History of the Black Panther Party

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  • čas přidán 11. 08. 2021
  • I’m talking about the Black Panther Party. It’s an important topic that isn’t easy to cover. The historiography is fairly new, because what came before is riddled with disinformation, but it is worth understanding the history of the Black Panthers
    See the full review of the film here: • Judas and the Black Me...
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    Check out Lynn Burnett’s public history of racial justice website, make sure to check out the resources tab for tons of material: crossculturalsolidarity.com/
    The stuff specifically on the BPP: crossculturalsolidarity.com/b...
    References
    FBI files on Fred Hampton:
    vault.fbi.gov/Fred%20Hampton/...
    vault.fbi.gov/Fred%20Hampton/...
    vault.fbi.gov/Fred%20Hampton/...
    And all of COINTELPRO: vault.fbi.gov/
    Curtis J. Austin, Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2006). amzn.to/3ffepGj
    Joshua Bloom and Waldo E. Martin, Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013). amzn.to/2SjIxrc
    David Cunningham, There’s Something Happening Here: The New Left, the Klan, and FBI Counterintelligence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. amzn.to/3hU0iIi
    Todd Fraley and Elli Lester-Roushanzamir, “Revolutionary Leader or Deviant Thug? A Comparative Analysis of the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Daily Defender’s Reporting on the Death of Fred Hampton,” Howard Journal of Communications 15, iss. 3 (Summer 2004): 147-67.
    Craig Mcpherson, “You can’t Kill Chairman Fred: Examining the Life and Legacy of a Revolutionary,” Journal of African American Studies 23, Iss. 4 (December 2019): 276-298.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    connected videos:
    10:00 - race riots: • Race Riots in US History
    10:20 - Olympics: • The historic importanc...
    10:20 - US sports protest: • A History of Protest i...
    ------------------------------------------------------------
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    Wiki: The Black Panther Party (BPP), originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, was a Black Power political organization founded by college students Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton in October 1966 in Oakland, California.[7][8][9] The party was active in the United States between 1966 and 1982, with chapters in many major cities and international chapters in Britain and Algeria.[10][11] Upon its inception the Black Panther Party's core practice was its open carry armed citizens' patrols ("copwatching") to monitor the behavior of officers of the Oakland Police Department and challenge police brutality in the city.
    In 1969, a variety of community social programs became a core activity.[12] The Party instituted the Free Breakfast for Children Programs to address food injustice, and community health clinics for education and treatment of diseases including sickle cell anemia, tuberculosis, and later HIV/AIDS.[13][14][15] It advocated for class struggle, with the party representing the proletarian vanguard.[16]

Komentáře • 1,4K

  • @CynicalHistorian
    @CynicalHistorian  Před 2 lety +127

    Thanks for watching. Please consider supporting the channel by buying merch: teespring.com/stores/the-cynical-historian
    Or by donating to my Patreon: www.patreon.com/CynicalHistorian
    See following additional info, but first, check out Lynn Burnett’s public history of racial justice website, make sure to check out the resources tab for tons of material: crossculturalsolidarity.com/
    The stuff specifically on the BPP: crossculturalsolidarity.com/black-panther-party-resources/
    *Here are the connected videos*
    10:00 - race riots: czcams.com/video/tAbkCU5nBhM/video.html
    10:20 - Olympics: czcams.com/video/WHGYFmK5t9U/video.html
    10:20 - US sports protest: czcams.com/video/ZZ6L9amWHY8/video.html
    *References*
    Retrospective coverage: czcams.com/video/g8hDMi0-iaE/video.html
    William O'Neil interview: czcams.com/video/uSjYd35nF5s/video.html, full transcript: digital.wustl.edu/e/eii/eiiweb/one5427.1047.125williamo%27neal.html
    FBI files on Fred Hampton:
    vault.fbi.gov/Fred%20Hampton/Fred%20Hampton%20Part%2001%20of%2003/view
    vault.fbi.gov/Fred%20Hampton/Fred%20Hampton%20Part%2002%20of%2003/view
    vault.fbi.gov/Fred%20Hampton/fred-hampton-part-03-of-03/view
    And all of COINTELPRO: vault.fbi.gov/
    Curtis J. Austin, _Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party_ (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2006). amzn.to/3ffepGj
    Joshua Bloom and Waldo E. Martin, _Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party_ (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013). amzn.to/2SjIxrc
    David Cunningham, _There’s Something Happening Here: The New Left, the Klan, and FBI Counterintelligence_ (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. amzn.to/3hU0iIi
    Todd Fraley and Elli Lester-Roushanzamir, “Revolutionary Leader or Deviant Thug? A Comparative Analysis of the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Daily Defender’s Reporting on the Death of Fred Hampton,” _Howard Journal of Communications_ 15, iss. 3 (Summer 2004): 147-67.
    Craig Mcpherson, “You can’t Kill Chairman Fred: Examining the Life and Legacy of a Revolutionary,” _Journal of African American Studies_ 23, Iss. 4 (December 2019): 276-298.

    • @blackflagmedia6679
      @blackflagmedia6679 Před 2 lety

      May I ask: does CZcams have some sort of blacklist for their definition of criminal and/or terrorist organizations?

  • @BryantS61
    @BryantS61 Před 2 lety +3427

    I was a young panther in 1967. Each morning I would go to the breakfast before school, and after school, I would get help with my homework from the Panthers.. This was in Detroit.

    • @isral8765
      @isral8765 Před 2 lety +231

      Salute to you

    • @50733Blabla1337
      @50733Blabla1337 Před 2 lety +172

      Hey how was the experience? Like Im actually interested in a neutral look from a kids perspective, did you feel the turmoil brewing behind the scenes and the pressure from media/politics?

    • @potassium8759
      @potassium8759 Před 2 lety +57

      You should make videos about "a day in a life". Could be really educational

    • @sunkist1309
      @sunkist1309 Před 2 lety +128

      You sir are an important piece of United States history. I salute you!

    • @mizanulhaque8476
      @mizanulhaque8476 Před 2 lety +80

      @@luxinvictus9018 hi I’m from Detroit and kind of grew up in a similar type of environment. I think political violence is inevitable. Civil disobedience can only take you so far.

  • @MexicanHeadbanger95
    @MexicanHeadbanger95 Před 2 lety +2684

    I find it hilarious how Reagan talks about how there is no need for a civilian to carry a loaded weapon, and yet all of his believers think that is a quintessential part of their identity.

