Italian and German Unification: Crash Course European History #27
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- čas přidán 19. 06. 2024
- So, we haven't talked much about Italy and Germany so far in Crash Course Euro, and that's because prior to the mid-19th century, those two nation-states weren't really a thing. Today we'll look at how Italy and Germany pulled it together in the second half of the 1800s. You'll learn about Guisseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuelle, Otto von Bismarck, Wilhelm I, and a whole heck of a lot about the development of modern politics.
Sources
-Hunt, Lynn. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martins, 2019.
-Lerman, Katharine Anne. Bismarck. London: Routledge, 2004.
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Hi, I’m the consultant for the series. Since there are many comments about this, I’ll just post here and stop replying to everyone. There was indeed a disagreement over the Spanish throne in 1870, which led to the Ems Dispatch, etc. There was also a 1867 dispute over who would rule Luxembourg that almost led to France and Prussia going to war. So by 1870, the relationship was already quite tense. Basically Bismarck had secretly promised France control/dominion over Luxembourg if France stayed out of the Austrian-Prussian war. Then Bismarck backed out of the deal.
This should probably be pinned, and/or added to the description of the episode.
Nevertheless the main reason for the war was the dispute between France and Prussia regarding the spanish throne and the fact that Napoleon III. felt offended in regards to the Hohenzollernmember, who finally withdrew himeself from the spanish inheritence. The Ems Dispatch was the last straw in that regards and caused the whole war.
GiladPellaeon yes, definitely
Thanks!
That Bismark was one slippery dog
"On the other hand, I've never started a war!"
Yet
He's started trillions of online comment wars both on and off his channel
@@firstlast-pq1tx was just about to comment about all the flame wars. But is je truly responsible for those?
But he is on the time's 100 most influential people list. I think that counts for something.
John makes the world a better and more informed place.
@@ahouyearno just looked it up... no he isn't
@Marcelo Zuniga Don't ask me, ask Time magazine.
But I'd guess that his bestselling books and videos are extremely popular with teens and young adolescents. People who reach the next generation shape the future.
Don't forget he writes popular books, being a youtube teacher is John's side gig.
I used to have a pet turtle named Bismarck. He ruled his tank with iron and blood.
As someone whose daily commute is by German Railway, i have to confirm that they are quite reliable. My train is very reliably delayed basically every day ;)
"Thus thwarting Napoleon III plans", as is tradition.
And their are the mushroom people of novia Scotia as is tradition, this is clearly a great day for Canada and thus the world. Their she is in all her splendor the aboot to be princess of canaduh.
"You've got Schleswig-Holstein which only sounds like a disease"
-John Green, 2019
thanks, I was looking for this comment..
because Bismark has a plan, BISMARK ALWAYS HAS A PLAN
I love Extra Credits for the "storifying" of history as the next guy, but I think you missed the entire point that history isn't a series of inevitable, planned out events and Bismarck wasn't playing 4D chess with Europe.
@@thorskjelver8564 but you got to admit, the meme is quite funny
I get that you're quoting Extra Credits for fun, but it just reminds me why I stopped watching their history videos. I mean, that and how they have to finish up their story with a "Lies" video after every single one to detail all the things they got wrong or left out, instead of producing accurate videos to begin with.
It's even more troubling because all of their Great Man History stories are pretty easy to sit through and enjoy, so that makes the falsehoods spread easier.
Crash Course, on the other hand, produces content around the quality of university level history courses, and always challenges its viewers to think and question things around them.
@@lhfirex yeah i agree, i like their narration style, but a lot of their content is questionable. I stopped watching them for a while now, but those meme moments stick
Damn it, i came to comment this to late.
"On the other hand I never started a war" Jon Green 2019. Classic.
Or three.
Yet.
1871: Germany unifies
1990: Germany Unification electric boogaloo
North-south unity and east-west unity, next time germany will unite the time germany with space germany.
The next Unification is the HRE!
2021: Korea unifies
@@Tudsamfa You forgot the horizontal unification of 2050!
1871 Germany unifies
1918 Germany got stomped
1938 Germany unifies with Austria
1945 Germany got stomped again
1990 Germany unifies
......
"At least I've never start a war"
*Looks at comment sections of US History*
"Germans have extremely punctual public transport" you have never been to germany, have you
*cries in Deutsche Bahn*
The picture was also of Berlin's underground, which is fine but not what I'd call efficient
@@munstergirl25 true, i guess the undergrounds within big cities are often okay
But you have fun fun fun in the Autobahn
Kate S cries in German way???
