The Soviet Coup: Day One, August 19th 1991

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  • čas přidán 25. 08. 2011
  • On August 19th 1991, the Soviet people woke to news of an attempt to overthrow President Mikhail Gorbachev, the architect of "glasnost" and "perestroika". The coup, led by the so-called "Gang of Eight", brought Red Army tanks onto the streets of Moscow. Russian leader Boris Yeltsin led attempts to rebuff the coup plotters, and would go on to become the dominant force in Moscow as the Soviet Union crumbled and a restored Gorbachev lost his grip on power. Here you can watch Simon's Emmy-nominated coverage from Moscow on Day One of the coup for "World Monitor", the nightly newscast then produced for The Discovery Channel by The Christian Science Monitor newspaper.

Komentáře • 2,5K

  • @AquaAtia
    @AquaAtia Před 2 lety +5782

    It’s somewhat ironic the coup leaders used the pretense of Gorbachev’s “poor health” to legitimize their actions when Gorbachev is still alive as of 3/3/2022

    • @silvanagonzalez8469
      @silvanagonzalez8469 Před 2 lety +295

      They will use the same excuse for Putin un 2022.

    • @penskepc2374
      @penskepc2374 Před 2 lety +124

      I could have sworn Gorbachev died at some point during the pandemic, guess it's a false memory.

    • @sisophon1982
      @sisophon1982 Před 2 lety +234

      @@penskepc2374 Mandela Effect

    • @MuhammadFarukh
      @MuhammadFarukh Před 2 lety +79

      @@penskepc2374 I’m another person and am familiar with the Mandela affect as well but I had a recent conversation with my dad and he mentioned that Gorbachev passed last year. I didn’t think much of it but is it possible that this is just an incidence of fake news?

    • @penskepc2374
      @penskepc2374 Před 2 lety +52

      @@MuhammadFarukhyeah, it could been one of those hoax articles they do about celebrities, or maybe some other Eastern European leader that would be easily confused with him died. You said ask your dad again about it and see if he like vividly remembers hearing about Gorbachev dieing or if he just heard it in passing.

  • @KL2010
    @KL2010 Před 6 lety +1178

    The last time Yeltsin was sober.

    • @oasis1282
      @oasis1282 Před 2 lety +3

      L

    • @spkanava
      @spkanava Před rokem +2

      91

    • @mohinderkumar7298
      @mohinderkumar7298 Před 2 měsíci

      He had Czarist background in youth.

    • @bobbyhill5067
      @bobbyhill5067 Před 2 měsíci

      lol 😂 he couldn’t find a new successor so he just picked Putin to be the new leader

    • @jpmnky
      @jpmnky Před 2 měsíci

      @@bobbyhill5067he’s not even sober here.

  • @emilkoch4098
    @emilkoch4098 Před 2 lety +2050

    It's hard to believe this happened 30 years ago. Great piece of history.

    • @drewreynolds1649
      @drewreynolds1649 Před 2 lety +14

      Now this happening now

    • @heccsclips3319
      @heccsclips3319 Před 2 lety +2

      @Legalize Raping Russian Broads In America you are fucking sick

    • @goatgamer001
      @goatgamer001 Před 2 lety +14

      @@patricksimpson9225 that will probably happen in 2025, after trump Will become president again

    • @mirola73
      @mirola73 Před 2 lety +3

      It will repeat itself in time to come and we won't have to wait years for it.

    • @Pllayer064
      @Pllayer064 Před 2 lety +2

      It's gonna happen again soon

  • @PrinceRightyI
    @PrinceRightyI Před 6 lety +2823

    ....and finally, Yeltsin died in 2007, and Gorbachev is still alive in 2018. 😂😂😂

    • @dedmurawskiy5982
      @dedmurawskiy5982 Před 4 lety +31

      Ja ustal, ja yhozhu!

    • @Daniel-fx7xv
      @Daniel-fx7xv Před 3 lety +153

      2020 is still alive lol he never dies

    • @emericdion
      @emericdion Před 3 lety +137

      imagine he could be leader of the soviet union for over 40 years it would've been a record lol

    • @unsec-genantonioguterres5788
      @unsec-genantonioguterres5788 Před 3 lety +79

      @@emericdionin a alternate future or scenario where the soviet union survived,i dont think he will rule the soviet union for life.probably he will copy china's political system from 1983-2013 where there is collective leadership (unlike mao zedong and xi jinping) and the president haves term limit of 5 years,renewable once (10 years).sorry but soviets are tired of old man leadership in the kremlin,from brezhnev to andropov,from andropov to chernenko,and possibly to grigori romanov.

    • @antoniopaganini5700
      @antoniopaganini5700 Před 3 lety +71

      It's because yetsin was an alchogolic, and maybe gorbachovs is queen Elizabeth's student?????? They are both immortal

  • @MrAKNerd
    @MrAKNerd Před 6 lety +1938

    "Yeltsin is our only hope"
    i wonder if she tought the same, once her son was drafted into the army to fight in chechnya.

    • @superdoglogan
      @superdoglogan Před 6 lety +156

      MrAKNerd Well, her husband already fought a disastrous war in Afghanistan so

    • @MrAKNerd
      @MrAKNerd Před 6 lety +52

      so give up your son for another war?

    • @superdoglogan
      @superdoglogan Před 6 lety +85

      MrAKNerd nah, war’s barbaric and shows the dark side of humanity. Whether it’s the Russians now in Crimea, the soviets in Afghanistan, the mongols in the Middle Ages, or the Greeks in Troy. War is something I want to avoid as a whole, which is why I cannot support neither the soviets nor current Russian government. A strong socialist yet isolationist state would be preferable

    • @EyeLean5280
      @EyeLean5280 Před 6 lety +5

      A sad thought indeed.

    • @BlackMasterRoshi
      @BlackMasterRoshi Před 6 lety +4

      superdog logan yup, it sure is. welp, that's life.

  • @iceman18211
    @iceman18211 Před 2 lety +558

    Gorbachev is still alive in 2022, and still gives interviews. But the gang of 8 that tried to overthrow him are all deceased.

    • @libertyforall5764
      @libertyforall5764 Před 2 lety +6

      Tried?

    • @EmberDRG
      @EmberDRG Před 2 lety +1

      unfortunately that vile human being is still alive

    • @zenothemeano4381
      @zenothemeano4381 Před 2 lety +25

      @@libertyforall5764 yes, tried. He was still unjustly couped though although libs don't want to admit it.

