing. Now, as you know, English is an west-Germanic language, influenced by others and also by Latin. In Latin, the K sound is written as Ch. For that reason the germanic name Karl/Karel/Karlus changed to Charl, in French Charles. Pronaunce this changed writing in Germanic, and you'll get the sound as pronaunced today.
I would like to add that Charles 2 didn't spoke with the British accent of today. More a mixture of German, French, Latin, Dutch and a twist from the Isles.
Charles used to be pronaunced as Karl/Karlus in middle-English.
Caesar used to be pronaunced as Kaesar/Keizar/Keizer
I love his English. It is perfect.
Charles was lucky enough to see tge REPUBLIC of the 7 provinces (Today the Netherlands) with a working parleament and a Price of Orange working together.
Will you do William III, Prince of Orange, and his wife Mary II? William is the grandson of Charles I and Mary II is the daughter of James II so they are Stuarts.
+Zackery Cooper They will be prominent in the next segment on James II and the Glorious Revolution. I hope to finish editing that tomorrow to finish the series.
Thank you for responding. I would also like to point something out. In the first segment, you say that Charles I was a guy who was just the wrong person at the wrong time but he continued to dissolve parliament and go beyond the bounds of his power. He also executed a lot of people including a few archbishops and many public officials.
+Zackery Cooper I guess my point there was not so much that he had a clean record but that his approach to ruling would have worked at that time in most other places in Europe. Of course, after every lecture, I become aware of things I’d do differently if I could deliver it again. It’s a learning process for me as much as anyone. But fear not! There will be plenty of tyranny vividly described in the final installment.
Alright thank you
I understand you are drilling the kids to pass the exam. But I can advice anyone here to research the second Anglo Dutch war. It had insane consequenses to the (still ) future US as well.
+Rob Voncken I may have to take a look at this. A lot of my videos are designed for test prep but I would like to make some more forays into military history.
You keep conflating the terms England and Britain.
My college professor could neverrr
#Are you still here ??
I wish I had this professor to teach English history. My English history professor is an absolute shitshow.
سمعيكم عمي توم نجاة سرقتلك description ماتخافش نحرش عليها افقير 😀👌🏻
Should look at Lois the 9th ⚜️🇫🇷
At 1:20 you say "Britain" but there was no such country until the Act of Union in 1707. The disputed territory in question was England.
it was used even in 325 BC...... viz. its derivatives...
These Royals looked Badd ass.
anyone here from history, mr hands' class-shell
Yup
Noooooo
Can you please sell a t shirt that says “Inbred level 5”
The Stuart's wher psudo-catholics it came down to Mary and Elizabeth the cath,prot,cath,prot,Henri 8th was for retaining as much Catholic tradition as possible the pope gave him def of faith title....Henry thinks he can get away with murder,you need to see the Anglo Church since the Windsors through the archbishop who crowned Edward gave the monarch a deity position as in god's place wether the pope
Is like the vice regent of Christ just as the king's of Israel places the key of David upon his in chronicles wich is what the passing of your key to Peter recapitulates ....so this decendant of Christ stuff started to make the monarchs related to Christ started to appear (in short )as it would take a full essay to explain this ....but people today don't know the king of England sits in god's place
Think of Richard the Lionheart and Edward the confessor and charlimagne old Catholic monarchs wher awesome when they wher good ...then look at the Protestant era ...no more grand armies of the lord ...the other way bored the nation's that came under it ...it just left a lingering strife in the air that you wanted to get outa ther churches became cold places
Also Charles Stuart the 2nd was black and was often called Charles the black boy. Top tip; Never call a Scotsman nor Scotland English or England. Especially when you are teaching historical matters.
He got that nickname from his hair colour & his Medici Franco-Italian ancestry...
@@OcarinaSapphr- i actually meant king James the 6th but the name stuart means black, it is a change on the German word zwart, also the earliest portrait depicts him as black.
ScottieWallaceness
Um, I’m not trying to start an argument or anything... but I was under the impression that Stuart was a Frenchification of the Scottish name Stewart- & that like many last names, it sprang from one’s profession- in this case, a steward.
I’ve also never seen **any** portraits portray him as black - the somewhat olive complexion of his Medici ancestors *did* come through strongly with him- he was likened to his mother’s forebear, Lorenzo (& he certainly inherited his height from him, & from his father’s maternal sides; Anne of Denmark & Mary of Scots were both quite tall women).
@@ScottieWallace No. King James was white from the house of Stuart he had his portrait painted many times and twice By the same artist one when he was a child and one when he was crowned. His mother Mary Queen of Scots had her wax deathmask done clearly showing she was white and her actual white descendants own it and Henry Stuart had his skull craniofacial superimposition reconstruction done by Durham university again proving he was white. the progenitor of house Stuart was Walter Fritz Alan who was the high steward of Scotland and Stewart derives from steward which derives from stigweard meaning guardian or ward. Mary changed the spelling because she was brought up in France and the French language didn't have a W.
