The Recent Megaeruption in Indonesia; The Ranau Caldera
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- čas přidán 2. 07. 2024
- The Ranau volcano in Indonesia produced one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the entirety of southeast Asia in the last 1 million years. This eruption caused a 16.5 kilometer wide swath of ground to collapse downwards, forming a massive caldera. Areas more than 80 kilometers or 50 miles distant from Ranau were buried in superheated ash, and one site 40 kilometers away was coated with 5 meters thick of material. The caldera forming eruption of Ranau drastically changed the landscape, and was followed by the formation of a towering stratovolcano.
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Graphics of eruption dates are courtesy of the Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institute. volcano.si.edu/
Google Earth imagery used in this video: ©Google
Citations
[1] The geometry of pull-apart basins in the southern part of Sumatran strike-slip fault zone, S. Aribowo
[2] Late Quaternary eruption of the Ranau Caldera, D. Natawudjaja & others
[3] Timing, magnitude and geochemistry of major Southeast Asian volcanic eruptions, C. Maisonneuve & others
Thumbnail Photo Credit: Yosh Ginsu, @yoshginsu, Unsplash, Unsplash License
0:00 Large Eruptions in Indonesia
0:34 Ranau Caldera
1:16 Geologic Setting
1:37 Pull Apart Basin
3:11 Caldera Forming Eruption
4:02 Post Caldera Eruptions
The formation of large calderas within Indonesia is surprisingly common. This is perhaps owed in part to the unusually fast movement of the subducting Indo-Australian plate to the south.
How fast is the movement?
@@jessikamiranda2306 up to 5.6 cm/year
@@GeologyHub wow!!
If anyone lives right on the border of that fault line, they should plant a tree on the other side of the line and take a picture of it every few days. Then, after a few years, they could make a time lapse video, not only of the tree's growth, but of it moving north (or south) almost 6 cm a year.
that region is, in my opinion, one of the most dangerous in the world. between the tectonic activity, volcanic activity and the proximity of a large population, it is very deadly.
something I've always been interested in is how you date volcanoes and estimate the chances of them erupting each year. could you maybe do a video discussing the two topics I mentioned
I have an upcoming video on how volcanoes are dated!
@@GeologyHub Excellent!
This is one reason I love your channel, I always learn something I don't hear from other geology videos, like this "pull apart basin."
Indonesia should keep a close eye on their volcanoes considering that they have repeatedly had such big eruptions that they affected the whole planet, like years without summers and even mass extinctions.
There is extensive information all the time from Indonesia (MAGMA Indonesia and other sources), and monitoring of its volcanoes. I wish that the same level of info could be provided from Vanuatu to my east.
Indonesian volcanologists are some of the best on the planet, comparable to Icelandic volcanologists.
@@pyrovania but what about the equipment?
Its crazy how powerful this volcano was and still is today. It will be remembered for a long time even though it probably won't go off in our lifetimes.
Don't forget to crush your fingers! Volcanoes in general fascinate me the more powerful the greater the fascination. What I really would love to see more on would be Campi Flegrei, sorry if I misspelled that. I'm not Italian and I don't speak Italian. I don't even speak Portuguese. That's okay My dad didn't speak it either. My grandmother had a sick as mother accent. She and my grandfather refused to teach their children to speak Portuguese. They wanted their children to grow up as Americans and so they only spoke English, bad English but English. How different it is today with immigrants. In the 19th century and the early 20th century people came to America and tried to assimilate with Americans. A lot of immigrants still do that. A vocal minority expects the world to assimilate their culture. Well we didn't do it this way back in the Homeland! Then go back to the Homeland! You'll be happier there!