    • @michael-df8vt
      @michael-df8vt Před 2 lety +13

      @@zenothemeano4381 libs?

    • @ArcturusOTE
      @ArcturusOTE Před 2 lety

      @@zenothemeano4381 Which libs are you talking about?
      Milquetoast American liberals or the Russian Liberal Democratic Party which isn't even liberal and is more of a RW populist?

  • @nathandebartolo8330
    @nathandebartolo8330 Před 2 lety +245

    As I recall, the soldiers had no clue why they were ordered to Moscow and milled about the city in confusion. The coup quickly collapsed and the Soviet Union with it.

    • @killiansonck6278
      @killiansonck6278 Před 2 lety +25

      Huh, some thing never change.

    • @Destroyer2150
      @Destroyer2150 Před 2 lety +57

      In 1991,russian soldiers didn't even know they were part of a coup.
      31 years later, russian soldiers had no idea why they were invading ukraine
      The more things change, the more they stay the same

    • @Iberny3
      @Iberny3 Před 2 lety

      @@Destroyer2150 Lol, nice propaganda. Russian soldiers in 2022 invaded Ukraine due to the Neo-Nazis attacking the Donbas which many pro-Russian citizens resided.

    • @Destroyer2150
      @Destroyer2150 Před 2 lety

      @@Iberny3 Yeah, and Putin wants World Peace and is innocent of any atrocities commited in Ukraine.
      Get your sources straight, or don't...

    • @Iberny3
      @Iberny3 Před 2 lety

      @@Destroyer2150 Your name indicates you're probably 14 year old. You don't know anything about this world nor it's history, kiddo.
      Stay in your lane and make sure you're aren't being brainwashed with agendas.

  • @PlaceStillMatters
    @PlaceStillMatters Před 6 lety +712

    Must have occurred early in the day as Yeltsin isn’t even buzzed yet.

    • @kaldunaaa
      @kaldunaaa Před 2 lety +34

      I believe his alcoholism started after the dissolution of the USSR.

    • @andreborges3849
      @andreborges3849 Před 2 lety +4

      Laughed so much

    • @idiocrat3744
      @idiocrat3744 Před 2 lety +29

      @@kaldunaaa He was always loving to drink too much. In August 19th (Morning) he was laying in his Dacha after a good drink with Kazakh leader. After some hours his guards will inform him about the Putsch and they will move out.
      Yeltsin was an alcoholic. In 90s this started hurting his health

    • @qarmatianwarhorse6028
      @qarmatianwarhorse6028 Před 2 lety +1

      @@kaldunaaa No, prior to that. It only came into prominent focus during his Presidency of Russia.

    • @johntitor7989
      @johntitor7989 Před 2 lety +2

      Yeltsin woke up with a buzz!

  • @serboslav1389
    @serboslav1389 Před 2 lety +704

    "Yeltsin is our only hope"- meanwhile Yeltsin becomes the worst thing that ever happened to Russia.

    • @nelsonbladimir6671
      @nelsonbladimir6671 Před 2 lety +74

      Yeltsin put Putin in power

    • @whatservicetojoin8593
      @whatservicetojoin8593 Před 2 lety +16

      @@nelsonbladimir6671 They do seem very different tho -- don't they ?

    • @ab8588
      @ab8588 Před 2 lety

      @@whatservicetojoin8593 Putin is Sober

    • @massinakmin8340
      @massinakmin8340 Před 2 lety +43

      @@whatservicetojoin8593 yeah putin does not drink that is the difference

    • @dakkossman2063
      @dakkossman2063 Před 2 lety +10

      @@nelsonbladimir6671 he supported him, but he would be for sure against him if he would know the upcoming reality

  • @alexissarabia4898
    @alexissarabia4898 Před 2 lety +1551

    “Due to his state of health” he will outlive Putin.

    • @alexanders.170
      @alexanders.170 Před 2 lety +124

      Let's drink to that!

    • @testla3383
      @testla3383 Před 2 lety +46

      @@alexanders.170 said Boris Yeltsin

    • @armedwithBurgers
      @armedwithBurgers Před 2 lety +40

      I will comeback to this comment if putin will pass earlier than gorbachev

    • @user-pw1rr2vm8b
      @user-pw1rr2vm8b Před 2 lety +2

      Unless someone kills Putin he won't outlive him. Putin is in great shape you know

    • @psilobom
      @psilobom Před 2 lety +8

      @@user-pw1rr2vm8b putin looks like hes pumped up on drugs what are you on about

  • @Dr.Pepper001
    @Dr.Pepper001 Před 2 lety +212

    I was on a business trip for a few days when this happened. It seemed surreal and took a year for it to sink in to my head...that Communism had toppled in Russia.

    • @wombatwilly1002
      @wombatwilly1002 Před 2 lety +1

      Not at the top

    • @nukacola3795
      @nukacola3795 Před 2 lety +1

      @duckynado that's why Gorby was removed. He followed the west's advise to have democratic elections and it was soon over. A commie system couldn't support the greed of capitalism.

    • @marvinyo5
      @marvinyo5 Před 2 lety +23

      @@nukacola3795 greed of capitalism is different greed of Oligarchs??
      There's a reason why the Russian people haven't advanced in basic living standards compared to the Western world and that is the greed of the few oligarchs investing in the West and showing off their riches

    • @SCHMALLZZZ
      @SCHMALLZZZ Před 2 lety +6

      The soviets never claimed to have achieved communism. It's more accurate to say the Bolshevik party collapsed.

    • @mikemarley2389
      @mikemarley2389 Před 2 lety

      It only stumbled .

  • @youtubesketches110
    @youtubesketches110 Před 2 lety +162

    In 1988 our Professor of Western Civilization told us, in case we didn't notice, these are historic times for the Soviet Union and the world.

    • @carneirouece
      @carneirouece Před 2 lety

      Yeah, more historic was de devastation this shit Yeltsin along with us did to Russia

    • @chriscurtis3150
      @chriscurtis3150 Před 2 lety +2

      What a gensius

    • @Hilaire_Balrog
      @Hilaire_Balrog Před 2 lety +6

      It was great to be in college at that time. We had so many interesting conversations about the events happening at such a rapid pace.

