How do Lithium-ion Batteries Work?
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- čas přidán 26. 06. 2024
- How many lithium-ion [Li-ion] batteries have you used today? Lithium-ion batteries are practically everywhere, but how do they work? Why are they rechargeable? And why do they die earlier and earlier in the day the more you use them? This episode will go deep into detail and explore the lithium-ion battery in your smartphone and answer each of these questions.
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Question: "I learned that the Anode is + and the Cathode is -. Why do you say the reverse?" Answer: Well, in electronic devices, by definition: the anode is where electrons leave the component. In a diode or LED, the anode, the anode is the + terminal, the cathode is - and current goes from + to -, and electrons go from - to +. However now, think of the battery that is powering that LED. When operating, electrons come out of the negative side, and by the definition that makes this the anode. Thus, for batteries the anode is - and the cathode is +. But, chemistry uses a different definition of 'the cathode is where species are reduced, and the anode is where species are oxidized'. And for a battery function vs recharging the anode and cathodes switch sides, but + and - designations stay the same.
TLDR: Anode and cathode are defined by more than just Anode is + and cathode is -.
Erratum:
9:29 Separator misspelled as Seperator
Website: www.branch.education
Twitter: @teddytablante
Made by Teddy Tablante
Table of Contents:
00:43 Section 1: How do Li-ion batteries work?
04:53 Section 2: How do Li-ion batteries recharge?
05:36 Section 2B: Additional details about Li-ion batteries.
07:18 Section 3: Why does your battery's max capacity reduce over time?
Background Understanding: Electrons
Key Branches from this video are: Electric Vehicle Batteries, Galvanic and Voltaic Cells, Chemical bonds & Electronegativity, and Lemon Batteries.
Animation built using Blender 2.79b www.blender.org/
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper
Work Cited:
J.B. Goodenough and Y. Kim, Chem. Mater., 22, 587 (2010).
Julien, Christian. And Alain Mauger and Ashok Vijh and Karim Zaghib, Lithium Batteries Science and Technology Springer, 2016.
Kazda, Tomas. Vanysek, Petr. "Lithium Batteries as Electrochemical Sources of Energy". The Electro Chemical Society. Fall 2016
Pinson, Matthew B. Bazant, Martin Z. "Theory of FEI Formation in Rechargeable Batteries, Capacity Fade, Accelerated Aging and Lifetime Prediction" MIT.
Romano, Linda Ph.D., "Improving Performance and Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Characterizing Materials and Interfaces." EAG Laboratories 2017.
Strand, Dee. And Mark Jones (2016) "Chemistry of Hello: Lithium Ion Batteries" ACS Webinars Presentation 2016 Material Science Series
Wikipedia contributors. "Li-Ion Batteries." "Electrolyte." "Intercalation." "Electrical Energy." "Battery Electric Vehicle." "Battery Charger." "Rechargeable Battery." "Research in Lithium-ion Batteries." "Lithium-Silicon Battery." "Lithium Cobalt Oxide" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, March 3rd, 2019.
Blend Swap Model used: www.blendswap.com/
Blender Battery by Jafrem
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#How #LithiumIon #Batteries - Věda a technologie
Great video! Batteries have always been a mystery to me and this video helped out!
Thanks! Glad to be of help.
Hey jared didn't expect u here bro huge fan of both of u guys..
I m learning blender for my unity fame development purpose but to learn i would love to make such animations.. anyways thanks both of u guys for such amazing animations..
I'm always watching your videos as well
Hey Jared
As an Electronics Engineer, i greatly commend this channel for making outstanding videos on electronics,, You deserve millions of subscribers... Great work
nice one dude it is really helpful to me as EcE student
They're on their way to a mil!
As an Electronics Engineer Student, I agree!
Uhuh, except electrons don't really "flow" around. They aren't water
@@ZadakLeader its a good rxplaination
This is literally exactly how I pictured the perfect tech videos to learn about stuff. Great colorful visuals, and simple but detailed explanations 😍 (I'm working on a few far out energy storage things to be made at scale, right now, but so far I dont have anything worth sharing to the general public at the moment but stay tuned if you want to hear about some exciting news)
Wow, I worked in a development lab making automotive Lithium Ion batteries for 10 years. We coated the carbon onto the large aluminum and copper “sheets”. We cut them to the proper size, wound the layers together (including the separator), put them into the final package and filled it with electrolyte, tested them and many times integrated them in to larger battery systems. It was fun. The chemistry always seemed to be a black art that only the Phd chemical engineers understood! This was good video.