He's an american, most forms of public transport in another nation are better than ours.
So in some of the multi-verses out there John Green has started a war.
Minor quibble: the thought bubble animation showing Garibaldi sailng to Sicily with his red shirts appears to show him sailing from Calabria to Sicily, landing in the eastern part of the island. In fact he sailed from Genoa landing in Marsala, the western most part of Sicily.
Probably one of the best and increasingly relevant Crash Course vids I've seen in a while. Positive vs Negative Integration should be talked about more in our political discourse.
The crisis in 1870 wasnt over the throne in Luxembourg (although it could be partially). It was about the Spanish throne, France didn't want to be surrounded.
Jason Gordon I was shocked to hear such a clear piece of wrong information on a crash course tbh their fact checking is usually perfect but the whole war was started over a Prussian prince was not allowed to take the throne of Spain
Jason Morganti spain controlled the low countries at that time, to include modern day luxembourg. John is not incorrect as , tho spain occupied and ruled those areas, the people did not consider themselves spanish but as people of their individual lands. So, one could possibly say dutch, the netherlands, luxembourg, belgium and be correct
@@SG-sz5vh Spain absolutely did NOT control the low countries in 1870. You are a few centuries too late.
@@SG-sz5vh The low countries where independent from Spain with Spain having lost them to Austria after the war of the Spanish succession 1714 and the lowland becoming the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium after the napoleonic wars.
@@SG-sz5vh In 1870 Belgium and the Netherlands were independant nations and Luxembourg was on its way to be one . It was officially the private property of the king of the Netherlands and then he tried to sell it to France in 1867 and Bismarck stopped that because Luxembourg was a part of the german confederation. Luxembourg then became an independant grand-duchy to please both sides. The spanish succession crisis happened in 1870 and has nothing to do with the BeNeLux countries
6:23 1888-1797..? Boy was he one heck of a time traveler
I'm glad I'm not the only one who caught that typo, jeez!
"Germany has quite punctual public transport"
We are literally born knowing a handfull of jokes about our train system
My grandma likes to say: "If you aren't 10 minutes early you are late." Most germans, including me, are very pedantic, when it comes to punctuality. Our public transport is okay.
Sweden always had positive integration: we had a great sense of shared values, in that we all hate Denmark.
Vi elsker også jer! ;)
Wao great sir. Pakistan
"Germany is known for it's punktual public transport"
Laughs in Stuttgart
Thank you guys at CrashCourse SOOOO much for this. I had to do a quiz on this and was entirely lost, but seeing the visuals and hearing definitely helped. Now it actually makes sense! Keep up the good work!
Bismarck had a plan. Bismarck ALWAYS had a plan. *grinning with glee*
Waiting for this Since 5 months. Thank you so much John Green and Crash Course
*Spanish throne, not Luxembourg
I like how you did that John Green thing where you took a story about a thing and used it to teach us about a thing people tend to do that is sometimes bad but without making it about the people themselves being bad, just that the thing can sometimes have bad consequences.
John, you're a roll model. You brothers have tough me so much with all your videos. I thank you guys ✌🏼
Garibaldi did really well considering his map was back to front.
Most informative and thought-provoking episodes yet :)
last time I was this early John Green was explaining the Kim Kardashian sex tape on a history video
That was the 'Alexander the Great' video from Crash Course World History, right?
@@sykeraid4944 he really did that?
God I try not to think about that. That resistance is futile.
Thank you soo much
H you don’t know how much this helped me and I’m not that old either 🙏
I always enjoy what he says at the end of the videos. Makes me think
They didn't get San Marino but at least Giuseppe honored their wish to be left out since they accepted refugees during the wars
I was really hoping John Green would at least mention San Marino here, since that's probably one of their most relevant moments to the greater picture of European history, but alas. Good coverage nonetheless.
And we come again to learn some more! I’m happy to understand history better!
What a great episode!! Thanks 🙏
Interesting how you framed Bismarck’s provocation of the Franco-Prussian war... I usually learned it with the Emser Depesche being about the Spanish Throne succession not the Luxembourgeois one- as Luxembourg had become its own neutral State as not to been drawn into any more power games between France and Germany.
The move was so clever because the same message managed to be a provocation of both sides at the same time- for an in-depth English explanation of it I recommend the extra credits series on bismarck...