    • @cooldudecs
      @cooldudecs Před rokem +3

      @@Hilaire_Balrog like today

    • @spkanava
      @spkanava Před rokem

      91

  • @williammakupa5896
    @williammakupa5896 Před 6 lety +670

    In retrospect I recall that some of us expected changes in the Soviet Union, after the 1989 collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, but no one foresaw the coup and the rapid collapse of USSR in December 1991. The coup had weakened Gorbachev more than it was apparent at the time.

    • @knispelwedges427
      @knispelwedges427 Před 2 lety +17

      And here we are in March 2022. How weak is Putin right now? Interesting times.

    • @ZhuJo99
      @ZhuJo99 Před 2 lety +4

      @@knispelwedges427 We here in eastern europe hoped the Russia will change to new democracy, yet, Putin turned it again into totality, with people brainwashed even worse than in communism.

    • @frenzalrhomb6919
      @frenzalrhomb6919 Před 2 lety +1

      @@knispelwedges427 Kurt Knipsel was the greatest German Tank Ace of WW2 , and the World's most prolific destroyer of Tanks, who was himself killed in the last few days of the whole War in Europe. Your Avatar name resembles his own very much, which is why mentioned him at all.

    • @knispelwedges427
      @knispelwedges427 Před 2 lety +3

      @@frenzalrhomb6919 I've heard of him, or better said I read about him. However my name does not relate to him.

    • @frenzalrhomb6919
      @frenzalrhomb6919 Před 2 lety

      @@knispelwedges427 ,- Yeah I your name doesn't relate to him, it's just very similar, that's all.

  • @GroundZeroHiroshima
    @GroundZeroHiroshima Před 11 lety +109

    "...those who have the normal, honest hearts of Russian citizens will never allow the army to fight its own people."

  • @AnotherHuman8
    @AnotherHuman8 Před 2 lety +150

    Imagine just driving to work and seeing a bunch military tanks drive alongside you

    • @RokkitGrrl
      @RokkitGrrl Před 2 lety +20

      Just another Tuesday in Mother Russia.

    • @jayasuryangoral-maanyan3901
      @jayasuryangoral-maanyan3901 Před 2 lety +6

      The best part was how nonchalant it was. Tanks committing a coup alongside and at the same pace as cars going to the office.

    • @PRubin-rh4sr
      @PRubin-rh4sr Před 2 lety +9

      @@jayasuryangoral-maanyan3901 Yeah, you think your boss is gonna give a day-off because of a government collapse? 🤣

    • @lordkrythic6246
      @lordkrythic6246 Před 2 lety

      If morons keep voting Democrat, this will be common place in america soon, too. Democrats already want to abolish the Bill of Rights.

    • @mustangrt8866
      @mustangrt8866 Před 2 lety +1

      and the economy is about to collapse

  • @fieldkitchen
    @fieldkitchen Před 2 lety +42

    I was on the Norwegian Soviet border when this was coming down. A lot of Norwegian troops on the road as we travelled to Kirkenes. Tension were high within NATO

  • @flipnotrab
    @flipnotrab Před 2 lety +71

    8:08 This man gets it. Maybe our current “leaders” should listen to him.

  • @josephkush1032
    @josephkush1032 Před 6 lety +42

    Electing such a drunk was the worst mistake

    • @oceanwavesandcocaine1129
      @oceanwavesandcocaine1129 Před 2 lety +3

      luckily Putin is bringing back the Soviet Union

    • @glebsokolov2366
      @glebsokolov2366 Před 2 lety +1

      Way better than USSR or what we have now.

    • @StormcloakGuard
      @StormcloakGuard Před 2 lety +1

      @@oceanwavesandcocaine1129 with taking Ukraine and...what other countries now? he cant touch the baltic countries or Poland

    • @Anthony-yn9dg
      @Anthony-yn9dg Před 2 lety

      Enter Winston Churchill.

    • @judgemcnugget7110
      @judgemcnugget7110 Před rokem +3

      @@glebsokolov2366 what?!
      The USSR had universal healthcare, basically housing for all and very little unemployment.
      When the USSR was dissolved and Yeltsin came into power, the biggest life expectancy decline of all time in a country not at war has happened, people got homeless and unemployed in masses, the suicide rate sky-rocketed and child prostitution became became a thing.
      The USSR was much, much better than Russia today, let alone under Yeltsin.

  • @GrandAdmThrawn
    @GrandAdmThrawn Před 2 lety +93

    2:35 the man standing on the tank on the far right is Viktor Zolotov. Current Director of the National Guard of Russia (Rosgvardiya) and a member of the Security Council of Russia.

    • @rustemzholdybalin6210
      @rustemzholdybalin6210 Před 2 lety +9

      and the chef of Kadyrov. Leader of one of two most powerful clans in Putin's elite, the only rival to Patrushev-Naryshkin coalition

    • @joetatoesniff9525
      @joetatoesniff9525 Před 2 lety

      Wow!

    • @brazilpaes
      @brazilpaes Před 2 lety

      Which work soviet ppl had?

  • @norman191000
    @norman191000 Před rokem +52

    Watching during 2023 coup. Anyone else?

    • @ramudasanjuu
      @ramudasanjuu Před 3 měsíci +10

      it was a complete nothingburger

    • @Ma-official_
      @Ma-official_ Před 2 měsíci

      @@ramudasanjuuit made the ruble collapse… and gave us some quality kino

    • @ravinraven6913
      @ravinraven6913 Před 2 měsíci

      no, the video was taken down and never seen again

  • @baran2328
    @baran2328 Před 6 lety +566

    Traitors are more dangerous than the most powerful enemy.

    • @williamgill_esq.6487
      @williamgill_esq.6487 Před 6 lety +25

      Baran
      And the West is full of them.
      They are called liberals and progressives.
      Atheist Marxist Globalist traitors the whole lot of them.

    • @alexlaza5301
      @alexlaza5301 Před 6 lety +50

      William Gill_Esq.
      Yeah right, people you disagrees with were all traitors. That is the spirit of true Freedom and Democracy!

    • @williamgill_esq.6487
      @williamgill_esq.6487 Před 6 lety +13

      Alexlaza
      You're a traitor.
      By just being the effeminate metro Leftist SJW that you are.

    • @neofusionstylx
      @neofusionstylx Před 6 lety +23

      Yea like Trump and his cronies. Treasonous bastards who colluded with a foreign power to influence an American election.