I'm curious, what is the semi-permeable separator made out of?
@@brjones27 We used products from a company called Celgard. I believe it was Polypropylene.
That's awesome, it's so cool how it's folded as well just like capacitors to save space.
Please tell me more 😮
Please keep making videos bro. You just give complete knowledge that no other channel on CZcams offers.
visit Learn Engineering channel bro, they make very decent video about lithium ion battery too. Recommend it
@@pintarteknologi6490 that channel is also mentioned in this video
There is kurzgesagt tho
Question: "I learned that the Anode is + and the Cathode is -. Why do you say the reverse?" Answer: Well, in electronic devices, by definition: the anode is where electrons leave the component. In a diode or LED, the anode, the anode is the + terminal, the cathode is - and current goes from + to -, and electrons go from - to +. However now, think of the battery that is powering that LED. When operating, electrons come out of the negative side, and by the definition that makes this the anode. Thus, for batteries the anode is - and the cathode is +. But, chemistry uses a different definition of 'the cathode is where species are reduced, and the anode is where species are oxidized'. And for a battery function vs recharging the anode and cathodes switch sides, but + and - designations stay the same.
TLDR: Anode and cathode are defined by more than just Anode is + and cathode is -.
Discuss your answers to the 3 questions here: 1) Why Lithium? 2)How can we improve upon the Li-ion battery? 3) What are some far-out dreams for the next evolution in energy storage?
Storing energy using some kind of energy-cells which is made for injecting them into our blood vessels so the blood flow will power every installed electricity-requiring augmentation. I got this idea from Deus Ex: Human Revolution. And get rid of Neuropozyne requirement ofcourse (it can be achieved using Adam's DNA :-)).
Glad you liked the video, really the best way to help is to share the video. If you want to help further drop an email. You can find it on the about page.
That's a really interesting idea.
Your #Thumbnail Is not good.
Make it great
Your videos are too much osm🔥
Thanks for the input! I agree the data (click rate) says they could be better, What are your thoughts?
This is why I enjoy these videos. I had a misconception of the positive end being green and pushing electrons to components, I was so wrong! I learned that the negative goes to the phone and comes back to positive (cathode and anode) all the information was really cool and well presented. Animations make it easy to visualize and understand. Keep up the amazing work!
Best explanation ever, you know why? You explained even the chemical reaction with half's reactions also.That i was searching for.Thank you for the video and info's.
This channel really deserves more subscribers given the quality of your content!
people wants entertainment
@@toxicmuscularity This is entertainment
@@reinerbraun898 🔥🔥
@@toxicmuscularity Professor Ibrahim Khan shocks the world: "People wantS entertainment"
Breaking news.
I finally well learned how a li-ion battery works! I really appreciate you work, thank you so much!
Glad I could help!
@Shubo tq bro for information
I will never look at charging my smartphone the same again.
P.S. Your video was awesome and so incredibly easy to understand. Looking forward to seeing everything else you have.
Everything is so thorough, with the spatial animations tying it all together😍 This really helps me understand concepts that are usually very difficult!
I learn so much about general science/technology information on top of how it is applied to specific applications, love the content.
Great animations and info! they look more amazing every video!
Thank you so much for making these informative videos! The visual aids are a useful aid in gaining an understanding of these brilliant devices. I have a question: if the cobalt shares its electrons with the oxygen (which is what happens when you form a molecule like cobalt oxide), why is it so eager to accept electrons from the lithium?
That question is really the underpinning of Chemistry. It's an involved answer, but the short answer is that some elements want electrons more than other elements
This is one of the best or probably the best illustration video I have seen describing how Lithium Ion batteries work in phones and devices. Excellent!
Great video! One note. Li-ion batteries can be safely discharged under 30%. The device will turn off at terminal voltage (around 3v) and reduce the rate at which lithium leaves the carbon. After a while in this state the battery protection FET will kick in (in the 2.5V range) and leave only self discharge. In other words: don’t worry! Drain to zero but don’t leave it there for too long (months). Also, don’t charge it to full and leave it in a hot environment (say over 35C) for and extended amount of time because that is bad. Charging at cold is worse but the device (software or hardware) should prevent that.
