What's inside a microchip ?
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- čas přidán 21. 08. 2013
- In this video I take you on a tour of the visible internal workings of a 27C512 EPROM microchip, with the aid of an optical microscope at up to 800x magnification.
With any luck, you won't find it too boring and you'll learn a bit about what's inside a microchip and how they work.
Addendums and corrections have been made in annotations. As annotations are not available on mobile devices, if you wish to see these you should view this video on a computer.
Thumbnail image by Zephyris (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/b...)], via Wikimedia Commons
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Thank you for your support, you're all awesome! - Věda a technologie
Really gives you an idea of how complex computers are. It's insane how precise the manufacturing have to be to make all of this work.
This is an extremely old IC... you could even make out the block which saves the bit (not too sure about EEPROMs but I don't think what he said was 1 transistor really was 1 transistor... the transistor part of it was probably even smaller). Nowadays one transistor is just about over 500 times smaller than that one block. You will not be able to see it under an optical microscope... even electron microscopes have a hard time picking them up right now.
*****
then how the fuck are they made? who sees whats going on and is it going on as it is planned?
TheHolyReality It is all regulated by computers nowadays. They make a batch and then check a few chips for their functionality - if they all work, probably the rest work as well.
To see how IC-s are made you can search youtube - there are a lot of videos on it.
+Jürgen Ruut No no no, they can see and manipulate INDIVIDUAL ATOMS (and have been able to since 1981), transistors are clearly visible to Scanning Tunneling Microscopes.
There's a video, by IBM, called a"A boy And His Atom", made out of atoms. You can google pictures taken of microprocessors by Scanning Tunneling Microscopes and a whole pile of things will show up. One can look at fairly current cross sectional images of apple's mobile chips, and clearly see transistors. STMs are commonly used for validation of chips, too.
"A Boy And His Atom": /watch?v=oSCX78-8-q0
Alex McMahon I didn't say it wasn't possible. I just said that it is hard to pick them up. Seeing down to atomic level is not really a very easy job, it takes quite long to get the clear picture.
Guys... in 1973 I went to work for Ross Perot @ Texas Instruments in North Dallas. My first job was in the electronic calculator manufacturing line and more specificlly I ran a machine which formed and cut each of the three leads attached to the transistors that were inserted into each calculator's printed circuit board (mother board). Unlike the microscopic transistors in this video our transistors were about the size of the tip of your little finger. The chip you see in this video would hold hold maybe two of the transistors we used then as opposed to the millions or billions that would fit today. That is called progress.
C.M. Mike Adams At around that time in Australia, guys were selling calculators to Life Assurance Salesmen and other businessmen as a full time job, and making a very good living at that. Some could afford to drive a Volvo, which was a sign of commercial success. Recently I bought a similarly featured calculator for 20 Thai Baht (approx 80 cents), which also demonstrates "progress".
Strange how little the public knows about the Instruments they use every day. Im in my fifties and succesfully self taught on so many subjects in my years. I love tech.
moores law
Imagine what we'll have 40 years from now.
A couple more games with Ray tracing support.
voice like butter. so soothing
Triggered your ASMR?
TRIGGERED
Fuzz FM - stoner rock radio what r you? Gay?
Thanks babe
Before I read the comments, I was thinking about posting this video on facebook as a relaxing moods track. Speaks his mind truthfully and humbly, and a very interesting video.
Thank you for this video. It took me back to when I was a Technician at IBM Research. I did the design verification on the CAD systems and then once the wafers were made, I would saw the chips, mount it on a chip carrier and painstakingly wire bond it. I think we used silver wire because it was easier to ultra sonic bond to the aluminum pads. It was also more flexible to loop up so it can cross over another wire like a bridge without shorting.
thanks for subtitles :) i love reading and listening at same time
wow just imagine a core i7 or xeon CPU
A modern transistor on a cpu these days is extremely small. About 300 times smaller than a red blood cell. Millions of them in one single processor.
Millions? Haha.. Not really.. More like billions
Antonio Innocente Yeah but thats not how the language works,,
Erfan Rouhani I know, right?!
D wave CPU
Wow.. it was so deep at the end "nice to still have a little control over some things"
Such an intricate piece of work in the minimalistic modern age! Micro chips are art-things in themselves. And not to forget,
You are pretty good at this explaining stuff
Thanks very much, that means a lot to hear!
They are Floating gate MSOFETs (FGMOS). The gate is isolated from the circuit and acts as a floating node, so it can hold a charge (the data) for a long period of time.
*isolated*
Are they infected fom corona virus???
@@KUNDANSINGH-iv7iv No, That's 5G you are thinking of.
Non violation memory. Flash memory
@@jomelsagsagat4020 volatile*
This is great. I loved your Discovery channel documentary approach with slight pauses and calm tonality :)
Fantastic info. Super straightforward. Thanks!