    • @neofusionstylx
      @neofusionstylx Před 6 lety +13

      William Gill_Esq. Lincoln should’ve hung all you treasonous hillbillies. Fuck trump. Fuck Russia. Flynn, manafort, zwaan, kushner, trump are going to prison.

  • @zenobrad6283
    @zenobrad6283 Před 2 lety +133

    Ah yes his poor health he’s literally still alive in 2022 😂😂

  • @jonathancarlson6127
    @jonathancarlson6127 Před 2 lety +203

    I love that this happened in August. Cause not even Russia would invade Russia in winter.

    • @bellami86
      @bellami86 Před 2 lety +12

      Actually the most critical moments of Russia's history happened in August

    • @BETTER.ART.
      @BETTER.ART. Před 2 lety

      @@bellami86 October revolution?

    • @bellami86
      @bellami86 Před 2 lety +2

      @@BETTER.ART.read about what happened in august 1917😏

    • @bellami86
      @bellami86 Před 2 lety +1

      @@NeistoviySampay нет, напряги мозги, чтобы погуглить

    • @bellami86
      @bellami86 Před 2 lety

      @@NeistoviySampay никто не виноват что тебя забанили в гугле

  • @Banana_Split_Cream_Buns
    @Banana_Split_Cream_Buns Před 11 měsíci +10

    What is really tragic about this was that the USSR had already moved to being a multi-party liberal democracy and was about to sign an internal treaty that enshrined a new union, that respected the democratic sovereignty of each constituent republic, acknowledging the departure of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Georgia and Armenia.
    The new Union of Soviet *Sovereign* Republics would've been like the remaining 9 republics' version of the EU and NATO combined.
    Instead, the coup hastened a collapse which led to great poverty and the current war in Ukraine today.

  • @Earth098
    @Earth098 Před 8 lety +16

    What an important archive. Thanks 4 shearing

  • @kareemELCHEIKH
    @kareemELCHEIKH Před 6 lety +206

    "The Economy cannot be developt with tanks", well said!

    • @garethpreston8275
      @garethpreston8275 Před 3 lety +8

      Every government employee and civil servants brain in the world would hear that and respond with 'SyntaxError'

    • @sanityassassin8161
      @sanityassassin8161 Před 2 lety +7

      If only Putin understood this!

    • @kelvinekline5950
      @kelvinekline5950 Před 2 lety +8

      Thats why USA war budget is highest than all country together spend for defence

    • @IncaWarrior.
      @IncaWarrior. Před 2 lety +2

      @@kelvinekline5950 5 percent of GDP spending is high?

    • @stevem2323
      @stevem2323 Před 2 lety +4

      @@kelvinekline5950 Huh? So you telling me that Google, Apple, Tesla, Chrysler etc are developed by tanks.

  • @obliviouz
    @obliviouz Před 2 lety +94

    The actual irony is that in the long run, Glasnost and the rise of Yeltsin was what allowed the original oligarchs to come into being, which is what led to Russia's economic decline and Putin's actions today.

    • @mrslushydaminator4974
      @mrslushydaminator4974 Před 2 lety

      russia has been growing since putin lol sanctions have always been in place before we were all born to make sure they never made it to the top. putin has pushed there economy back on top so i don't understand lmao

    • @tbiebrich
      @tbiebrich Před 2 lety

      Bullshit. Its the leaders that didnt act properly to the growing threat. But look at Russia now. A few oligarchs are enough to control most of the country.. Almost as if thats what they wanted ;)

    • @tbiebrich
      @tbiebrich Před 2 lety +13

      The soviet union failed and Glasnost and Perestroika were necessary as the union was highly in debt and couldnt sustain any longer

    • @TheNotSoFakeNews
      @TheNotSoFakeNews Před 2 lety +11

      Hmm not exactly true. The fall of communism shifted the power from the USSR to private wealthy business men. But let's not act like corruption and statesponsored oligarchs didn't happen in the USSR, infact they were worse in the USSR

    • @obliviouz
      @obliviouz Před 2 lety

      @@mrslushydaminator4974 Putin turned Russia into a petro-economy like Saudi Arabia, Qatar or the UAE. That's _not_ a good position to be in, because it comes at the cost of the atrophy of the rest of a country's economy and industrial base.

  • @reginoldthornberry2199
    @reginoldthornberry2199 Před 2 lety +40

    Once again, YT Algo knows things we don't, suddenly this pops up in everyone's recommended to prepare us for events yet to occur this week--

    • @ronjeppson6071
      @ronjeppson6071 Před 2 lety +2

      Noticed that too did you? Haven't heard a whisper about this event since it happened back in the 90's and now suddenly I see it in my recommended feed....yeah right, total coincidence. I think YT wants people to start talking about it and spread the word...

    • @Squidward558
      @Squidward558 Před 2 lety +6

      People don't understand how algorithms work I guess. If there's an uptick in interest for Russian related things as a result of current events, the algorithm will assume others want to see it. It's not a conspiracy just look at your search and watch history and you can put the pieces together.

  • @BST-ri6gf
    @BST-ri6gf Před 6 lety +114

    *”IT’S JUST A PRANK, COMRADE!”*

  • @EyeLean5280
    @EyeLean5280 Před 6 lety +350

    I wish they hadn't cut the part where Yeltsin demanded the safe return of the Gorbachevs. That was so inspiring.

    • @whythelongface64
      @whythelongface64 Před 3 lety +11

      So cute and heartwarming. Gorbachev deserves and end to his misery.
      He is a traitor and a disappointment to his country and should be condemned as such

    • @mr.100rupees3
      @mr.100rupees3 Před 2 lety +54

      He only did that to appear like a kind leader, in reality he wanted Gorbachev for hid own agenda

    • @bidenwearstrumpscrappypamp1829
      @bidenwearstrumpscrappypamp1829 Před 2 lety

      Yeltsin was a western sock puppet and a drunk.

    • @tupsutumppu
      @tupsutumppu Před 2 lety +4

      @@whythelongface64 commie

    • @whythelongface64
      @whythelongface64 Před 2 lety +1

      @@tupsutumppu No, you're a cuckold, watching the bourgeoisie fk the economy people like you and I had built.