    • @williamlohman6892
      @williamlohman6892 Před 2 lety +6

      He was for gun control…

    • @MexicanHeadbanger95
      @MexicanHeadbanger95 Před 2 lety +80

      @@williamlohman6892 that's what I just said...

    • @Matt_Fields_29
      @Matt_Fields_29 Před 2 lety +22

      Trump is Christ. Reagan is Abraham. Capitalism is the Holy Father.

    • @Comuniity_
      @Comuniity_ Před 2 lety +60

      Reagan also wasn't super anti immigration and was pro open borders.

    • @Bl4ckDr4co
      @Bl4ckDr4co Před 2 lety +23

      Conservatives only remember what benefits them.

  • @phoenixshadow6633
    @phoenixshadow6633 Před 2 lety +1341

    Fun fact: there was a time where Black Panther went by Black Leopard to avoid connotations with the party. That lasted for essentially no time at all.

    • @forickgrimaldus8301
      @forickgrimaldus8301 Před 2 lety +92

      Technically Most Black Panthers are actually Leopards because its a mutation to Panthers a group of big cats including Leopards, Lions ect.
      Jokes aside Black Panther is just a better name.

    • @vit968
      @vit968 Před 2 lety +73

      *In another timeline, there is T'Challa, the Black Leopard.*

    • @forickgrimaldus8301
      @forickgrimaldus8301 Před 2 lety +10

      @@vit968 I mean they worship a Black Leopard which is a Panther so its just the same thing but just being more specific.

    • @Dong_Harvey
      @Dong_Harvey Před 2 lety +2

      What about Jaguars?

    • @forickgrimaldus8301
      @forickgrimaldus8301 Před 2 lety +2

      @@Dong_Harvey I think they are Panthers too but I maybe confusing them for something else.
      Also there are Black and White lions both are quite rare. (Lionesses prefer Males with darker mains)

  • @tyronechillifoot5573
    @tyronechillifoot5573 Před 2 lety +2147

    People often only acknowledge the militant side and not the community organization or food and medical programs or even the Rainbow Coalition

    • @tyronechillifoot5573
      @tyronechillifoot5573 Před 2 lety +299

      @@theknave1915 they're not the Taliban

    • @pascalausensi9592
      @pascalausensi9592 Před 2 lety +40

      That seems to be mostly the Black Panther's own fault. They were clearly trying to project the image of militant revolutionaries, so independently of FBI misinformation it really shouldn't be surprising that people remember them as militant revolutionaries.

    • @tyronechillifoot5573
      @tyronechillifoot5573 Před 2 lety +210

      What launch programs did the taliban have? What calls for racial and class unity did the Taliban have? If anything far right groups have more in common than the Panthers

    • @Redactedlllllllllllll
      @Redactedlllllllllllll Před 2 lety +196

      @@theknave1915 islamo leftist? LMAO

    • @bobettethedestroyerthebuil1034
      @bobettethedestroyerthebuil1034 Před 2 lety +70

      @UCzAwkWq3zYIz_FUkSuOGi3w What is leftist about any of that. Does it say anything about class or economics in it? Does it advocate worker’s democracy or anything like that? Right wing isn’t inherently monarchy, otherwise the Nazis are the right wing then cause they didn’t have a monarchy. Cause what the fuck are you talking about “Islamo-leftist” you clearly have no idea what leftism is. Islamic fundamentalists (like the taliban) are hard religious right wing extremists who half the time are enforcing “religious law” that has no basis in the holy book, no different from right wing religious Christians who go hard on abortion despite there not being anything on it in the Bible.

  • @arthas640
    @arthas640 Před 2 lety +643

    As a gun loving american I've always loved that thumbnail image. African americans were often deprived of THEIR right to bear arms, especially in the south where it could be nearly impossible for them to legally own guns and even when they did legally own guns, they could still be arrested for owning or legally using a gun. The black Panthers showing up at government building legally bearing arms like white ameticans gave often done in defiance of the racist discrimination theyve often faced was beautiful.

    • @LSClubhouse
      @LSClubhouse Před rokem

      @@hellotherelolol tired obvious racist bait touch grass find love get a job benefit society

    • @AndrewOliverHome
      @AndrewOliverHome Před rokem +27

      @@hellotherelololdo you have any statistics on levels of violence in rural China or Thailand that could be trusted as a comparison?

    • @estrangedsavant5112
      @estrangedsavant5112 Před rokem +34

      ​@@hellotherelolol what does it say? Nuance still escapes you. You ignore the fact that a majority of inner city violence is gang related, alot of inner city gangs in Chicago have affiliations with our cartel neighbors to the south so incentive for violence drugs and weapons are higher. Chicago also has murder rates many times the national average and has a higher population density to your average city. Our access to guns as Americans is relatively unparalleled, history has created more wealth inequality so you have more black people poor and crime has a higher correlation to socioeconomic status than culture and that's just a few factors.

    • @Dracon7601
      @Dracon7601 Před rokem +12

      ​@@hellotherelololUganda also has issues with reporting violence which makes crime stats not the most accurate the same goes for American police but in the opposite direction.

    • @ch3ynn
      @ch3ynn Před rokem +25

      @@estrangedsavant5112 As someone who lives in Chicago, you are completely right. Violence is rampant in the inner-city area due to poverty and lack of proper education, community programs, and government-funded resources. It is clear as day who the government favors and continually and systematically keeps on top.

  • @Jebbtube
    @Jebbtube Před 2 lety +415

    Cypher: I want to talk about the Black Panthers.
    Me: So you're not gonna make money off this one then?

    • @lokey19
      @lokey19 Před 2 lety +25

      That was my first thought “ oh this is definitely getting demonetized “

    • @chrishale5213
      @chrishale5213 Před 2 lety +5

      Its weird because I got 4 ads during my viewing, including an insurance ad. So someone got paid, I hope it was him.

    • @ChrisGoldie
      @ChrisGoldie Před 2 lety +13

      @@chrishale5213 naw correct if im wrong. But google has made it known recently that demonetized or not google can and will get paid off of it

    • @chrishale5213
      @chrishale5213 Před 2 lety +5

      @@ChrisGoldie its sad but I'm not surprised. All things get ads, but they are righteous enough to make sure you dont make money.