Really wish there was more data on the supposed 540 Krakatoa eruption, could really use a 2nd expedition to find charcoal dating the large eruption it had in the first millennium. Ice core data suggests the first eruption took place in Iceland, which is scary to think that a monster could be hiding under the glaciers. Would love a followup video on these extreme weather events : )
I know there was ash evidence as far afield as Egypt
The Indonesians volcanologists are definitely working on this, do not worry! (I am in contact with several of the relevant scientists). My only point of disagreement with them is they think the eruption was 535 rather than 540. Regardless, more and more evidence is being found that a VEI 6-7 Krakatau eruption did occur around that period
Lol, your profile name gave me a bit of a giggle 🤭
Please do link to a research paper that is not behind a paywall! I might add it to the Wiki article !
@@sixthsenseamelia4695 Gottem
Have you ever covered Rinjani/Samalas my friend?
Are mud volcanoes considered volcanoes or a geologic feature
I think they are technically hydrothermal vents
@@scrappydoo7887 thanks
I know you did one about Redoubt but could you do one on all three IRS? these three have special meaning in the local tribes.
Got a challenge for you. I live in Elgin SC and we've been experiencing pretty frequent earthquakes since the end of last year(had one about an hour ago). Anyone who's lived here long enough knows we are tied into the same tectonic system responsible for the Charleston Earthquake in the late 1800s. Any thoughts as to why they've become so frequent? Precursor to something bigger? TIA
Please if you already haven't done so, put earthquake proof cabinet locks on your kitchen cabinets. You will be happy you did so if there is a big one, and all your neighbors will be telling you how all their dishes flew out onto the floor (or, like my neighbors, flew across the room and shattered against the wall) and yours are either not broken or if they are, the mess is contained inside the still closed cabinets. I got those cabinet locks when, during an earthquake, my neighbors dishes went flying and mine, for some reason, ended up teetering on the edge of falling halfway out of the cabinets and all I had to do was push them back in. I also recommend never putting a drink on or above a table with something like a phone or laptop, in another earthquake my hot tea ejected itself from the cup while the cup stayed still, and in shock, I watched the stream of tea sail over my laptop without actually getting it wet. I've had the no drink by or over electronics rule in my house since.
I saw USGS tweet about the quake a few minutes ago. It's always interesting when a region, generally regarded as seismically stable, starts having small tremors.
Just felt another one here in Camden. Interesting times!
@@erinjackson6243 that's the new Madrid fault system & unfortunately it does & has produced strong earthquakes in the past .Watched a few documentaries over the years when they dug into it & dated some of the quakes.Its a bigger & more threatening fault system than they ever knew & cities like Memphis aren't built to earthquake standard like the west coast .It's an tragedy waiting to happen.
Another one?? Ok, I live in California and if there started being daily or several times daily small earthquakes in my area I'd be putting all my breakables in boxes on the floor padded with my spare towels or my kids old clothes that don't fit anymore and also all my computer hard drives, attaching furniture to walls with earthquake screws meant for that, and checking my foundation and roof because certain types of houses fare way better. They did something really bad to mine. They added a room on on a concrete slab when the rest of my house is free floating on housing blocks. In the next big one, one side of the house will move, the other side will not, and my house will literally break in half. It already almost happened, the part not anchored to concrete moved 1 and a half inches in the last somewhat big one, the one where my dishes almost broke. It bent the wall and we had to replace or adjust every single door, all the doorknobs, if it had gone like one or two more inches it would have cracked my house in half. Be careful of stuff like this, also if you have a fireplace you must have a very large amount of water stored so if your fireplace falls over AND your pipes break there's a way to put the fire out. My friend had a water tank for that reason, it was a few hundred gallons of water.
Interesting volcano
Your commentary is great as always, appreciate your updates!
I really appreciate you putting out these videos, thank you for all the work you put in!
Thank you, can you make a video about the Semilir - Ngelanggeran Supervolcano that I read on google whose eruption was bigger than Toba.
If it still active what would be the chance of another big eruption?
Lakes also can kill by CO2 emissions.
Kawah ijen are known with that
I liked the section on the pull apart basin. Wondering about it, I had some thoughts and I read stuff. My thoughts weren't exactly correct, but not too far off and I had a fine time reading and learning. Thanks. I bought a cup on the Etsy merch page because it's not the first time that's happened. You're doing a fantasic job with this channel, I hope you're proud of your content.