You're welcome - thanks for your appreciation!
your voice is so calm and relaxed. I love falling asleep listening to your videos
didn't mean to sound creepy haha
This is 9 years ago
I wonder how it looks like now?
Truly amazing
we used this video in my school, great job...you made my GCSE computer science lesson more bearable
"here's a simple example of a chip"
"Uhmmmm, delicious"
Thanks for the vid. I design PCBs daily and still watch videos like this to be amazed at what we have accomplished in the last 50 years. I am still young, so imagine what we will have when I tell stories to my grand children.
Oh, and you have a nice narrator voice.
Could you tell me what kind of machine is used to build the chip?
Wow this video really helped me to grab the picture what exactly i’m learning in my semiconductor fabrication class. Thank you!
Thanks for making this video. I can't believe I haven't seen it before. You've helped me eventually understand these things to a small degree. 😀
I was searching, trying to figure out how microchips physically worked and I found your channel. I just blazed through all your content and I wish you'd make more! I love your style of video, too. Hope that you come back from your 4-year hiatus soon!
Thanks for showing, it's amazing how such a small piece of technology can create and lead to computerizing
potatoes chips
lmao
I didn’t expect to see you here how’s it goin
3 year ago
Mexicans made the microchip wow
There's Evil Inside. Dun-Den-Dun-Din.
One of the best narrated and informative videos out there. And LOL on the tangent joke.
Thumbs up for your humility and honesty at the end! A good teacher is a good student.
Loved this! Great to see it all under a microscope like this!
You mentioned not being sure how the addressing system works... based on my limited understanding here's some more on that:
The address pins are used to specify which MOSFETs (the type of transistor which makes up the memory) to connect to the IO pins by applying voltage to them, turning them 'on' or 'off', in order to define a binary address. That address is then connected to the IO pins of the chip via a series of logic gates between the pins and the MOSFETs making up the memory. This EPROM has 16 address pins, so an address would look something like this: 1001000000010000. Each of the possible 64,000 address combinations then corresponds to an 8 bit memory location made up of 8 tiny MOSFETs which can be 'on' or 'off'. So, in this case, we might find that address 1001000000010000 contains data 00101100.
I had no idea the insides were so small! Thank you for the infoormation!
finally after many many years of curiosity,, today i came to see something practical and understanding ,,,, thank you so much man
i wish if i could see it more clearly and deeply
Man,every time when i can't sleep i play your video and i am sleeping like a baby :) you have nice voice :)
By the way,great video
It's like a prayer
this is an EPROM from an early GM OBD1. or at least the same part, if that's not what it was pulled from. The remarkable part is that this chip is roughly 40 years old. Modern day computer processors are one of mankinds most incredible feats. So incredible infact when you watch production videos, they have trouble explaining it
Ok Dan thanks a lot! I found it on Wikipédia....that's incredible ! Bravo for your nice vids!
Thanks for taking the time to show us this, always been amazed with semi-conductors
humans age 200 000 years dinosaurs age 160 000 000 years..............
.czcams.com/video/3whq8Y6wcKs/video.html..............
NO NEXT DIMENSION NO NOTHING.
You lost me at microchips
Very informative.
Great video.
Thank you for this.
Of course! That makes sense. I'm sure I must have known that at some time in the past. Thanks awfully!
Would be cool if you could just take it apart and look at it with that 800x
I feel like I’m not worthy to know this
Wow Dan, this is such a professional and entertaining video I honestly thought you uploaded it today. You should upload more :D
Awesome man!!!
Superb, GOOD JOB! Thank you very much indeed :)
I *completely* agree with your observation about how sterile the convenience of integration is, it's such a pity.
God bless you.
thank you
Always wanted to know this! Thanksss!
I subbed! Keep making these awesome electrical and computer videos.
Not 1 minutes in, already subscribed :D
Usually we use Alloyed aluminum or pure gold as bonding wire material, not Silver. Because according to my knowledge, Silver can NOT establish firm connection.
Nowadays copper is also used because it's cheap than gold and lower resistance than aluminum. But using copper require special manufacturing process.
firm connection was not issue,but to small amount silver you could add into connectin..simply it means you need more silver than chooper to make good connection..that was real reason why solver was not used
Nice content , continue
Good video, thanks!
Thank you very much man! Excellent video! Which kind of microscope do u have? I mean the brand and everything.
Paul Servier It's a Bresser Biolux NV from Lidl. Ta!
DanTheAwesomeMan Thank you very much!!
+DanTheAwesomeMan i think i have the same one! lidl is always the best
The tangent joke got me.
786sami786 Did it...strike a chord?