    • @andrewc9896
      @andrewc9896 Před 2 lety

      they'd sweep it under the rug. pointing it out along with all the bad things he's done including anti-gun laws is considered stepping on his "dick" and he's dead so...

  • @ACrownofFlowers
    @ACrownofFlowers Před 2 lety +192

    As someone who comes from an immigrant background, but also grew up in the deep South, I was always taught to fear the BPP. It really wasn't until college where I took classes about African-American history where I realized that their story was much more complex. I'm also disabled and they were pretty much the only allies the current Disability Rights Movement had.

    • @teto1911
      @teto1911 Před měsícem +1

      I agree, I also had this impression growing up that the party was just horrible. I had no clue how complex it was and definitely didn't hear about the lunch programs, the Rainbow Coalition, etc. Although, there are many more missed stories in our history. Always learning!

    • @ACrownofFlowers
      @ACrownofFlowers Před měsícem +2

      @@teto1911 exactly. Sometimes we have to be willing to go deeper than what our mainstream culture presents to us.

  • @m.a.9571
    @m.a.9571 Před 2 lety +94

    Fun fact: Kanye's dad was a former black panther as well.

    • @lenini056
      @lenini056 Před 2 lety +14

      but he'll be really disappointing what his son has become. A shill for the racists he fought against!

    • @Substantial-hf1rm
      @Substantial-hf1rm Před 2 lety +41

      Kanye's crack music was such a black panther bop, it makes me sad how hard he fell of into conservative evangelicalism.

    • @donHooligan
      @donHooligan Před 2 lety

      Bobby Rush is the OG Panther snitch.

    • @MM-vs2et
      @MM-vs2et Před rokem +6

      The apple fell pretty damn far from the tree

  • @seanmurphy3357
    @seanmurphy3357 Před 2 lety +572

    Reagan was against equal housing Surprise surprise

    • @fazbell
      @fazbell Před 2 lety +27

      Reagan and Nixon were two of the most anti-black Presidents ever to hold office.

    • @bboykman
      @bboykman Před 2 lety +79

      @@fazbell woodrow wilson: am I a joke to you?

    • @fazbell
      @fazbell Před 2 lety +37

      @@bboykman Woodrow Wilson was no joke. He was an evil President like no other. Racist warmonger and empire builder. He did more damage than most modern Presidents.

    • @aidenleach2010
      @aidenleach2010 Před 2 lety +2

      @@fazbell freddy so cool

    • @bboykman
      @bboykman Před 2 lety +7

      @@fazbell that's the joke, you thought those two were the most racist but...you know what never mind I'm dissecting a frog at this point 😔

  • @aborawk4154
    @aborawk4154 Před 2 lety +482

    Man is it sad that such a passionate organization fighting for common sense societal changes was so unsuccessful in most of their endeavors. They'll go down in history as influential, of course, but so much more should've changed because of them, but the institutions at the time managed to squash them over and over again. Imagine a Black Panther Party during the age of the internet ...

    • @stevenwoods5787
      @stevenwoods5787 Před 2 lety +14

      different times. and too many people today looking to use any excuse to stir up bullshit.

    • @samuelwithers2221
      @samuelwithers2221 Před 2 lety +155

      @@luxinvictus9018 It's more nuanced than that: the peaceful approach only gains traction when there is fear of a more violent uprising. Malcom X and MLK, whatever their differences, inadvertently helped each other: X scared Washington so badly that MLK was in a prime position to negotiate, which in turn bettered the overall status of black people, achieving collective good. If the status quo is challenged, it will always negotiate with the party that is less disruptive, but it will not negotiate at all if there is not real fear of a more disruptive uprising. To negotiate peace, someone must be holding a gun, even if it is never fired.

    • @bernard12324
      @bernard12324 Před 2 lety +20

      @@samuelwithers2221 great ass answer my guy

    • @dillonthevillon3719
      @dillonthevillon3719 Před 2 lety +22

      @@samuelwithers2221 your keyboard must be on fire right now

    • @1997lordofdoom
      @1997lordofdoom Před 2 lety +5

      @@russellwatts4784 He is talking about the Black Panthers not the police.

  • @tristemsaris7739
    @tristemsaris7739 Před 2 lety +313

    It's truly amazing, the past year has made me realize nothing has changed were dealing with just about the same set of issues we were dealing with in the 60s and 70s

    • @otis6593
      @otis6593 Před 2 lety +35

      This is 100% because people refuse to teach history and want to hide behind. Instead of addressing the issue america tends to just cover things up. "Those who fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it".

    • @myothersoul1953
      @myothersoul1953 Před 2 lety +36

      Nothing has changed? Nothing at all?
      We are dealing with the same issues, that is true. Ignorance, hate and ideological pigheadedness continue to block progress but somethings might have changed.

    • @kathryngeeslin9509
      @kathryngeeslin9509 Před 2 lety +12

      Yep. And we actually thought we'd have dealt "all this" by the 80s and be looking to building a brilliant future (not "our house is on fire"). Buckminster Fuller and geodesic domes, Rainbow Coalition, Greenpeace, so much hope lost in the "culture war". Now giving up ground gained.

    • @tristonmitchell
      @tristonmitchell Před 2 lety +18

      @@myothersoul1953 To try and berate the point of "nothing" is being a bit disingenuous. We all use hyperbolic language at times to get a point across. "Nothing has changed" meaning "dealing with just about the same set of issues...in the 60's and 70's".
      You can say everything has changed depending on your qualifications for what change is.

    • @myothersoul1953
      @myothersoul1953 Před 2 lety +12

      @@tristonmitchell It's hard to tell when people using hyperbole as you suggest or when they are being literal. There are people who will claim that no progress has been made. They will claim that all attempts at progress have been failures or cynical ploys so the only option left is some extreme ideology.
      I am glad you were not being literal.

  • @tristonmitchell
    @tristonmitchell Před 2 lety +67

    Thanks for the much needed attention to this topic, my man. I'm a 45yr old ADOS man and feel you stepped up and handled this topic well. Anytime an ally takes a chance to help tell truths on American history, to me, it stands out as pure bravery. It may not seem like a high marker but what's being taught through mainstream channels is saddening and disappointing. I appreciate the time you put into your research. It really show's.