First time I hear about a weak zone between two parallel faults. Makes absolutely sense.
Thanks for making me smarter 🖐👴
Thanks for your videos !
I would be happy to see a video on the Auvergne volcanoes in France: Cantal stratovolcano, the largest in Europe (2700km² | x2 Etna superficy), Chain of Puys, still active with the city of Clermont-Ferrand who could be potentially concerned in the futur, Limagne rift. Many things to discut.
I love your channel!
I could see Ranau pull off a spectacular VEI 6 or 7 eruption at some point. Whether it will happen within our lifetimes or later is anyone's guess, but it has at least many of the right conditions - like dormancy, a history of a very large caldera-forming eruption, etc.
Oh! I was wondering if it was the same one as I know. So it is Danau Ranau (Ranau Lake), it's on my province. I grew up singing about this lake with my tribe's traditional language. The people in my province love waxing poetry about this lake. This is a news to me that it used to be a volcano just like Toba.
Curious, are there any megaeruptions likely to happen in our lifetime?
@@vesuviussoloshumans thx
Check out the video about Iwo Jima
@@howitzersupercell240 just watched it... didn't know that!!
VEI 6? Maybe couple in this Century, VEI 7? 1 in 3 Chance
VEI 8? *Zero*
@@adriantheo7654 there’s not a 0 chance for a VEI 8, that’s an inaccurate baseless comment. There’s never a 0 chance for an eruption of that size to happen. Very unlikely but to say 0 is asinine.
Nice coverage as always. If only we could tap into the massive energy that the magma flow beneath us possesses. Thank you for keeping us in touch with the geology beneath us.
Geothermal energy can be practical even outside of volcanic areas. A residential development in Calgary, Alberta, Canada uses underground pipes to recover heat from the earth beneath. This preheats incoming air so that much less fuel or electricity is needed for heating in winters that routinely get as cold as -40. This sort of thing is getting more common but IMHO not fast enough.
Is there any way for us to know in advance when a volcano is changing its composition? Dacite example for silica-rich rhyolite? Are there significant changes in the region? because this process could be happening in some quiet dormant volcano, and it could be a ticking time bomb... Hugs from Brazil
You do a great job, keep up your fine reports. Question: I have heard that the Krakatoan area is home to a massive caldera, much older and several times larger than the krakatoa site and that its area includes two islands and the sea between them . Is this so?
That caldera was most likely formed by a VEI 7 eruption in 540
Is this likely to affect the weather patterns around the world? Massive dust put into the air is likely to lower the temperature as it did with Krakatoa.
Please do videos on the other two mystery eruptions
Indonesian volcanoes are overpowered
Why does it seem that Clear Lake is a system that is in a similar geological setting that has not had anything eruptive happen in over 10,000 years (but still active due to a huge magma chamber underneath) that few are speaking of for being a candidate for a mega caldera eruption in the near future
I would love to see a video done on the amazing geology of the San Rafael Swell in Utah.
Great video. You listed 9 large caldera forming eruptions in Indonesia in the last 100,000 years. Could there be even more large eruptions in the same timeframe which are undiscovered due to tropical rains eroding away deposits and calderas?
probably more to discover, because old caldera often skewed by new volcano... all active volcano in Indonesia is fairly young... i live in massive caldera called sunda caldera, it is 20-30km wide total consist of several small caldera that fused into big one.. now the entirety of bandung city is inside this caldera, few thousand years ago this basin was a massive lake with the elevation of 700-800m above sea level
interesting about the stepover fault
Geologic Oditty in Indonesia plz, Kellaba maja ( Rock Formation)
To my awareness the hills of Shropshire in the United Kingdom were formed by volcanic activity millions of years ago, I'm unsure whether that's worth covering but they make for great scenery and walks
Could you cover mount agung next? Thanks
@@vesuviussoloshumans where?
3:12 The planet has really been doing its level best to kill us for a long time.