+786sami786 same
+DanTheAwesomeMan Its funny because until I learnt about tangent lines I had no clue as to why they call it "going off on a tangent" then one day I said "Im going off on a tangent" in a conversation, and it suddenly struck me where it came from. So I understand the joke :)
+Jonathan Allen It also helps me remember the name tangent line now
I cosine that one!!
simply amazing designing in micro scale
its lit but i fell asleep, ur voice is so soothing.
You look at the electrical connections on a circuit board and you think, "Wow, that's small! That's amazing!"
And then you look inside a microchip.
AHAHAHAHA!!!!!! A CHIP!!!!!!
GET IT????!!!!
A CHIP!!!!!!!!
+Al Goldstein nope, I can't, because I made a new reply to the thread instead of what I meant to do, which was replying to someones comment lol. And I can't remember what comment it was.
If you trawl the comments then you'll probably find the one that I had meant to reply to :-D
neil h yeah we got the joke already, stop making these cringeworthy remarks
I don't get it
Where he is from they call "French Fries" "Chips". What we call "chips" would be called "crisps".
Only British got it....if you eat french fries the u won't understand
Thank you for this video! learnt a lot!
I lol'd at the chip joke. Thanks for making the video Dan
great info , but the focus made my eye 10 years older :P
The reason why they are able to use less pins per transistors, is simply because they have multiplexer circuits inside them to address which transistor (or memory address) the data goes to
It was a privilege to watch the video thank you
People who are able to make microchip are truly genuine
Nice video Dan, FYI the lines are held on by a process called wire-bonding, its kinda like ultra sonic friction welding.
I want you to tell me a bedtime story every night to cure this insomnia.
Then you better read any book which you don't like at all😂😂 I'm sure urs Insomnia will go away...
Thanks a lot for creating such a superb informative video with large magnificaction through microscope 🤗 I highly thankful to you b,coz I never seen inside a microchip upto now but it's your effort that provided me such an opportunity 😁 Thanks again n again 🙏🙏🙏
wow! This is a great video!
I love your commentary in the last few minutes.
This is the best electronics video I've seen in a while.
I read somewhere that there are ICs that can be used to control atomic reactors. I believe they are called 'Fission Chips' . . .
I had to read that aloud and I am properly ashamed lololol
I've always wondered how precisely has to be the printer (?) that designs and prints every single transistor.
Ok, I might be incorrect; but how do they even get to make those microscopic plaques to be so perfect?
They use a process called photolithography-much like making a PCB. There are numerous steps but the main 'printing' is done by a laser, either photons or electrons depending on the precision needed.
The entire process is repeated for every layer.
***** That GlobalFoundries video is just sooo good.
beanerama9 laz0rs
beanerama9 they know the power of dividing (flower of life) they have nano printers too,that's why if one anunnaki was here,he's gonna say don't do it,nanominerals make holes in brain,but ya,they dissapear long time ago ☼☾☄ ₪itibira₪ ✶☥ ⊀ ⋉▲▵▴
I just found out that during the photolithography process the light patterns that pass through the mask are reduced by a factor of four by a focusing lens and then projected onto the wafer. Now the whole process seems much easier to accomplish to me:) however, I am still in awe on how to read and store, and how everything is interconnected to allow the software to work hmmm
Nice !!!! Thank you very much
its my FIRST time fully understanding what IC's really are
Very great Info-video. Please make more.
Did you really need to eat into the mic???
Brandon Cummings I think so hah
How did he make that much noise by eating 1 fry
@@experimentb6449 reasons
Brandon Cummings thank you
Yes
we have the same microscope :D
Great stuff thank u for this video!
"Thinking nonsense."
I just discovered that I think nonsense too.
😂😂😂
Smoke is what makes a chip work. The chip goes bad when smoke leaks out.
That's a french fry you silly goose :D
guessing your from US or Canada Instead of calling them french fires people from UK call them chips.What you would call potato chips we just call them Crisps
Invictus Industrys Yes i was my lame attempt at humor :)
Invictus Industrys do you know why the names are different in the us?
+Invictus Industrys yeah, in the UK we call things by their proper names :-p
+Nicholas Ruiz that cat looks a bit psychopathic
The way you narrate really made me remember when I was reading Brave New World...
Very nice video!
Well, you are making it sound like the transistors hold the memory and the data of the chip. This, however, is only partially correct. It's not just any transistor, it's a MOSFET.
The MOSFET works a bit like a transistor, only that it depletes a bit differently. Getting a voltage towards the gate of those micro MOSFETS will cause a shift in the p-type layer of the MOSFET, causing electrons to be able to tunnel through from source to drain. Aka: A bit was written.
If you apply a negative voltage to the gate, the p-type layer between the n-types will stop passing charges, thus resulting in a blockage between the n-type layers. This is a free bit.