  • @gallantcavalier3306
    @gallantcavalier3306 Před 2 lety +407

    I love this idea, it prepares us for the topic of the film so we can make a study for ourselves and give a better debate in the comments without the hate comments and CZcams demonetization.

  • @KrasMazovHatesYourGuts
    @KrasMazovHatesYourGuts Před 2 lety +307

    They had to kill Fred Hampton, otherwise we could have been living in his era.

    • @trey5747
      @trey5747 Před 2 lety +82

      I wish he hadn’t gotten killed, he would’ve United all ethnic, racial, and class groups

    • @KrasMazovHatesYourGuts
      @KrasMazovHatesYourGuts Před 2 lety +2

      @@artruisjoew5473 What do you mean?

    • @mauricio9564
      @mauricio9564 Před 2 lety

      @angelfox123456 What you mean?

    • @KrasMazovHatesYourGuts
      @KrasMazovHatesYourGuts Před 2 lety +11

      @@mauricio9564 That was in response to a person who seems to have either deleted their comment or had it removed.

    • @nikibronson133
      @nikibronson133 Před 2 lety

      This

  • @alexkamrow7901
    @alexkamrow7901 Před 2 lety +84

    Fun (not so fun) fact: the last time the NRA supported gun control was during the black panther parties armed patrols

    • @R_K_S2401
      @R_K_S2401 Před rokem +2

      As a gun owner, the NRA is a joke. Thay have a constant history of compromising and giving up liberties. If someone wants to support a good gun rights organization support the Firearm policy coalition or gun owners of America.

    • @RockyLee-2023
      @RockyLee-2023 Před rokem +1

      😂

  • @Comuniity_
    @Comuniity_ Před 2 lety +71

    When I was in school the black panthers got a passing mention and they said they were a violent terror organization. I didn't know for years what they actually did and were about.

    • @nex151
      @nex151 Před 2 lety

      Surprisingly enough despite how deep in the south i was it was quite the opposite for me yet I always believed they were anyways bc of brainwashing I went through as a child

    • @davidbouvier8895
      @davidbouvier8895 Před rokem +22

      So I guess they didn't bother to teach you that those scary 'violent terrorists' spent a good deal of their time making sure that economically disadvantaged neighbourhood kids went to school with a full belly after eating a decent breakfast supplied by the Panthers. eh?

    • @VannywiththeFanny
      @VannywiththeFanny Před rokem +3

      @@davidbouvier8895 Nope. I was born in 99 and schooled in TN; I can confirm The Black Panthers were treated nearly as bad as the KKK and were taught to us the same section as KKK. Despite one group being made FOR hate and the other to fight AGAINST hate.
      The books seemed to make the two groups equal, not even joking either. I ONLY ever heard had things about them.

    • @davidbouvier8895
      @davidbouvier8895 Před rokem +3

      @@VannywiththeFanny But you have clearly learned the difference since then. The Panthers were not perfect. Who is? But, although their primary focus was Black liberation, they were definitely not racist.

    • @VannywiththeFanny
      @VannywiththeFanny Před rokem

      @@davidbouvier8895 Absolutely. I'm just saying the right is always saying the left is "indoctrinating" us when in reality; they're the ones keeping info from me, such as this.
      It's frankly despicable that I didn't learn about the corruption involved in Fred Hamptons death. It was a literal ass@ssination.

  • @jtsg464
    @jtsg464 Před 2 lety +75

    “I’m sorry for ruining your Black Panther party.”
    Ok now that I got that out of my system, a great vid Cipher. I love this kind of thing since it gives more history on topics I knew little about.

    • @shame2189
      @shame2189 Před rokem +1

      Haha i love Forrest, now that i think of it he truly saw no color either.

  • @jxc1640
    @jxc1640 Před 2 lety +119

    Every time I learn something new about Reagan, I dislike him more and more.

    • @CosmoShidan
      @CosmoShidan Před 2 lety +23

      He deserves to have his name middle-name uttered with scrutiny.

    • @thegethconsensus393
      @thegethconsensus393 Před rokem

      If the Antichrist was real it would be Reagan.

    • @MM-vs2et
      @MM-vs2et Před rokem +9

      Unless you are a billionaire, there is absolutely 0 logical reason to like Reagan. Like, that man has worked against the interest of the middle and lower class his ENTIRE career. I pity the people that praise him

  • @hannahr0071
    @hannahr0071 Před 2 lety +33

    There were black panther inspired organisations in Israel and New Zealand. In Israel it was called black panthers and sought to combat the discrimination experienced by Mizrahi (Jews form the middle east) Jews. In New Zealand the organisation was called the Polynesian Panthers and sought to combat discrimination experienced by Polynesian people living in New Zealand

    • @deepankurnayantara
      @deepankurnayantara Před rokem +7

      in India we had Dalit Panthers who took up the cause of people who were treated as untouchable by the upper castes.

    • @Masternaldo
      @Masternaldo Před rokem

      @@deepankurnayantara casteism was just another British creation to divide us Indians are

  • @MarcumSalty
    @MarcumSalty Před 2 lety +22

    I learned how to bartend from a old, salty guy that had been behind the pine pouring drinks since the 50's. When I asked who was the most famous person he ever bartended for he said, "I served tons of celebrities, even a President, but I'll tell you that nobody had the same gravity as Huey P. Newton. Whenever Huey P. Newton was in the room, everybody knew it. Never seen anything like that guy." That story has always stuck with me.

  • @toontrooper4103
    @toontrooper4103 Před 2 lety +251

    I was surprised to see that they had ties to other countries. It's also interesting to know that they were more in touch with China than the Soviet Union. That seems to have been an oddity in the cold war.
    Oh and I like the separation of history and the review btw. It's simply better all around honestly.

    • @tyronechillifoot5573
      @tyronechillifoot5573 Před 2 lety +68

      Well to be fair most Marxist groups weren't particularly found of Russia

    • @toontrooper4103
      @toontrooper4103 Před 2 lety +15

      @@tyronechillifoot5573 oh yeah makes sense given the Soviets were cooling down and playing nice with the west.

    • @toontrooper4103
      @toontrooper4103 Před 2 lety +10

      @@justinbellpa seeds of what?

    • @toontrooper4103
      @toontrooper4103 Před 2 lety +21

      @@justinbellpa lmao

    • @KrasMazovHatesYourGuts
      @KrasMazovHatesYourGuts Před 2 lety +35

      @@justinbellpa Don't threaten me with a good time.