EscherianElevator Hi, I’m the consultant for the series. There was indeed a disagreement over the Spanish throne in 1870, which led to the Ems Dispatch, etc. There was also a 1867 dispute over who would rule Luxembourg that almost led to France and Prussia going to war.
@@cathykeller8551 it is a bit weirdly framed here since the spanish dispute isn't mentioned, but yes France Prussia clashed over Luxembourg as well
Well, the Ems Dispatch is the most important reason for Prussia and France to engage in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1871. The Ems Dispatch was a result of the question about the line of sucession in Spain, since the french wanted to install a relative of Napoleon III. on the throne, whereas Prussia (natuarlly) wanted to install a member of the Hohenzollern family, which was the ruling family of Prussia at the time. The Prussian contender in fact withdrew his name for the throne, but Napoleon III. wanted to have an official apology and also a assurance that the Hohenzollern wouldn't contest the french claim on the Spanish throne. The Ems Dispatch also wasn't forged, it was an internal telegram of the prussian government and Bismarck merely shortend the message and also leaked it to the press and newspapers, who published it. This then led to the declaration of war.
@@GiladPellaeon Well he shortend it in a way that twisted the message to be insulting to Napoleon III, and not by exident
@@majan6267 I know, that was his plan. But I'd call that shortening, not forging. It's not like he made up the telegram.
Nice vid rlly helped with my class work
Well, this video would have been great for my Modern History exam 2 months ago.
It is very interesting nonetheless. Thank you 👍👍
Greetings from Italy!
0:30 You ARE that old. But on the other hand, im am so old that my great-grandmother was born in Vladivostok as a subject of Russian tzar, grandmother was born as a subject of Emperor of Austria in Lviv (then, mostly Polish city), my father was born in Nazi-occupied Poland. I was born in eastern bloc and now we live in EU and NATO country. You don`t have to move to other country to have this kind of family story.
I'm a first generation Canadian. My father went to a one room school and remembers when my hometown got a road & electricity. My Mom went to a two room school (fancy!) & the schools my parents attended were heated with wood burning stoves and the wood was brought by the students each day. They had the *BEST* "when I was your age..." stories!
My family never immigrated (or emigrated). They were born in the last place to confederate with Canada and spent their childhoods as British subjects.
I tell my wife about these things ad she keeps saying "It's like pioneer days!".
Polakiem jesteś?
I was almost excited for a new series of world history!
Germany : unifies
France: ight imma head out
love this
Title says world history lol
I could go for another world history series as well though
ctrl+c/ctrl+v syndrome...
Confused the snot out of me.
Also the hashtag is the correct thing which makes the joke better
Crash course is euro-centric.
Last time I was this early, Germany didn't exist.
First time John talks about my state and he thinks it sounds like a disease. Thanks John!
Cool video!
I had NEVER heard anyone describe Napoleon III as a "genius" but I suppose he did a thing or two right
if only i found this two weeks ago i had a quiz then
France and Austria-Hungary: "Hey should we maybe stop a new rival from springing up in our shared sphere of influence in Italy or should we just keep screwing with each other?
Italy: "Okay boomers."
There has been a mistake, the War was not because of luxembourg, but to choose the King of spain
Im a simple man, i see italian unification, and i like
"german trains are known to be especially punctual..." Oh, Americans, if you only knew.... also: Bismarck is the original Tywin Lannister.
William I, lived from 1888-1797, that is astounding! Thanks Crash Course!🤨
I'm excited about the new world history series
I have a test on this today thanks big man
0:39 "Germans have punctual public transport."
Seems like someone never had the pleasure, to ride a train of the Deutsche Bahn.
I was looking for this comment hahaha
Late, for *German standards*
Lolol 20 seconds delay? I have made over 150 euros this year alone from Frankfurt's 10 min guarantee policy. That's over 50 times, roughly a quarter of my commutes. I dream of 20 second delays.
Not Deutsche Bahn but affiliated (and who controls the trains), RMV recently contracted a third party to upgrade and administer the ticket machines in Frankfurt. There was a bug which affected thousands, myself included, where purchases wouldn't register on the card, but your account was billed. I was controlled twice thinking my card was loaded (both times having paid 160 euros), and was given both times 60 euro fines for riding black (no excuses). Needless to say, I had to pay everthing as well as a third time at a booth with a human, and wait 4 months until this third party gave me 320 for the tickets and 120 for the fines. And who was the one who demanded money from me in the meantime? Deutsche Bahn, not RMV.
Deutsche Bahn is the worst.
Bismark has a plan, Bismark always has a... wait what do you mean it was all improvised?!?