  • @orion6926
    @orion6926 Před rokem +20

    And it looks like it's happening again. June 23rd, 2023

    • @kiwaya_
      @kiwaya_ Před měsícem

      НЕ СМЕШНО, дальше пытайся быть выдающимся в обществе, обиженка

  • @dmitrychernivetsky5876
    @dmitrychernivetsky5876 Před 2 lety +84

    Fun fact, all the way to the right of Yeltsin is Zolotov, who is now the head of the Russian national guard

    • @samemmo3202
      @samemmo3202 Před 2 lety +1

      Really

    • @PRubin-rh4sr
      @PRubin-rh4sr Před 2 lety

      Most of the top guys right now are the young officers of this time

    • @whatservicetojoin8593
      @whatservicetojoin8593 Před 2 lety

      @@PRubin-rh4sr Curious to know what SWATs think about this - - - what has just happened - in 2022 - Is this the 1st time in history that NATO nuclear first strike military projects have ever been captured by Russians ? Congradulations ! To the SWAT Teams !

    • @ArcturusOTE
      @ArcturusOTE Před 2 lety

      Russian nationalism really is a weird thing

  • @someguy8521
    @someguy8521 Před 2 lety +348

    I read that the government held a referendum a few months before the coup asking people if they wanted the union to survive, but not necessarily as a communist country, rather, it would be a republic. Around 3/4 of the people said yes. If the coup hadn’t happened, the union might not have collapsed and Russia would be much larger.

    • @edmundwoolliams1240
      @edmundwoolliams1240 Před 2 lety +89

      @ELDEANTI Yes, but the OP means Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan among others

    • @coltonsupergame
      @coltonsupergame Před 2 lety +43

      @@edmundwoolliams1240 I get a feeling though that the 25% who didn’t want to be part of that union probably lived in those countries though as those 3 countries combined made up less than half what Russia had.

    • @MCTogs
      @MCTogs Před 2 lety +39

      @@edmundwoolliams1240 Ukraine also didn't want to be part of the new union iirc

    • @Dan-kr9bm
      @Dan-kr9bm Před 2 lety +43

      The Soviet Union is the classic example for a "forced Federation", kept together by coercion and not much else. As soon as they had the chance to, all other states of the Federation with Russia left.

    • @Bob31415
      @Bob31415 Před 2 lety +34

      Russia would not be larger. Russia (officially The Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) was only one of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics.

  • @MrNvona
    @MrNvona Před 11 měsíci +8

    The one moment Yeltsin was sober.

  • @klep2859
    @klep2859 Před 2 lety +8

    I remember being up all night watching this in Seattle.

  • @geniousgeorge4973
    @geniousgeorge4973 Před 2 lety +5

    Ready for the sequel!

  • @max__pain
    @max__pain Před 6 lety +116

    This and the first Gulf War are among my earliest memories...

    • @worldcomicsreview354
      @worldcomicsreview354 Před 2 lety +5

      Mine too, I thought they were parts of the same war, especially once the shooting started in Moscow.
      Wonder where that little girl is now? She's about the same age I was.
      ("In Osaka" would be ridiculous)

    • @rodrigomarti1003
      @rodrigomarti1003 Před 2 lety

      Mine too, im 34 now.

    • @Menaceblue3
      @Menaceblue3 Před 2 lety +2

      LoL, I was born in 89' and I faintly remember a concrete wall being demolished and a party happening.
      Then I remember something about a war far away.

    • @spkanava
      @spkanava Před rokem

      91

  • @esisimp123456
    @esisimp123456 Před 2 lety +186

    "The economy cannot be developed by tanks." so true words. I wish Putin had also learnt this.

    • @Stickboy1733
      @Stickboy1733 Před 2 lety +26

      @Анастасия Борисова And that means that you have to send tanks there????

    • @4thtime910
      @4thtime910 Před 2 lety +1

      What...?

    • @oqocraft2661
      @oqocraft2661 Před 2 lety +20

      @Анастасия Борисова change the don to dum in donbass and that's what you are

    • @SirNyanPanda
      @SirNyanPanda Před 2 lety +10

      @Анастасия Борисова And that means you have to kill Russians in Ukraine????

    • @hithere9393
      @hithere9393 Před 2 lety +11

      Funny because Yeltsin porceeded to detroy the Russian economy and turn it into an oligarchy

  • @alouiciouswrex7141
    @alouiciouswrex7141 Před 2 lety +22

    You: Why are you recommending this now?
    Google: *Give it a few days*

  • @user-fe1hb5zk3v
    @user-fe1hb5zk3v Před rokem +10

    Рекомендации ютаба радуют, как и всегда

  • @NorthForkFisherman
    @NorthForkFisherman Před 2 lety +11

    Oh, Algorithm, what have you brought us today? A message for the future?

  • @joycekoch5746
    @joycekoch5746 Před 2 lety +8

    Russia reminds one of a person who has been so abused as a child that they end
    up spending all their adult years paranoid and lashing out against perceived enemies.

    • @santinavitalis
      @santinavitalis Před 2 lety +2

      Powerful analogy......the people who drive themselves to power seem fuelled by that energy.....

    • @kguy6635
      @kguy6635 Před 2 lety +1

      Hahaha "abused child".
      Were _you_ knocked on the head as a child? In the 1990s the USSR and then the Russian federation killed Azeris in a massacre, made the Qarabaq war worse, invaded Chechnya (twice) and almost invaded the Baltic states.

    • @fgqgqlfqsfsffeff
      @fgqgqlfqsfsffeff Před 2 lety +2

      @@kguy6635 I think you missed the point amigo, he is agreeing with you.

  • @adamc.sieracki4145
    @adamc.sieracki4145 Před 2 lety +77

    "The economy cannot be developed with tanks." I was in highschool when this aired.

    • @reubensandwich9249
      @reubensandwich9249 Před 2 lety +3

      In the 1970s, roughly 44% of hard currency sales were through tanks.

    • @schoolofgrowthhacking
      @schoolofgrowthhacking Před 2 lety +2

      I was five. Too young to remember. Now we are almost senior citizens 😅

    • @discoboy8169
      @discoboy8169 Před 2 lety +1

      You are lucky, that was my childhood, some bastards broke the country and we been living in hell for about 7 years from 1991. USSR was ok, compare to capitalism in Russia in first years, now they have capitalism corrupted even more than USSR.

  • @Ma-official_
    @Ma-official_ Před 2 měsíci +6

    Prigozhin didn’t even make it to the Kremlin :(

  • @khathecleric
    @khathecleric Před 2 lety +6

    Google decided today was a good day to revive this video.