  • @Estarfigam
    @Estarfigam Před 2 lety +24

    Fun Fact: I have an uncle (a white man) named Hugh Newton and some thought he was the Black Panther leader.

  • @lorensims4846
    @lorensims4846 Před 2 lety +327

    Gee, why didn't we hear more about Reagan's racist political origins when he was running for president?

    • @quinnholloway5400
      @quinnholloway5400 Před 2 lety +68

      Because Polarization was already forming, and people were using the Red Scare to hide Racist actions

    • @andrewteague114
      @andrewteague114 Před 2 lety +12

      Jimmy Carter called him a racist in 1980. What do you mean?

    • @AtreVire
      @AtreVire Před 2 lety +28

      If you'll remember, his slogan was "make america great again". The racist political origins were what whites thought made america great

    • @AtreVire
      @AtreVire Před 2 lety +32

      @@petebondurant58 thats what he was referring to. 50's America was characterized by the reinvigoration of the KKK in the wake of desegregation. Thats what he was referring to

    • @AtreVire
      @AtreVire Před 2 lety +23

      @@petebondurant58 yeah, how great is America that the only way black kids can go to school is if people with guns stand in the halls? Reagan had the CIA dump crack in inner city perdominantly black communities, which has had resoundingly disastrous effects for black people across the US for decades. Thats racism.

  • @mrmr446
    @mrmr446 Před 2 lety +39

    Does youtube have the same policy toward all crime organisations? Haven't heard of a vid about the mafia being demonetized.

    • @CynicalHistorian
      @CynicalHistorian  Před 2 lety +53

      They clearly have a racist bias, given what they've demonetized, suppressed, and restricted before

    • @krempelritter9950
      @krempelritter9950 Před 2 lety +4

      @@CynicalHistorian Are videos about nazis demonetized or suppressed? I mean the actual NSDAP, SS or Wehrmacht. There are plenty of those videos, not all of them very critical. It really doesn't seem to be a big problem for YT, but I don't know how to tell which videos are demonetized.

    • @CynicalHistorian
      @CynicalHistorian  Před 2 lety +32

      @@krempelritter9950 My Schindlers list video is all three. CZcams doesn't want people learning about the Holocaust

    • @krempelritter9950
      @krempelritter9950 Před 2 lety +4

      @@CynicalHistorian Thanks for the info. I get that videos on the holocaust or other violent and hateful topics are not considered ideal by YT for their advertisement customers, although I wish they'd care more about good content and less about their bottom line.
      Thank you for making vids like this inspite of demonetarization, suppression and the amount of frustration that must come with it. I bet many people all over the world wouldn't have access to such profund educational material without creators like you.

    • @cv4809
      @cv4809 Před 2 lety +4

      @@krempelritter9950 yes, channels like world war two and its segment of "war against humanity" constantly get demonetized

  • @ProgressOnly
    @ProgressOnly Před 2 lety +118

    2A'ers should listen to Reagan there and see if they still like him

    • @eldorados_lost_searcher
      @eldorados_lost_searcher Před 2 lety +7

      I get the feeling that Reagan has been left behind by those groups that idolize his memory, just as Lincoln has been.

    • @sassyviking6003
      @sassyviking6003 Před 2 lety +27

      @@eldorados_lost_searcher except those 2 are hardly comperable. Reagan may not have been as bad as modern republicans in some ways, but he is the basis of their ideology and they are simply a logical conclusion of his ideas and policies. Reagan was a monster. Lincoln on the other hand was at least a Soc Dem by todays standards and entirely pro labor, having had pleasant correspondence with Karl Marx himself.

    • @eldorados_lost_searcher
      @eldorados_lost_searcher Před 2 lety +11

      @@sassyviking6003
      You know that, and I know that. But the party of Lincoln doesn't act like it knows that.

    • @willia3r
      @willia3r Před 2 lety +1

      @@sassyviking6003 Of course, you do know that Karl Marx was actually on the payroll of Capitalists and owners of prosperous businesses, right?
      Whether you want to acknowledge this aspect or not, Capitalism when unhindered by concerns for labor will inevitably lead to abuses of said labor. The end result tends to pretty much lead to slavery, which would likely invite the counter-response of revolts.
      Also the concerns of the Luddite movement was why Marx was hired.

    • @yukotrey9422
      @yukotrey9422 Před 2 lety +4

      Yee I’m black I’m pro gun and I don’t like him that much for that. I don’t particularly have a strong opinion on Reagan in general tho.

  • @vOtEbIdEnTosAvEdEmOcRaCy
    @vOtEbIdEnTosAvEdEmOcRaCy Před 2 lety +36

    I like the idea of releasing a video about the reality behind a historical fiction film. It could encourage people to pay more attention to other eras such as colonial America.

  • @brenandemossita1000
    @brenandemossita1000 Před 2 lety +132

    Reagan has never ever been worth a damn.

    • @willia3r
      @willia3r Před 2 lety +13

      Agreed.

    • @kameskirdy166
      @kameskirdy166 Před 2 lety +14

      Stating the obvious

    • @Comuniity_
      @Comuniity_ Před 2 lety +2

      My favorite facts about Reagan are that he was pro gun control, aside from wanting to disarm black people, and he was pro open borders. 2 things that modern Republicans that worship Reagan love

    • @zachstavis8342
      @zachstavis8342 Před 2 lety +16

      On June 5, 2004, Ronald Reagan did something great for the world. He left it

    • @FazeParticles
      @FazeParticles Před 2 lety

      now we know.

  • @TheMjsanty
    @TheMjsanty Před 2 lety +23

    I like this new format. Having the Reality as a separate video is really nice.

  • @frederik7338
    @frederik7338 Před 2 lety +204

    Thank you for braving the algorithm and telling the history of the Panthers in a succinct and academic matter. And it is no surprise Google tries to stamp this history out. The ruling class is terrified of a re-emergence of Black panther ideas and organizations on a large scale, its got all their greatest fears: Socialism, anti-police sentiment, and disciplined use of firearms.