Omfg I came here because I had this in my curriculum and I couldn't understand this for the death of me, so I searched for a video of unification of Germany and I clicked for video in hopes to finally get somewhere and the moment I saw John Green I got so happy because now I know I'll understand this with ease 😌
I’m taking a screenshot of the title before it’s changed!
World: "Germany? What is that?"
*5 seconds later*
World: "Is that Germany?"
and then we get to the 20th century where it becomes "OH GOD!! IT'S GERMANY!!!!"
You didn't mention hos tense the relationship between William I and Bismarck got. Bismarck had to threaten to resign to keep William from negating some of his powers (weird, right?). On top of that, Bismarck didn't want William to bombard Paris, as to keep Prussia on good terms with, you know, the rest of the world. William, however, had other plans.
8k views and 1k likes already... Never stop, CrashCourses...
Looking on John Green in 2019 and he is much less politicly bias then he was on previous crash course and I'm realy like it.
But Bismarck had a plan. Bismarck always has a plan.
Wait, Luxembourg? It was a well-worded telegraph between King Wihelm I and the French envoy after Prince Leopold was offered the crown of *Spain.*
yeah this video seemed pretty badly researched. its not the only issue aswell.
@@94Newbie Yeah, not only this video. The video about the revolution of 1848 in Germany was also badly researched, since the Frankfurt Parliament and the Prussian National Assembly (two seperate assemblies, tasked with two different things, made up by different parts of the populace and in no way interconnected) were mixed together.
so good.
If I recall I heard somewhere that the German Health Care system is based on the Bismark Principle and had came in to being before the second world war which most likely makes it one on of the more older health care systems.
Yes, he thought that by providing health care and retirement benefits to workers he would turn them away from the Socialdemocrats (workers' party, left, not in favour of a lot of things Bismarck did)... didn't work out that way like several other policies he tried to implement
@@KateBurrows And now in the US the left keeps fighting for such programs with the right claiming such programs Anti-American
Great episode , John! If you're open for constructive feedback, wanted to bring to your attention correct pronunciation of Italian name Giuseppe [dʒuˈzɛppe] (as in Giuseppe Garibaldi).
While perfectly fair... it's sortof a running gag that John is an American... and as such is contractually obligated to butcher foreign names at least 80% of the time.
Thanks Anthony. I don't find John being that bad lately. He's actually been extremely accurate with names lately, as far as I can tell. Him butchering names is more of the thing of the past, "CC World History" times, together with "Mongols!!!" Plus I've seen him correcting himself on feedback more than once before.
Fun fact: Germany's tallest statue (Herrmannsdenkmal) was finished shortly after the unification. It shows a Germanic warrior (Arminius) who a couple of years CE united some tribes and successfully fought against the Romans. 19th century nationalism distorted the historical figure into Hermann, Unifier of the Germans (as opposed to Germanics). Only logical they turned the statue's body and raised sword not towards Rome - but France. Talk about negative integration.
Yup Germany and France are the hereditary ennemies of europe since Charlemagne...
When last I looked his sword was raised to the sky, not France. Must be some kind of mandela effekt.
@@karlkarlos3545 You're right of course. What I meant was the direction of the threatening gesture itself, and I didn't want to make my comment even longer by describing the statue in a more detailed fashion.
@@hd_inmemoriam Maybe it's just me and my preconditioned visual perception. But I don't find the gesture threatening at all. Triumphant -- sure, but not threatening and certainly not differend from other national monuments at that time .
@@karlkarlos3545 Well they didn't have him face France out of happenstance
Great video, but I wish Italy got more equal time and in-depth discussion as Germany did.
Hey! You’re speaking more slowly! Thanks. My students always have me play you at half speed. Ha ha
0:44- Up to WW1 too.
There's accounts of people in Alpine provinces disapproval of "foreign troops" (Italian soldiers from other provinces) stationed in their towns to fight against the Austrians.
The newspaper change was not because of Luxemberg, but Spain. The spanish queen was ousted and the Spanish parliement voted for a Prussian prince to be king
john pijano Hi, I’m the consultant for the series. There was indeed a disagreement over the Spanish throne in 1870, which led to the Ems Dispatch, etc. There was also a 1867 dispute over who would rule Luxembourg that almost led to France and Prussia going to war.
The Franco-Prussian war of 1971 was for the crowning of a new king of Spain, not Luxemburg, Bismarck’s provocative rumour was about a negotiation with Nap III on the crowning of a Hozenhollern in Spain
Once John defined negative integration and realizing a unified Germany was built on it, both World Wars kinda make a lot more sense.