You dickhead,charging to 100% is harmless(it will take up to 4 years for a Smartphone Battery to degrade extremely badly)
so interesting! what happens if it’s charged but left for months? and why is it bad to charge it when cold? (i’ve heard electrons behave differently at lower temperatures?)
What would happen if the battery became hot how would that affect the radiation coming out of the cell phone? Does that heat up the RF radiation?
@@welln0wman idk I had a laptop whose battery was 80% at the time I last checked and due to travelling and shifting, I didn't use the laptop for 42 days and now the battery doesn't charge 🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿66666
Please keep making these videos !
They are really awesome !
No detailed yet to-the-point video at the same time, can be possible than this one! Thanx a lot for such a lovely content..! The channels like this, are the jewels of CZcams...!
I learned more from this than my whole day at school
Same
Lol
Pay attention at school and actively engage in your learning and that will change for the better.
Stop being a terrible student who thinks the teacher must pander to you.
@@-Subtle- you just go on here to be bitter at anyone who complains about education?
Well done, you are doing an amazing job. Please do not give up, you are making high quality content and you will get the appreciation that you deserve.
Really great explanation and a very good animations. I watch many other technological channels and I have to say that yours are explaining the ideas in very understandable way :)
For anyone confused by why he's describing the flow as going from negative to positive, look into the Conventional Current Flow model, vs the Electron Flow model. The conventional model (which is standard in electrical engineering) states that flow of electric charge is considered to go from the positive terminal of the power source to the negative terminal. This model was created before the discovery of the electron, and after this discovery it became known that the electron is the primary carrier of electric charge in most materials. Electrons, being negatively charged, move from the negative terminal of a power source to the positive terminal. This flow of electrons constitutes the actual movement of charge. Overall, the conventional current flow model remains the standard in electrical engineering due to its historical precedent, mathematical convenience, compatibility with existing knowledge, and practicality in engineering practice.
Amazing knowledge
Amazing tech world
Everytime I watch a video from Branch Education, I always think that I don't deserve it. It's incredible!
These are unbelievably good and clear animations and explanations. Thank you and great work! You've earned a sub and you deserve many more.
Beautifully explained each and everything! Very helpful. Thank you so much 🙌
Yours are the best videos about electronics I can find on this platform, keep up the great quality content!!
what an incredible video, and beautiful animations. The effort put in is outstanding and a pleasure to watch
this channel with definitely grow bigger, keep it up!!
Glad you liked it! Growth is slow, but we'll get there eventually.
@@BranchEducation No doubt 👍🏻👍🏻
Till now I have never seen such a video on electronics which has a complete knowledge and with full of graphics. I salute to you work. You deserve a millions of subscribers. Thanks a lot guys.
Thank you!
Very interesting videos! Thank you. Nowadays, thanks to people like you, everyone can educate himself little bit more. It will be great, if you make a series of videos, explaining how the components in a laptop work on more physical level, and uncover the question how software communicates to the hardware. Your animations are great!
What a well designed animation ! Hats off, really :)
Your channel deserves 10+ million subscriber.keep going on.Thanks alot for such an accurate and impressive explanation
Before this video i thought that lithium batteries were similar to those non rechargable batteries just filled with single lithium compound. And also your videos are way more informative than any other youtube channel. Thank you.
Amazing! Overwhelmed to be updated on you newer posts.
Thanks
Adding : would have been nice to clarify the flow during charging and battery or phone being discharged while on use.
Excellent video, I really appreciate how you fill in the little detail nooks and crannies. So we can have a complete understanding of the topic.
8:11 I used to wait until 20%, but now I'm going to change that.
Awesome video, keep on the great work ;)
Well, 20% should be ok
Do you not think the actual battery percentage showing on the phone screen is on a recalibrated scale? I mean phone 0% is equal battery 20-30% and phone 100% is equal battery 90% to protect the battery by the manufacturer?
@@jbruckner1 IS IT???
Ward
Amazing video! I have jus a few questions, How many cycles has a Li-ion battery in general? Or it depends on the manufacture? When the battery lose cycles and what we can do to avoid it?
This is the first illustration that I have watched on this topic, and I do not think that there is simpler and clearer than that. Thank you very much for spreading the knowledge.