    • @spartanx9293
      @spartanx9293 Před 2 lety +5

      Disciplined use of firearms you say czcams.com/video/nIVvcrhgaYE/video.html modern iterations of the organizations disagree negligent discharges galore

    • @realkingofwales3917
      @realkingofwales3917 Před 2 lety +13

      Don't care you're literally a tankie

    • @turkeygod6665
      @turkeygod6665 Před 2 lety +13

      @@realkingofwales3917 Yeah honestly like the black panthers seem mostly alright (Minus that one torturing and brutal infighting, and also maybe shooting that guy first) But the whole communist thing really bogs em down for me. Like that alone is blah, taints the whole thing.

    • @romeodavis1052
      @romeodavis1052 Před 2 lety +3

      Another thing they also have that the elites fear is racial nationalism.

    • @realkingofwales3917
      @realkingofwales3917 Před 2 lety +1

      @@turkeygod6665 Agreed

  • @alejandrokaplan7243
    @alejandrokaplan7243 Před 2 lety +24

    For my entire childhood all I knew about them is basically being told they were “the bad ones”

    • @willia3r
      @willia3r Před 2 lety +3

      I wasnt taught anything at all about them...

    • @isaiahvaldez3330
      @isaiahvaldez3330 Před 2 lety +5

      I only knew that they did some community stuff and had guns..... And that Tupac's mom was one of the Panthers

    • @seanofthedead3076
      @seanofthedead3076 Před 2 lety

      @@willia3r i actually can't remember if i was taught about them at all in high school. i had heard about them, but i don't remember if it was from a documentary or school

    • @ninten1305
      @ninten1305 Před 2 lety

      I had only heard of these guys when I read The Hate U Give about a few weeks ago. Decided to research them more.

  • @Anarchy303
    @Anarchy303 Před 2 lety +7

    The picture of the cops carrying out Fred Hampton's body and they have the biggest smiles on their faces sickens me

  • @StarLord_2307
    @StarLord_2307 Před 2 lety +83

    Always wanted to learn more about the black panthers, thanks.

  • @joe5982
    @joe5982 Před 2 lety +59

    I didn’t know the black panthers had their own storming of the capital, except it was perfectly legal and they had a justified reason to do it

    • @CynicalHistorian
      @CynicalHistorian  Před 2 lety +31

      They actually did it again in Washington (state) a year later, but didn't go inside because it was illegal there

    • @Runforestrun
      @Runforestrun Před 2 lety +33

      They didn't attack anyone or trash the Capitol.

    • @guyfauks2576
      @guyfauks2576 Před 2 lety +8

      @@Runforestrun they shouldve

    • @soso7931
      @soso7931 Před 2 lety +2

      It's time to fight back that's what Huey said. Two shots in the dark, now Huey's dead

    • @ArgaJacint
      @ArgaJacint Před 2 lety +3

      I'm personally conflicted about the action. Even if it was technically legal, doing it before they had enough influence and power to actually take over and do anything was a rash decision and probably did more to worsen their reputation than anything else.

  • @mythos951
    @mythos951 Před 2 lety +67

    The black panther party was a complicated movement. Not all of it being good despite the initial intentions. So thank for approaching the topic with nuance.

    • @brenandemossita1000
      @brenandemossita1000 Před 2 lety +3

      Not all of it being good?

    • @willia3r
      @willia3r Před 2 lety +9

      4chan logic is really rampant in these CZcams streets...

    • @mythos951
      @mythos951 Před 2 lety +23

      @@willia3r 4chan logic? All I said was thank you for portraying the group with nuance and neither glorifying it for its good traits(social outreach programs, charities, desire for racial equality, ect.) nor demonizing it for its bad ones(extreme militancy, connection with communist dictatorships, ect.).

    • @willia3r
      @willia3r Před 2 lety +7

      @@mythos951 when in light of the USA's many associations with corporate fascist states like Chile and their undermining of Governments like Jamaica under Michael Manley who sought some sort of refuge from the oppressive austerity forms of capitalism such as bankrupting labor...
      ....I wont judge movements like BPP too much for trying find some sort of alliance that isnt out to starve black folks.
      So you will have to excuse me if I dont buy into your characterization of the BPP and other movements like it.
      Sorry, but I just dont see things your way. Not at all.

    • @bboykman
      @bboykman Před 2 lety +6

      @@mythos951 you seem to miss nuance of living in a country that is openly hostile with state sponsored violence and economics inequality but God forbid those facing these tribulations try to protect themselves or make something of their communities, seem like American along with Americqn citizens have real fetish for destroying black establishments and communities when they try to pull themselves up by their bootstraps. It's almost as if black autonomy is a threat to their system

  • @Kushalmighty13x
    @Kushalmighty13x Před 2 lety +5

    I appreciate you putting this light out brother. This story needs to be told by you so it can reach the majority with out blaming current Americans

  • @HistoryandHeadlines
    @HistoryandHeadlines Před 2 lety +44

    I like History vs. Hollywood types of videos! What is everyone's favorite movie "inspired" by historical events? Also, if you were teaching the Civil Rights era, which film would you use?

    • @theshenpartei
      @theshenpartei Před 2 lety

      Perfect storm since that was first historical film I saw in theaters and do history tv shows count too like the looming tower
      As for the civil rights era film all the way

    • @SamuraiAkechi
      @SamuraiAkechi Před 2 lety +1

      I like italian movies inspired by real events, made in the 70s or about the 70s. They have that spirit of the era, a couple even got distribution in the Soviet Bloc. If you want to have a laugh, try Vogliamo i Colonelli. If you want to have a leftist look at far right street violence, watch San Babila 20 PM.
      If I would be teaching Civil Rights era, I'd recommend reading rather than watching. And among all the books I would recommend Peter Gelderloos' book on nonviolence.

    • @xman4399
      @xman4399 Před 2 lety +2

      My favorite movie is Tora! Tora! Tora!

    • @chrislondo2683
      @chrislondo2683 Před rokem

      @@xman4399, that’s a good one. Also a Bridge Too Far, Battle of Britain or. Come and See.

  • @rubies2905
    @rubies2905 Před 2 lety +10

    Thank you for this ! Bee waiting for your take , I also know you can go deeper ✌🖤

  • @willgriff
    @willgriff Před 2 lety +1

    Bro I love you channel so much I wish you made a video every day but being 100% truthful and fact-based and studied takes time

  • @CosmoShidan
    @CosmoShidan Před 2 lety +9

    Hey Cyph, pretty rad video! I find it surprising that the Panthers' outreach programs happened upon its founding, because I thought that was on the agenda from the beginning rather than later. Funny how Huey Newton in 1968 denounced anarchism, got a response from philosopher Murray Bookchin a year later, and then used tactics and strategies that were based on the tenants of anarchist-pacifism, which is outreach. The BPP is indeed a fascinating chapter in African-American history.