  • @guerrilla_radio
    @guerrilla_radio Před 2 lety +18

    3:13 that man in a black suit is now the head of repression service - "rosgvardia" (national guard). How things change.

    • @Ved000000
      @Ved000000 Před 2 lety +8

      When everyone was panicking about the communist coup, they failed to see the capitalist coup unfolding before them.
      Just remember: you asked for this.

    • @spkanava
      @spkanava Před 9 měsíci +1

      91

  • @MrBricameron
    @MrBricameron Před 2 lety +1

    Fascinating to recap, given recent events. I can’t say what to make of it though.

    • @whatservicetojoin8593
      @whatservicetojoin8593 Před 2 lety

      Very Urgent - Lawyers Should Sue To Stop Usurper Biden From Sending Weapons To Terrorists In Ukraine ! What do U think about Lawsuits to stop the sanctions ??? Re-Tweet !

    • @spkanava
      @spkanava Před rokem

      91

  • @gareginasatryan6761
    @gareginasatryan6761 Před 6 lety +97

    The fact is that most nations are based on ethnicity. USSR was based on the ideology of socialism. Once they took it out, there was no point to it’s existence. It’s that simple. And yes, I was born in USSR. And it’s people identified by their own nationalities. USSR was multinational state, not a nation.

    • @ninny65
      @ninny65 Před 2 lety +7

      So is the Russian Federation, there are still countless Asian and Caucasian ethnicities under Russian sovereignty

    • @gareginasatryan6761
      @gareginasatryan6761 Před 2 lety +3

      @@ninny65 yes, but Russia is named after an ethnicity. Those are minorities.

    • @danijaldblr3388
      @danijaldblr3388 Před 2 lety +15

      I mean the USA, Canada and every other central or south american nation isnt based on ethnicity same applies to africa. This is just wrong.

    • @gareginasatryan6761
      @gareginasatryan6761 Před 2 lety

      @@danijaldblr3388 yes. This was done deliberately in Africa to foster internal conflict

    • @brynnemeza
      @brynnemeza Před 2 lety

      @@danijaldblr3388 africa want best choice

  • @eatfastnoodle
    @eatfastnoodle Před 11 lety +53

    What's plain is when KGB head as well as minister of defense asked army and internal troops to storm Yeltsin's compound and arrest him, the men who actually had guns in their hands and tank wheels under their control dithered, then refused; Only a few years later, when Yeltsin asked the military to do essentially the same thing for him against his opponents, ultimately the military obeyed and you saw tank firing at opposition building:
    point is there are reasons SU went down.

    • @HateTheIRS
      @HateTheIRS Před 2 lety

      Interesting

    • @againsttheriver3657
      @againsttheriver3657 Před 2 lety +2

      Well this is a load of misinformation

    • @againsttheriver3657
      @againsttheriver3657 Před 2 lety +5

      The soldiers did not refused, on counturary young commanders and soldiers were optimistic and enthusiastic about the situation many whaited for the sacred command to open fire and saw it as defence of country from internal enemys, but Yazov(the marshal of soviet army) refused this plan and wanet to whait

    • @againsttheriver3657
      @againsttheriver3657 Před 2 lety +5

      Also you can clearlly see the support levels, the peoplle who oposed coup in 1991 gathered around parlament and the rest of city was calm, while in 1993 peoplle who wanet the coup back tok over almoust entire city, all the streats were full of peoplle and they even tok over red square.

    • @hueghh3775
      @hueghh3775 Před 2 lety +2

      @@againsttheriver3657 if there were so many in favor of keeping the Soviet Union, why isn’t it around anymore?

  • @freedbelak121
    @freedbelak121 Před 6 lety +146

    The coup failed for one reason.The failure to take out yeltsin.Yes other factors played their part,but if Yeltsin had been arrested,all the other factors would not have happened.
    Any opposition in order to achieve final victory,must have a leader.Someone who can harness and organize and express people's complaints etc.
    Yeltsin was that person.
    In many ways in that time,the only one.
    Had the coups leaders had him,the coup would have have no real organized opposition,and as per Soviet history,the coup would have succeeded.
    Yeltsin,was brilliant in that he said at that time,he was only fighting to bring back the Soviet president and the Soviet constitutional order,thereby gaining allies from Gorbacheves allies and moderate communists as well as anti Soviet forces in the people,army and leaders.
    While in fact Yeltsin was really fighting for the destruction of the Soviet state.
    If he failed and the coup won he was finished.
    If he won,he knew he would have the means to finish not save Gorbachev,and the Soviet state.
    The coup plotters despite their high positions in the Soviet state tried to do a coup using Humane Gorbachev style methods,,while overthrowing him.
    They thought that just being in power and based on Soviet systems past power and fear,that when orders are given,that's it.But Gorbachev had already weakened the fear system and put other spheres of power in Soviet system that would fatally weaken them.
    Plus it was done on the spur of the moment and the military and KGB were not given orders at the outset or had unreliable leaders to carry them out.
    Poorly planned and was it seems done on a moment's notice.
    Sadly,most of the people who rallied to Yeltsin,did so to bring back Gorbachev and law.
    What they got was a ruthless man only concearned about himself and power,who sold the Russian state to the highest bidder.
    Destroying the life's of the Russian people,humiliating and tearing apart the Russian state.Leading to the Russian people's hatred of democracy,USA and leading to Putin.
    Something that has cost our nation greatly.
    But in the end cost the Russian people the most.As they still don't have the freedoms they so deserve to have.

    • @contradriverESP
      @contradriverESP Před 6 lety +4

      Freed Belak Thanks for that analysis mate

    • @SovietUnion100
      @SovietUnion100 Před 6 lety +14

      ALL POWER TO THE SOVIETS! Any anti communists are traitors and have done nothing but sell and destroy the country. You motherfuckers brought disgrace upon the working class of the world and sold them all off to slavery.

    • @manatee2500
      @manatee2500 Před 6 lety +3

      An astute point, Dmitri. People forget how much worse the transition could easily have been. Credit for many sides East & West, but the most for those who risked their own lives for freedom in Russia, Estonia, Lithuania, etc. It was a monumental achievement for humanity.

    • @emaadkhan3031
      @emaadkhan3031 Před 4 lety +2

      Dmitri Kozlowsky did you say they tried to soften the fall?
      Honestly trying to give you a chance here. But that's bullshit. We both know it.