The statement of "charging the battery when it's on its 30% or 40% charge" is correct. However, due to the technology advancing constantly, modern phones have a system implemented in place so that it won't allow the phone to discharge all of its juice at once. The phone will turn itself off before that happens to reserve the remaining charge, so you don't run into those issues in the future. There is really no need to worry about that issue anymore, unless if there was another issue with the battery. Sometimes, constant changes in current or using the wrong charger with the wrong voltage and ampere can also affect the life and performance of the battery
These videos are so will made. I love when you go into the most basic of the basic stuff
Thank you so much for the video as most of the videos in your channel are what I'm searching for a long time. Keep doing more. Subscribed. 😎
Thanks! What did you think of the other videos?
Brilliant....absolutely brilliant video. The best, clearest, interesting explanation of lithium battery operation. Not too much info but sufficient enough to give the watcher a solid understanding of a technically mysterious subject! Well done. Animation was excellent and helped massively for clarity.
Awesome stuff, the animation was helpful. I would love to see a Lithium Polymer vs Lithium Ion battery done by you. Strong work 🦾🤙
awesome explanation!! Now I started first to hit a like before watching...all videos are amazing!!👌👌
thanks a ton!
@Nikhil RaajeMaankar I don't get it. Could you elaborate on what you mean?
@Nikhil RaajeMaankar fuc
k you
@הרב בן הרב בן גור אריה יהודה fuck your name
This is the best animation that I ever saw in a youtube video! Congratulations!
Greatly appreciated!!
@@BranchEducation please make a video or explain how mobile chargers pull the electron to the opposite side.. Cause cause i've seen a several video where they said chargers just convert ac to dc. But no where mentioned as you mentioned about the job of charger. So please explain
Been through a couple of videos, and this one finally made me understand. Thanks!
I was always curious as to what the difference was between a capacitor and a battery. This cleared it up a lot.
Your way of sharing knowledge is just amazing. Keep doing your vids, they are incredible. About the battery, I have to ask why is there a last separator and electrolyte on the animation, if it does not go in the process?
It comes in play when you fold layers over on themselves. Take 2 sheets of paper, label them, and then roll them up, and ya find that you need an additional separator on the outside.
Got it. Thanks for answering. Love your channel.
This is a really great video! I would be very interested in learning how wireless charging works.
same thing but instead of cables it uses induction.
There are many doubts about electricity that do not get solved in my school. Since I am interested in science, i question even the smallest of the things. This channel has helped me to understand the smallest of the concepts and has answered most of my questions. Thanks man!!
Great video! Maybe do an in-depth video about the physics of the atom. I would love to understand how they "work". Also, how about the new SolidState Battery? :D
This was really useful. The battery inventor was a smart person
Superb explanation. Now I learned, How our smart phone batteries degraded over time. Thanks a lot making such easily understandable animation video. Respect.
Thanks!! Glad you liked it.
It also doesn't help that some companies (*cough Apple) have you install updates that purposefully degrade your battery.
I am so happy I stumbled upon you channel - this is the most explainative channel ever.
these videos have a great format would be awesome to do a series on all basic electronic components capacitors diodes and then inverters and schematics and so on. invaluable to all those visual learners ;)
Very good video really enjoyed it keep it up bro
At First, I have to say thanks for this great video.
and about the question 1:
Because we know that metals desire to give up electron. So the electrons can easily get out of the battery and be used on different part of the phone.
About question 2:
Maybe we can put these layers on a circle and make them smaller but more, So we have an electron which is getting out of the lithium and use in phone and back to the cobalt and right after that it will go to next layer which is again a lithium and do that again and again.
About question 3:
We know we can get energy from light, temprature, maybe sound , and... . So maybe we can use things inside the phone to collect them and use them instead of charging the phone again.
And actually I have question too,
It's great to use Lithium for the first layer because it's a great metal but they are using Cobalt in the second layer, I mean if they use something Non-metallic it will take electron better and it may improve the battery, So why don't we use something Non-metallic for the second layer?
Thanks for your great videos.
Very good video. The efforts put up for animation part is amazing. Keep it up!
As a retired Met. O. Instrumentation development scientist, I can highly recomend this video. Even reinforced my understanding in places. Nice one put in an easy to follow format for the non technical among us.