  • @brianarbenz7206
    @brianarbenz7206 Před 2 lety +63

    Many radicals in the '80s and '90s said the police and FBI were what crushed the Civil Rights movement. I was skeptical of that for a long time, but in recent years I have come to see that certainly was what was done.

    • @Comuniity_
      @Comuniity_ Před 2 lety +1

      They're doing it again with "black identity extremists"

    • @Horgler
      @Horgler Před 2 lety +2

      @@Comuniity_ Because that's what they openly identify as.

    • @Comuniity_
      @Comuniity_ Před 2 lety +1

      @@Horgler found the racist

  • @parkerthehurricanethomas
    @parkerthehurricanethomas Před 2 lety +17

    Sorry I am late on watching the vid, but so far I liked the idea. And here’s a interesting fact involving history with sports. When Jackie Robinson was an MLB Hall of Famer. Martin Luther King Jr actually did support him. And actually Jackie Robinson did attend “I have a Dream” Speech a year later

  • @themarinaraman9580
    @themarinaraman9580 Před 2 lety +190

    Good people, by and large. Probably the closest america came to a true revolutionary movement sense the 1920s.

  • @centurionzen1005
    @centurionzen1005 Před 2 lety +4

    I wasn't aware that the black panthers were anymore than a side crowd. Thank you so much for this video, I learned a lot.

  • @Kenshiro3rd
    @Kenshiro3rd Před 2 lety +25

    Don’t mind me. Just here to hear Cypher do his thing, and laugh at bigots before they get banned!

    • @Rebel940
      @Rebel940 Před 2 lety

      You saw a couple in the video.

  • @theoutlook55
    @theoutlook55 Před 2 lety +7

    There's a very good explanation of the Black Panther Party history. Well done.

  • @brandoncasburn1115
    @brandoncasburn1115 Před 2 lety +4

    Really appreciate this video. This history needs to be taught and discussed.

  • @MrOuija-rr8kq
    @MrOuija-rr8kq Před rokem +7

    What’s so interesting about Stokley Carmichael is the fact that he is the bridge from MLK to The Panthers.
    There’s some real good interviews and lectures by him here on CZcams.

  • @jwil4286
    @jwil4286 Před 2 lety +24

    Was thinking about your “What Caused the Cold War?” video. Idea: what caused the Sino-Soviet Split? I just remembered how you’ve brought up how much leftist revolutionaries get caught up in infighting, and it seemed like a prime opportunity to look at some specific examples of stuff they disagreed on, and how much friction it caused within their ranks.

  • @anthonycinco8165
    @anthonycinco8165 Před 2 lety +11

    Thank you for posting this video. The Black Panther Party is a very fascinating group. Did you happen to come across Richard Aoki while researching? From what I read the guy was the one who influenced Huey and Bobby into carrying guns? Also, from some articles I saw he may have been an FBI informant to, but I never got around to researching those articles.

  • @MC-pt8kv
    @MC-pt8kv Před 2 lety +2

    Love the improvements to the channel and your presentation style.

  • @locklear2478
    @locklear2478 Před 2 lety +21

    Only real crime as an organization was refusing to disarm, and let’s be honest, that’s not really a crime all things being equal.

  • @neptali1569
    @neptali1569 Před 2 lety +6

    @9:44 I think it would be important to add that in regards to the "people v. Newton" case on the shooting of the officers, despite being convicted, he repealed his case at California's court of appeals where his conviction was reversed and called for a retrial, there were two mistrials after that and by the fourth one all charges were dismissed.

  • @TheDucky101
    @TheDucky101 Před 2 lety +3

    I'm glad I found this. We need more info on the black panther party

  • @noahsabin7386
    @noahsabin7386 Před 2 lety +1

    Love this idea as it makes it easier to isolate the educational portion of your vids for sharing!

  • @larryhall2805
    @larryhall2805 Před 2 lety +1

    For those that don't know, Graham Nash wrote a song about Bobby Seale's trial. "Chicago."

  • @stefaneer9120
    @stefaneer9120 Před 2 lety +6

    Another famous person of the Black Panther Party, was Afeni Shakur, the mother of Tupac Amaru Shakur.

  • @EverendeverGroup
    @EverendeverGroup Před 2 lety +4

    Another excellent piece of history. Well done, young man.

  • @Lulu5414charlie
    @Lulu5414charlie Před 2 lety +2

    Great vid! I would love to see one on Patty Hearst and the SLA, it’d make a great follow up to this

  • @-lowe5765
    @-lowe5765 Před 2 lety +11

    Cypher really going for it. You earned my money. Ima go buy a shirt or sumn…

  • @rabbitspirit5202
    @rabbitspirit5202 Před rokem +5

    From what I understand the revolution was well defined within the group. Honestly it seems from the actions and values alone, that it's very self evident what that revolution entails.

    • @waltonsmith7210
      @waltonsmith7210 Před rokem +1

      Someone has a brain.

    • @samdixon6433
      @samdixon6433 Před rokem

      Cynical Historian yet again minimizing and writing off working class efforts. He is incapable of not redbaiting in his content. An absolute mouthpiece to the ruling class.

  • @CrazyTiffany86
    @CrazyTiffany86 Před 2 lety +47

    Now Cypher why are you choosing violence on this Thursday afternoon? This comment section going to be more crazier than the Lost Cause video 😂.

    • @CynicalHistorian
      @CynicalHistorian  Před 2 lety +37

      LOL, I specialize in the history of American violence after all

    • @jorenbosmans8065
      @jorenbosmans8065 Před 2 lety +4

      It's weird. We are An hour in and the comments seem mild

    • @CrazyTiffany86
      @CrazyTiffany86 Před 2 lety +3

      @@jorenbosmans8065 too weird

    • @jorenbosmans8065
      @jorenbosmans8065 Před 2 lety +2

      @@CrazyTiffany86 Or king Richard the first is ruling with An Iron paw

    • @NeonHashira
      @NeonHashira Před 2 lety +3

      @@jorenbosmans8065 It's the internet, it's only a matter of time before "that guy/girl" says something that starts a flame war in here lol

  • @herohero8620
    @herohero8620 Před rokem +1

    People need to know history because we are repeating it today thank you for sharing history with us

  • @pudgeboyardee32
    @pudgeboyardee32 Před 2 lety +32

    ah yes, the god most deserving of usurpation: algorithmo. hes like cthulu but made of numbers. and more evil. i propose a quest

  • @formerlyfoote3380
    @formerlyfoote3380 Před 2 lety +7

    This was really good! Thank you!