Umm English civil war!?!? Pretty sure Scotland has never been england.
ScottieWallaceness
It gets casually called the English Civil War/s, but the more recent umbrella term that’s used is ‘the Wars of the Three Kingdoms’- which includes the two Bishops’ Wars, all three phases of the English Civil Wars, & the Irish Revolt.
The Scots essentially took part in all of the above- they had soldiers & commanders on both sides, depending on their religious & cultural loyalties- & several battles of the Civil Wars took place in Scotland.
@@OcarinaSapphr- it was always known as the British civil Wars here. Except in Scotland by Scots who never agreed with the union, rape, genocide, property destruction and slavery by the English, and those that fought with them, but then having all your men shipped off to the Americas and replaced with sheep, your language, music and culture banned will have that effect, no matter how historians try to gloss over it, and the frank abuse of democracy was deployed in Scotland even in this new century.
ScottieWallaceness
I feel really sad about that; most of my ancestors come from all over the UK- I have a lot of Scottish & Irish ancestors- they emigrated to Australia for new opportunities - my Scottish forebears (MacDonalds & Scotts) came to Australia in the 1880’s, & my Irish ones (Nesbits & more) came over earlier.
One of my several greats grandfathers was a weaver - as if the overt anti-Irish racism & forced subsistence living wasn’t bad enough- industrialisation destroyed his profession, with no kind of replacement or augmentation... hence the trip ‘across the pond’...
Hahah the poem was pretty funny
Thankyou
Good lecture but it is so strange to hear such strong southern accent. It is not the guy's fault, but it is difficult listen to.
Southern..? Southern where…
did not know it.... but as a stranger view it looks and sounds like a perfect English...
A merry monarch, scandalous and poor
As an Englishman, listening to our history getting explained informally in a strong southern US accent just doesn't sound right 🤔
May 25th, was “Match Play” (Así se juega el match play: reglas y lenguaje 18 May 2011 - 09:43 EDT) stopped ✋for “A Better Tomorrow” (Release date: August 2, 1986 (Hong Kong), Director: John Woo, Box office: 34.7 million HKD (US$4.8 million), Distributed by: Anchor Bay Entertainment
Cinematography: Wong Wing-hang, Hanyu Pinyin: yīngxióng běnsè)???? May 27th… As John Davies (25 May 1625 - 1693) “a Welsh translator and writer” (John Davies of Kidwelly (1627?-1693), Translator from the French, by JE Tucker · 1950 · Cited by 12) accounts of The civil warres of Great Britain and Ireland: containing an exact history of their occasion, originall, progress, and happy end (1661, Scottish edition 1664)… Will 🤐🤐🤐🤐🤐🤐🤐🤔. At Edificio 147 (Cra. 11 # 146-75/91, Usaquén, Bogotá, Cundinamarca).
My assumption as a Retired Peacemaker, The “Sticky Green” (Album: The Dude, Artist: Devin The Dude, Featured artist: Scarface, Released: 1998)
Family background of Sir Maurice Eustace (c. 1590 - 22 June 1665) at THE RESTORATION (1660-1685) and THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION of 1688-1714 (By LRCAPUANA.COM, May 29, 2016), 😅🤣😂💨✌🏾.. Eustace's unquestioned loyalty to the Crown, combined with his legal and political experience, made him on the face of it a man who was ideally suited to high office; in addition, he was personally close to the Duke of Ormonde, who would do anything to help a friend.[9] (Wikipedia). After “A house cat sees her mistress murdered by two servants under orders from her husband , and becomes ferociously bent on revenge” (The Shadow of the Cat Release date: May 1, 1961 (UK), Director: John Gilling, Distributed by: Universal Pictures, The Rank Organisation, Music by: Mikis Theodorakis, Production companies: BHP; Hammer Films)
lrcapuana.com/2016/05/29/the-restoration-1660-1685-and-the-glorious-revolution-1688-1714/
www.lamudi.com.co/apartamento-en-cedritos-edificio-147-square.html
www.jstor.org/stable/24298751
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Better_Tomorrow
genius.com/Devin-the-dude-sticky-green-lyrics
www.imdb.com/title/tt0055438/?ref_=adv_li_tt
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1625
www.dib.ie/biography/eustace-sir-maurice-a2958
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Eustace_(Lord_Chancellor)
Whose “Stilart des Jazz mit 9 Buchstaben” (Ratsel-Hilfe) will be played first, at “Serenade of the Seas” (Construction started: September 26, 2001, Length: 293 m, Launched: December 1, 2002, Builder: Meyer Werft, Capacity: 2,490 passengers, Crew: 891, Decks: 12). Maiden voyage: 1 August 2003, Draft: 8.5 m (27 ft 11 in)…
es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenade_of_the_Seas
www.raetsel-hilfe.de/kreuzwortr%C3%A4tsel-frage/STILART+DES+JAZZ