6:24 I’m not too sure how King William can be born in 1888 and die in 1797?
Time travel
I knew German engineering has gone too far .....
Otto: "It's time. Alexa, play Preussen's Gloria!"
I remember this lesson very well, it was from my 11th grade.
The concept of Italy existed way before the time of unification: despite the peninsula being divided in many small countries, the inhabitants still identified as “Italians”
@7:22 Throwin' a little shade in Extra Credit's direction. Just as Bismark planned.
I admire how you pointed out that national identities aren't natural. We really do identify as a citizen of what we decide to.
Wait 26 episodes!? We've been doing this for half a year now??
6:25
William I, the time traveler, the first of his name and his kind (1888-1797). 🤩😁
Honestly it's wild to see John Green with graying hair
"Graratulations! you got Schleswig Holstein that only sounds like a disease"
*this guy born in Hamburg and raise and living in SH* Hey!
Great video John, however you should mention that nation-building is done with 5 manners (national public education, standard language, creating national histories, creating nationalist symbols and having conscript everyone).
However, most importantly nations were sometimes build out of industrial necessity. This was the case in Italy, where workers from the South went North, but couldn't understand each other or what the factory owner wanted.
This is where the 5 steps came in and we relate them to Mazinni's famous quote "We have created Italy, now we must create Italians).
Note also that this German and Italian unification was quite chauvinistic and bloody. For example the South of Italy did not join peacefully, but rather lost a war and was forced to join the new nation. Furthermore, in both case the countries conquered people who were not Germanic or Italian, but Slavs or Francophones.
I believe the German states did absolutely have common values and traditions, helping with unification. I remember that folklore, for instance, was widely printed and publicized inorder to convince the German people that they were unified.
This episode is very good, and for a United States citizen in 2019, very ominous.
The war of 1870 was about a Prussian prince nearly accending to the Spanish throne not Luxembourg.
Interesting that William the first died in 1797 according to your pop up, but then was active in the 1860s...
This subtle hint about later emerged Nazi politics has roots in the Bismark methods was good.
Hay crash course which software did you use to edit the video
mentioned this in the dbq ;)
This came out after my finals 😭
6:23 - The birth and death dates are backwards.
William just lived backwards, like Merlin!
could have used this last night during my midterm :/ rip
Cool
@12:20 Ah... channeling Santayana's, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." It can't be said enough, I'm afraid.
They say history rhymes, and it's also been said,
That life imitates art more often than not.
Then there's the caution about who controls the past.
Epigrams and insights, lessons that didn't last.
last time I was this early major powers fought over buckets
Where is Guissepe Mazzini why did'n you mention his name? He is the founder of Young Italy.
So Napoleon III fail twice, creating 2 rival states, Italy and Germany? Good job, WWI and WWII are your fault, indirectly XD
Indeed. And he did that by continually frustrating Austria's attempts to maintain it's hegemony. Which is exceptionally stupid if you think about it, because Austrian hegemony over Italy and Germany made both collections of states incapable of challenging or even bothering France, and Austria itself was completely uninterested in challenging it either, instead focusing on simply maintaining it's status and control over both.
What Napoleon III should have done was ally himself with Austria and work to help it while extracting economic and diplomatic favours from them in doing so. He could have easily slowly become master of Italy alongside Austria by doing that, and may have even encroached on some German or Low Countries states as well.
It's William fault also, Bismarck already told him, do not let France and Russia become France because some damned thing with the Balkan will let to the downfall of the German empire 20 years after his death
Napoleon III didn't fail in Italy, he got Savoy and Nizza out of the deal expanding France and kicking a Germanic Nation (Austria) out of a Latin land.
@@tonyhawk94 He could have gotten both (or more) from a deal with Austria, and he wouldn't have created a major natural strategic rival for his country. Plus, he got played as the video suggests, when Italy unified in spite of him, and he ended up appearing like quite the fool internationally when he lost his tenuous grip on central Italy and the Papacy.
@@kreol1q1q Austria didn't own Nice, Savoy or Rome - a deal like that required both Piedmont AND the Pope to see Napoleon III as an ally. Which is a pretty mean diplomatic feat in itself. Oh and the French army also occupied Lazio for 10 years - that only ended when the Franco-Prussian war started and they really needed the troops
Loves history. Hates when people say living in the past is silly. My bad, I don't want us to repeat it.