  • @ethantracy337
    @ethantracy337 Před rokem +4

    The Pragure U commercials are ridiculous on this video.

  • @GUNROCKS1990
    @GUNROCKS1990 Před 2 lety +2

    And good to hear learning about this.

  • @rr3901
    @rr3901 Před 2 lety +1

    Great video. It was very informative. I didn’t know much about the Panthers considering the elders in my family weren’t involved in with any movements after Civil and voting rights were passed.

  • @pavelandreev4727
    @pavelandreev4727 Před 2 lety +5

    I liked the format, it allows us to concentrate more on the history and prepare for the movie or whatever is to come later.

  • @theraven6836
    @theraven6836 Před 2 lety +3

    Excellent synopsis of the Panthers’ history.

  • @Poohze01
    @Poohze01 Před 2 lety +4

    Liked this. Liked it a lot. I think it's a good idea. Especially because I see so few films...

  • @eliserss9179
    @eliserss9179 Před 2 lety +9

    As a white person I can say... the panthers were badass

  • @willgriff
    @willgriff Před 2 lety +5

    Awesome job, true and to the point, no bias, exemplary!

  • @senor_clyde6214
    @senor_clyde6214 Před 2 lety +3

    Any recommendations for good literature on Black Panthers?

    • @CynicalHistorian
      @CynicalHistorian  Před 2 lety +7

      check out the bibliography in the description, especially _black against empire_

    • @tristonmitchell
      @tristonmitchell Před 2 lety

      PBS online should have some videos as well.

  • @gooseneck5433
    @gooseneck5433 Před 2 lety +1

    Lol “ronald WILSON raegan” love this channel keep up the good work cypher

  • @HacHimel
    @HacHimel Před 2 lety +2

    Thanks for all the research and study

  • @DiogenesUlyanov
    @DiogenesUlyanov Před 2 lety +12

    RIP CHAIRMAN FRED!!!!

  • @garrettmetting6938
    @garrettmetting6938 Před rokem +5

    We need another Fred Hampton in the U.S....

  • @garrettmetting6938
    @garrettmetting6938 Před rokem

    Great video Cypher! Do you have a link to the video you used for Reagan talking about open carry?

  • @Cagon415
    @Cagon415 Před 2 lety +2

    The fact that in 2021 youtube is still against an honest portrayal of the black panthers speaks volumes.

  • @benjaminduval6054
    @benjaminduval6054 Před rokem +6

    This videos has already been banned in Florida.

  • @natebrubaker69
    @natebrubaker69 Před 2 lety +6

    Would you look into AIM and the rainbow coalition, it's a real big part of our history ,and is all too often, not taught in schools. You're like the only internet historian that will actually cover these topics, and that's great, we need more like you.

  • @kabble2354
    @kabble2354 Před 2 lety +1

    Ngl clicked on this video because I thought you was talking about the marvel black panther but I guess in the end I learned something so a W in my books

  • @snbks4ever
    @snbks4ever Před 2 lety +4

    Good video, very informative

  • @parkerthehurricanethomas
    @parkerthehurricanethomas Před 2 lety +3

    Great vid, Good Job 👏

  • @kurtrambus2728
    @kurtrambus2728 Před 2 lety +3

    Great research...you nailed it!!!!

  • @Argos-xb8ek
    @Argos-xb8ek Před 2 lety

    The Chicago six movie along with the insane hotbed that was the year 1969 would be amazing.

  • @shame2189
    @shame2189 Před rokem +4

    The panthers truly had the best intentions, and wanted to be there for their communities. The way they went about it for a good while was not the brightest though.

  • @avatarmikephantom153
    @avatarmikephantom153 Před 2 lety +16

    Ronald
    “WILSON”
    Reagan

    • @alvinhaythorn6039
      @alvinhaythorn6039 Před 28 dny

      Look at his name, Ronald Wilson, Reagan.666 the mark of the beast.

  • @adammoshinsky6012
    @adammoshinsky6012 Před 2 lety +7

    Awesome video. (Also loved the movie Judas and the Black Messiah.)

  • @mavikartal7775
    @mavikartal7775 Před 2 lety +2

    You know, this seperation is quiet genius. You can get more views in total if yu seperate the series into 2.

  • @ajatathemu
    @ajatathemu Před 2 lety +1

    A movement of their time is a great way to describe it.

  • @voltagethename9959
    @voltagethename9959 Před 2 lety +10

    I may not agree with the panthers politically especially the revolution thing, but I thank them in most ways of what they've done in the black community

    • @chompythebeast
      @chompythebeast Před rokem

      Reform will never see the liberation of the Black American. Malcom X was absolutely right about that, and day by day he is proven more and more correct

  • @connerwills6802
    @connerwills6802 Před 2 lety +3

    I think the the best way to sum they up is that they were a good cause that did (or at least tried to do) a lot of good things. But they sometimes did it in the wrong ways

  • @arthurkinglor5420
    @arthurkinglor5420 Před 2 lety +2

    Thank you so much for the video bro.

  • @inferno0020
    @inferno0020 Před 2 lety +2

    Thank you for this video!

    • @inferno0020
      @inferno0020 Před 2 lety

      and Black Panther Party members are 100 times more well-articulated than those Alt-Right mobs

  • @MrUndersolo
    @MrUndersolo Před 2 lety +4

    If there is ever another Million Man March, I hope they have them in each state that has 'open-carry' laws. Let's see how quickly things will change.

  • @TheFluffyDuck
    @TheFluffyDuck Před rokem +3

    Malcolm X had some down right kooky ideas about history.

  • @GeeBee212
    @GeeBee212 Před 2 lety +2

    First time here. . What is the meaning of your logo? It looks like the Adinkra Gye Nyame

  • @russellh9894
    @russellh9894 Před rokem +1

    Thank you for the info.
    Clear and concise.