    • @stupidben999
      @stupidben999 Před 4 lety +4

      Another brainwashed Commie crying about the loss of their empire, I'm sure the Baltic people & Eastern Europeans would grin at your shit.

  • @sww3679
    @sww3679 Před 2 lety +28

    1991: Gorbachev has poor health
    (and he still is alive 30 years later)

    • @nokiatunes7256
      @nokiatunes7256 Před 2 lety

      @@michaely9900 Gorbachov might have had good intentions but he ruined a Superpower and brought misery to over 250milion people.

  • @rayleblanc7209
    @rayleblanc7209 Před 2 lety +1

    Dam, I thought it was on and then I saw the date. Bummer.

  • @bennyjiub980
    @bennyjiub980 Před 5 lety +23

    Stalin : I'm disappointed

  • @SK22000
    @SK22000 Před 6 lety +12

    I remember this I was 15

  • @shane-irish
    @shane-irish Před 2 lety

    I remember thinking must be some chernoble when viewing this with snowing looking on screen

  • @JeffSichoe
    @JeffSichoe Před 3 lety +1

    thanks youtube this was very interesting

  • @thatsnodildo1974
    @thatsnodildo1974 Před 6 lety +466

    if you ever feel stupid just remember Russian military fired at its own Parliament Building lmao

    • @EyeLean5280
      @EyeLean5280 Před 6 lety +77

      Doesn't make some Americans any less stupid.

    • @WalknTalknStevnHawkn
      @WalknTalknStevnHawkn Před 6 lety +37

      lol... sounds like someone is living in your head RENT FREE, eyelean.

    • @EyeLean5280
      @EyeLean5280 Před 6 lety +21

      Yeah, that would be me :)
      You, on the other hand, sound like the kind of person who insults strangers on the internet based on one comment you read. Maybe 'cause you are? Have fun with it.

    • @WalknTalknStevnHawkn
      @WalknTalknStevnHawkn Před 6 lety +52

      it's a poke at the fact that people are so obsessed with america that anytime anyone pokes fun at their nation they need to cry about america, the joke is america lives in your head rent free.
      i didn't insult anyone, i simply pointed out that you're acting like a typical clown, but now that you're showing how much of a fool you are, you definitely would be deserving.

    • @margaretwilson8736
      @margaretwilson8736 Před 6 lety +22

      WalknTalknStevnHawkn I agree - people are incredibly quick to point to the US to ignore their own country's problems. The US has its international policy flaws (quite a handful, really), but the US has done much more good than harm.
      We helped rebuild Europe, SK, Japan, etc. We helped China open up so that they can finally regain prominence after a Century of Humiliation. We even helped get them on the WTO, which quickened the pace of their economic development. We support the Kurds in the Middle East, which nearly no one else does, though they are the victims of genocide in multiple countries.
      A lot of the truly awful stuff happened in the 60s and 70s. The Vietnam War and coups in Latin American and "banana republics" come to mind. However, it was a different time, and the US has liberalized as time goes on.
      I'm not blind in my patriotism, but I support my country. In a democracy, the people can choose different leaders if they don't like them - in Russia, it is much harder to do this because of the centralization of power.

  • @denchinside
    @denchinside Před 11 měsíci +4

    "Перемен
    Требовали наши сердца
    Ну а теперь
    Поедим мы дружно говна"

  • @williamgill_esq.6487
    @williamgill_esq.6487 Před 6 lety +7

    Winds of Change.

  • @marshallkinjongun5333
    @marshallkinjongun5333 Před 6 lety +12

    thank you.how at age 66 have I never seen this?

  • @radioflyer68911
    @radioflyer68911 Před 6 lety +4

    I'm shocked there was a rush hour.

  • @pizzafrenzyman
    @pizzafrenzyman Před 2 lety +3

    Freedom doesn't benefit the authoritarians.

    • @lordkrythic6246
      @lordkrythic6246 Před 2 lety

      I wish more Democrats would understand your words. Maybe then we could come together as a country, and work to cure all the cancer, destruction, erosion, and rage the Democrat party has created.

  • @Willy-nu3oc
    @Willy-nu3oc Před 2 lety

    So smooth..

  • @scottyblog
    @scottyblog Před 2 lety +2

    My God, did they know Yeltsin was a boob? A disastrous one at that.

  • @alienlife7754
    @alienlife7754 Před 2 lety +6

    Seeing this now I wonder how close Putin was to the head of the KGB back then. The KGB always hated democratic reforms.

  • @dentalnovember
    @dentalnovember Před 2 lety +12

    I remember when this was reported and I thought there would be a nuclear war the way it was reported. The networks broke through and interrupted programming with an “emergency” broadcast. I was terrified until I realized it was sensationalized.

    • @kguy6635
      @kguy6635 Před 2 lety

      Oh this was not sensationalist. The 1990s, especially the war in Chechnya, would have consequences that led to among other things ISIS, the invasion of Ukraine, the fuel crisis, the Boston marathon bombings, the remilitarisation of Russia in the late 2000s, and much much more.
      You just wouldn't know it yet.

    • @spkanava
      @spkanava Před rokem

      91

  • @StrangeScaryNewEngland
    @StrangeScaryNewEngland Před 2 měsíci

    Wow. This was a few days before I was born and it looks so damn old. Where has time gone...

  • @scorpiocanuck6321
    @scorpiocanuck6321 Před 4 lety +16

    No one mentions the destruction Yeltsin brought on that same building he's "Defending" Facism usually comes as a defender of freedom

    • @conveyor2
      @conveyor2 Před 3 lety

      The building filled with communists trying another coup. They got what they deserved.

    • @scorpiocanuck6321
      @scorpiocanuck6321 Před 3 lety +11

      @@conveyor2 Another coup? They were civilians being fired on by their own military. Yeltsin took part in a coup not the other way round

    • @wopmf4345FxFDxdGaa20
      @wopmf4345FxFDxdGaa20 Před 2 lety

      I don't know do you know that the whole facists everywhere thing is old trick of the Soviet propaganda machine. They label everything they don't like as facist, regardless does it have absolutely anything to do with facism for real.