Such high quality videos! Awesome!
First time I understood the meaning of electrolytes! 👍
Same!
This video has literally saved my brain on working this out! Thank you!
I like the recap parts, animation, and careful but detailed explanations! I'm subscribing!
Awesome, thank you!
Worth it....I got phone with 5000mAh...and I would advise all the viewers to charge their phone only between 20-80%... does causing less stress on anode and cathode plates
Thanks for the information. I always wondered what the ideal battery levels were to make sure your battery lasted longer.
Absolutely amazing video! Laid out very well. Going to have to rewatch a few times to try to get this to stick.
So why fold the battery like that? Why not have the 3 main components, but just thicker? Since for some reason it must be advantageous to fold it, what are the limitations to it? What stops manufacturers from going even thinner? Some sort of emf interference? Limits because of atomic level geometry? Maybe just diminishing return on investment?
Thanks!
These are great questions. Definitely one reason for the folding is to have a higher available Amperage at any given time. So once you hit a threshold that you don't need any higher Amperage. then why not fold it thinner? Definitely, one drawback is that, sometimes dendrites form from the Anode/cathode. These are little 'spikes' that if they grow long enough, can potentially make their way through the separator and destroy the battery. This is definitely a reason why you don't want to get too thin.
@@BranchEducation what is the cause of this spikes building up?
One of the rare cases that I subscribe to the channel with just the first video
wow really nice video breaking down tough concepts, excellent animations too!
1) Lithium ranks up higher on periodic table, it's a small atom therefore you can store more of it in same space as other materials on top of the other necessary characteristics.
2) Solid state is exciting. Teslas dry electrode tech is exciting. Silicon to replace the graphite and Li air batteries I've also heard of but I don't know enough detail.
As far as better answering the questions I'm really stoked about Teslas dry electrode tech well it still belongs to Maxwell for now. They realized that production processes from capacitor could be applied to Li batteries. The way all the different sheets are bonded is using a wet bonding agent and then the sheets have to be laid out and dried and heated. Using a powdered dry bonding agent once can cut down on manufacturing cost, time and huge amounts of factory floor space. The resulting battery is also a little more energy dense (gravimetrically but probably also to an extent volumetrically) and has quite a bit more power density (20% I believe) because the wet bonding agent remains are restrictive, and being power dense of course will lead to higher charging speeds and higher power output.
3) I have a far out idea. Not quite energy storage but transmission. There are already solar cells tuned for specific laser frequencies but I wonder if we can have a very powerful laser transmit energy thermally straight into a reactor core to speak. It would have to get through a shielding material inside into some agent like a molten salt type that can absorb the laser and heat up well. It would be super inefficient but the receiver could be very power dense maybe enable electric high performance flight. Okay E storage how about antimatter. We can already make the stuff in small quantities we should figure out to scale that stuff and fly to the stars with massively powerful ion thrusters.
Here in video shown that by using charger electron flows reverse direction so but here by changing not new electron adding???
If not here no use of extra electricity????
Please explain....
Electrons are never added in a circuit they just get moved.
@@ryccoh
Yes you are right
But in this case why we use electricity if electron is not added???
Give me a timestamp so I know which moment you're talking of. But when charging with "electricity" what that means is think of it as if we're adding force (voltage) to the electrons. We're using the force that comes from a generator in a powerplant somewhere to move the electrons in a circuit that would've otherwise just stood still. In the case of a battery we move them to the graphene side in order to restore the electrochemical potential.
@@ryccoh
First of all thank you for your interest in helping🙏
So if electron not added then how other daily instrument we use such as fan how electricity flow???
And if in this case only voltage difference are generated so how circuit closed path is occurs??..
5:54 galaxy note 7 cough cough 😂
lol
It's not that simple man
It’s a joke
Rip
I remember it XD
I learnt so much in this 10 min video! Amazing work 🔥🔥
Thanks for this. It feels good to learn something new unrelated to your field.
I believe typically/conventionally cathode is -ve and Anode is +ve. When discovered as Kathoda and Anoda. Plz clarify
A lithium ion battery is more often referred to as galvanic cell . Where the anode is negative and cathode is considered positive. While in electrolytic cell anode is positive and cathode is negative.