I think he termed a genera term that is transistor. We know transistors can be divided into BJT an MOSFET. The same MOSFET can be classified accordingly. so yes it is MOSFET which can offer the ability of memory..
does any one knows that water we seen around has memory capacity? Because I know.
C 14 IPS But a BJT and a MOSFET are two entirely different mechanisms, although both are classed as "transistors". Kind of how an electric eel and a carp are in the same subcohort, but both are two entirely different fish.
+Finkel - Funk yes...otherwise both field effect transistors and bipolar junction transistors would have made no distinction. It could have been used interchangeably. right?
MOSFETs and BJTs have distinct differences, yes, but it's still perfectly acceptable to refer to both simply as 'transistors'. It's in the name after all, they are transistors, but with some differences between them.
And strictly speaking it isn't just a MOSFET in an EPROM but a FGMOS. Again distinctly different, but still a transistor.
Adrian Dinanski Well, fair enough. Still I'd consider a BJT to be something entirely different through the way it works. The differences between those and actual memory cells in CPUs for the Cache should also be made, but then again, this goes into microelectronics engineering and that's about where my knowledge starts to get very thin.
If it can be erased and rewritten why do they call it ROM?
Rem ko It's because the data stored in an EPROM device cannot be changed, only completely replaced. So although it is technically a 'rewritable' device, it's not considered read-write memory.
I liked the video bro Good Job
great video!!!!!!!!!
hi all. i am going to write easy version for you to understand. codes present the language. language as every other. how to store the information? simple black and white. white is one bit info for example. or light is on. to understand what transistor do, u must understand the electricity. battery for example is just 2 metal plates with different electric polarization. what happens inside electrical circuit? electrons wants to jump or flow from one plate to another. humans come to idea to make electron pipes. so electron flows normally inside the pipes, but some transistors are set like switch. that is the catch! with turning on and of light u can write the code. how to memories the switch position? to understand this process u need to understand the chemistry. basically it is all about electron barriers. inside there are pools full of the electrons and the idea is to make them flow from one pool to another. in memory effect for example electron pool is empty and electrons can not jump to second pool. I hope it helps. by dt
I read it all wow I am great
the noise you eating that chip, that was pretty grouse.
Ozzie Peck I hate that sound, it is rage inducing
Ozzie Peck what does a bird have to do with it I think it’s gross
I had to pause for a minute 🤮🤮🤮 so nasty
Nice video... want to see more like these...
Fascinating!
I had to find 1000 brown M&Ms to fill a brandy glass or Ozzy wouldn't go on stage that night.
did you have to beat anyone to death with there own shoes?
LOL, I thought I was the only one who remember that scene ;)
OK well not that I completely understand but from what I'm hearing the transfer of info is simply opening and closing doors(transistors) to designate a 1 or 0. ok that's simple enough but if stored in stackable layers and there is only 1 connection point for thousands or more of transistors how in the world does it know to open door 10,303 and then door 701 etc to get said answer requested from input. 2nd question is if we are capable of this then why are circuit boards so large and why haven't all the components been shrunk to atomic lvl as the chip has? sorry this one is a little over my pay grade and not quite got a layman's answer that I can digest!
E Nonyabis the chip probably uses circuits called demultiplexers or “demuxers” to select a row and colom to output a signal. Demultiplexers have n number inputs and 2^n outputs, if a binary number is entered like 1010 (10) then it will turn on input 10.
And why circuit boards aren't atomic sized? Because that would be impractical, most circuit boards are used to connect components, if they were small it would just make it difficult to connect components.
Probably
Can you tell us more about these demultiplexers, please?
La Fo czcams.com/video/1prCy3kdy1U/video.html it's best explained visually.
Super! Thank you very much!
good presentation!
All Microchips need windows
Edit: NOT THE OPERATING SYSTEM
All windows need chips
Wait...
Ghanta ......
i thought gold conducted electricity better than silver
Gold has a better electoral conductivity than silver, But Silver has better thermal conductivity, which will make the die more "thermal" stable.
Silver corrodes on atmosphere which makes it useless gold is used in some situations where corrosion affects quality like in HDMI cables because they get plugged out and in many times.
thanks - very interesting and informative
Nice explanation good job .
You called it a chip but it was clearly a fry.
Here in UK we like to call them chips.
And here in Australia!!
Maybe it was a pomme frite.
wheere i am its called une frite, and 20 km to the west a fry
Too thick for a fry.
Nice video, Very well explained for the beginners.
Thanks alot it was really helpful.
Thanks For Your very Good video !
Thank you so much!
Fantastic video. Who in their right mind would dislike it??
AWESOME!
love this video. this video has helped me teach my classes.
Hello sir