    • @scorpiocanuck6321
      @scorpiocanuck6321 Před 2 lety

      @@wopmf4345FxFDxdGaa20 I didn't call him Fascist but you just did

  • @acookrez6150
    @acookrez6150 Před 2 lety +5

    I'm always annoyed thinking about this, so many Russians call out Gorbachev for the loss and say the coup was justified, the coup happened in August and was cited in the Ukrainian declaration of Independence written shortly after the coup, Gorbachev officially dissolved the USSR in December.. do they not connect the dots? there was no USSR left by December

  • @ChicoTheMan69
    @ChicoTheMan69 Před 2 lety +6

    And apparently Russia still likes being isolated. 🤷‍♂️

    • @stvk99
      @stvk99 Před 2 lety

      it's not Russia's fault the West hates her.

    • @spkanava
      @spkanava Před 9 měsíci

      91

    • @ChicoTheMan69
      @ChicoTheMan69 Před 9 měsíci

      @@spkanava .....bottles of beer on the wall 91 bottles of beer, If one of those bottles should happen to fall 90 bottles of beer on the wall.......

  • @drozdood9
    @drozdood9 Před 2 lety

    Can’t wait to watch this happen again live on 2022

  • @js_guyman
    @js_guyman Před 3 lety +15

    So if these coup leaders brought tanks into Moscow, and had control of most of the military, how did yeltsin later get control of it?

    • @bidenwearstrumpscrappypamp1829
      @bidenwearstrumpscrappypamp1829 Před 2 lety

      The coup might've been a set up tactic to get Gorbachev to resign. A real coup like the WW3 mock u ment art released in 1998 would've executed him.

    • @js_guyman
      @js_guyman Před 2 lety

      @@bidenwearstrumpscrappypamp1829 I don't understand. What's the WW3 mockumentary?

    • @ronjeppson6071
      @ronjeppson6071 Před 2 lety +1

      It was a couple of Politburo heads who triggered the coup...KGB and I think Defense, once the Army was out in the street and the public began swarming the tanks along with Yeltsin coming out and giving his speech the officers on scene started calling back to higher HQ for instructions, basically the Generals of the divisions stationed around Moscow said no-go and threw in with Yeltsin who had be duly elected.

    • @seansimms8503
      @seansimms8503 Před 2 lety +2

      Yeltins had command of some Russian forces who engaged the Soviet Forces who had kidnapped Gorbachev, August of 1991 I was in the Marines...Yeltins was President of Russia and Anti Soviet, when he saved Gorbachev he forced him to outlaw the Soviet Party, Gorbachev held his power through the Soviet party.

  • @syourke3
    @syourke3 Před 4 lety +12

    The Soviet Union was born in the Bolshevik coup d’etat of 1917 and dissolved with the failed coup of 1991. From dust to dust.

  • @DearValentina
    @DearValentina Před 2 lety

    Here's hoping for a sequel.

  • @youtert
    @youtert Před 6 lety +1

    I can live, with or without you

  • @amazingman63
    @amazingman63 Před 2 lety +3

    Good to know nothing really changed on the inside just got a nice face lift for a few decades

  • @anonymous0269
    @anonymous0269 Před 2 lety +3

    Ironic how many people disliked Gorbachov because he introduced liberal policies in the SU and then it just became an authoritarian capitalists nation

  • @Sheboobellach
    @Sheboobellach Před 2 lety +1

    Hard to believe this happened in my lifetime wow

  • @Phoenix-ov5gg
    @Phoenix-ov5gg Před 11 měsíci +2

    Thanks CZcams recommended

  • @perfectionbox
    @perfectionbox Před 2 lety +5

    KGB officer: Yeah I kinda felt a little bad about silencing the media, but... man, what a rush 🤣

  • @777jones
    @777jones Před 6 lety +18

    It’s crazy I remember that lame crowd chanting “yeltsin! Yeltsin!” Softly. Guess I saw it in 1991.

  • @Mountainmonths
    @Mountainmonths Před 2 lety

    wow top notch journalism, doesnt even compare to the tripe they make nowadays

  • @wilyjapan8200
    @wilyjapan8200 Před 2 lety

    It's july 12, 2021. Still around. 👍👍👍

  • @strangenessEPR
    @strangenessEPR Před 2 lety +12

    I love how people just keep driving around among the armored vehicles.
    Like it’s a normal thing.

  • @ronaldovaldez7841
    @ronaldovaldez7841 Před 2 lety +6

    2022 or 2023 the fall of Putin?

  • @casualgerm
    @casualgerm Před 2 lety +1

    YT algo remains undefeated

  • @rangerrob2144
    @rangerrob2144 Před 2 lety +1

    March, 2022. Swan Lake sounds lovely right about now

  • @llywelynStratclyde
    @llywelynStratclyde Před 4 lety +14

    Щас все эти люди говорят "а мы его не выбирали, он сам силой власть взял"
    хехехе

    • @stokzzzbatalov9249
      @stokzzzbatalov9249 Před 2 lety +1

      Кого его?

    • @MCTogs
      @MCTogs Před 2 lety +3

      Много людей думали что Ельцин просто вернёт Горбачева, они не хотели чтобы именно Ельцин стал президентом

  • @shakostarsun
    @shakostarsun Před 2 lety +3

    So much of this is still true to this day.

  • @enigmaticvaran6597
    @enigmaticvaran6597 Před 2 lety +2

    Time for a sequel

  • @Synaps4
    @Synaps4 Před 2 lety

    This news is so high quality.

  • @seagie382
    @seagie382 Před 2 lety +4

    Remember when news was like this and not cut up and set up to serve a narrative

  • @StrawB0ss
    @StrawB0ss Před 6 lety +3

    how come I've never heard of this?

  • @eddiestilll
    @eddiestilll Před 2 lety +1

    oh boy... and the youtube algorithm has brought us all here... will history repeat itself?

  • @anthonyw9129
    @anthonyw9129 Před 2 lety

    Damn this in your recommendations too?

  • @cherylmugford4237
    @cherylmugford4237 Před 2 lety +4

    Just think...some of those tanks might be burning wreckage in Ukraine right now

  • @manafish8732
    @manafish8732 Před 2 měsíci +3

    absolute disaster, not because the USSR was good, but because of what came after

  • @apojoga
    @apojoga Před 2 lety +2

    2:33 He's got some badass secret service types doing his security.

  • @jacobtennyson9213
    @jacobtennyson9213 Před rokem +2

    So much for the Bolshevik Revolution.

  • @mohinderkumar7298
    @mohinderkumar7298 Před 2 měsíci +3

    Boris Yeltsin had Czarist background on joining Communist Party in 1970s. He was bourgeois. Difficult entry. But took revenge from Communist Party in 1989.