Cathode and anode terms interchange in case of the things that use electricity and the things that produce it. Eg. CRT(runs on electricity) and Battery ( produces electricity).
Do a video on wireless charging
Just a guess, but it's probably just a bunch of electromagnet tech
It's simply just tiny transformers, transmit electricity through induction from the coil
"Do a video on wireless charging, please"
It was great....they explain this complex thing very simply with perfect animation
هنجيب الكيمياء الكهربية ف شوال 😁💕
A Huge THANK YOU
Answer to 1st question may be that Lithium ion are small in comparison to other ions which makes them suitable for movement..
Thank you for video.
Thank you for watching & posting an answer.
As someone who spent a decade in this industry, I have to say this is a great video to explain exactly how all this works. I wish this video was around when I started, reading this stuff on paper fries your brain!
Can you perhaps explain why exactly the ions also want to migrate after giving up electrons? And I don't understand how literal atoms (ions) travel through a substance like that almost like a gaseous substance? Thanks!
Very very good teaching! Thanks for the video and the visualizations! Very well done.
It Was A Really Useful Demonstration ! Keep Up The Amazing Work !
Made in blender ❤️,,, This looks like a lot of work for you,, such a great animation and explanation too, thank you
Make a video how Rewritable
CD works
Very informative. I can't stop thinking of this everytime I use my phone, hereafter.
Awesome content ❤️❤️❤️. No one till now explained so clearly. U r genius. Animation are ultimate great dude 🙏. U are providing A1 knowledge than those companies charging lakhs of rupees for educating the children.
What happens when we use phone while charging. Is it recommended.
I think when we charge the phone, the amount of electrons that move from the charger to the minus side, is more than the electrons moving from the minus side to the positive side and that's the reason why the charging percentage keeps going up despite using the phone at the same time
@@soroushsafarzadeh8321 no I mean is it a healthy practice or not, for a battery.
@@sunrayseducation I've read that it's better to leave the smartphone aside while charging but if you use the original charger, it's not gonna make problems for the battery
It would be most ideal if your charger charged slow enough so your battery does not charge, nor drain...and you kept your battery at 66%...while you're using your phone.
Tyler Durden So do the charging and discharging process operate in tandem, or do they use the same system and mix the flow of electrons into and out of the negative side?
So what happened to the current/flow when we charged it WHILE using it???
pikaboö nu Back and forth happens. Unhealthy for battery life.
The current runs in the opposite direction and makes no different I guess...
If you have a smartphone that has a removable battery, youll see that there are 4 pins for energy exchange. Yep, both process are running at the same time
@@UniformDelta00 nope, they have just 3 pins
@@raviverma8479 I expect different technologies from different smartphones. We may be both right.
I've watched many videos on this and none explained it as well as this one did! Thanks!
Thanks for helping me understand something perfectly that I randomly got interested in the middle of the night
Because unavailable of other elements that can store more energy (charge)
lithium has the highest tendency to loose electron in all other usable atoms.
All your films are the best ! It is so important to understand it, and you provide the information in very clear way. Often much better that teacher at schools (unfortunately). Thank you !
I am really ecstatic to know this in so depth. Explanation was fantastic. I thank you very much.
OHHHHHH so that's why its dangerous to squeeze a battery and that's why some liquid comes out. THat s crazy. Insane
What truly happens to your device when your using it while its charging?
Depending on the phone's power management phone may run the power from charger or from the battery or even both.
Using your phone while charging draws power from the battery to power the screen and other components. The competition between the usage and battery charger supplying charges causes your battery to overheat which will damage it in the long run
absolutely PHENOMENAL video, that was a great explanation, thank you very much!!!
The quality of video is insane , I could watch this all the day 😍
If u say so🙄
Fun fact: more than 50% of people watching this video charged their phone during watching
Very true
Got me
I never charge my phone while using it lol
Im just trying to figure out why my longboard wont charge😂
@@toxophily9599Bro is reengineering the technology
How is it that I can use my phone while charging? It seems weird that the chemical reactions can be happening both ways at once?
idk thats probably why your battery has 4 contact points 2 for charging and 2 for use but thats just a guess
These animations are just whats needed to visualize these magical processes and components. Thanks a lot, hope you continue doing the Gods work.
I think finally I found the youtube channel which can teach me that stuff I like to know about them, well done ..