How fast do these calderas form? Is it a quick, catastrophic event or will the ground slowly sink as pressure in the magma chamber falls?
How deep can calderas get?Just a few meters or do they get deep?
Could you please explain to us how a 'BACK-ARCH volcano is created, what is the mechanism? examples of this type of volcanoes, etc. Thank you very much from Greece
Can you do a video on the South Carolina earthquakes !
A Square Caldera? More like a CalSQUAREa amirite? ……..Anyone? …..No? ………….Fair enough.
Is there a secondary "explosion" caused caldera collapse or does happen while its already erupting? I wonder if the collapse is the big bang that comes with large volume eruptions. It seems like no one can tell us, novarupta and tonga would be only recent examples off the top of my head
The collapse happens when the magma chamber is half empty, the weight of the rock above is no longer supported by the magma and it falls into the chamber below creating the bowl shape of the caldera.
@@vesuviussoloshumans he mentions it in the video, I was just reiterating the salient point.
@@vesuviussoloshumans cool.
@@vesuviussoloshumans I just had a look and it doesn't appear to, the volcano is active and causing tremors but nothing big is happening.
It located in my province.
But i never go to there
Why ?
Can you do a video on Stone Mountain in Georgia? That would be interesting to see!
Can I request for mt bromo?
Did the Krakatoa 536 eruption cause worldwide famine?
Is it possible to estimate how much CO2 is added to the atmosphere by global volcanism?
🌱🌏💚
might be covering mnt shasta soon...lol
"In the last 100 000 years, the nation of Indonesia" :D :D :D please
💫💫🌋⭐️🌋💫💫
Wow
@@bobfoxwolf nope
Oh
please Indonesia,,
no more SuperVolcano eruption
Anything happening with Mt Shasta?
What causes the extinction of faults! I live in the Ouachitas in Arkansas. I know the fault was much further south near the borders of Arkansas and Louisiana. Could you address these issues please!
I live in New Zealand.
Fault lines , cannot be killed . There's a dude in North East Africa , at the very head of the rift Valley, with a lifetime job , filling in the increasingly wide crack running up the middle of his towns main street .
Fault lines can be lost , until they start to rupture , espeacily in areas not known for earthquakes .
Within an hours drive on highway speeds , there's at least 4 major fault lines , one of them , traveling along multiple times per week , while working - a 9.5 mile bit of it now has a walkway , nick named "The Stairway to Heaven " , my drinking water comes from this fault lines springs .
All of the local faults have been more active of late with more shakes of 3+magnitude , up to 7.8 - most at present are staying below 5.5 magnitude . Even some of our biggest lakes - former volcanos - have been haveing tremors of late , along with the largest city , which sits atop a lava feild , has had some quakes this century , were as they don't normally get them - freaked out the residents though , as they've 'lost ' at least 13 cones , which are now curb stones or buildings , there's about 51 which are known of still .
Namaste 🙏👍🙂
Im noticing a trend here.... 😗
It is...it is...IT ISSSS: Climate change...yeahhhh
I just want Yellowstone to blow.
Trust me you don't want it too blow unless you want the world too end
Although that might seem like an exciting thing to watch on the news, keep in mind that thousands of years ago humanity was nearly wiped out by a volcano. I've seen estimates that range from less than a few hundred humans to about 1,000 to 3,000 humans left alive on Earth after the eruption. All of the plants and animals we were used to eating went extinct. It caused an ice age and we had to live in caves for generations. Something like that could happen again. Something like that has happened on Earth repeatedly, but infrequently, for millions of years.
@@kylebeach2316 after what this fucked ass world as become I don't mind it blowing.
@@kylebeach2316 lol that’s a great exaggeration not even close to being accurate.
@@adriennefloreen the Toba catastrophe theory has been largely debunked for quite some time now. There’s evidence of mostly normal human activity around the world whenever it went off.
Volcanos are a passion of mine- but this voice drives me to despair- like someone is pushing chewing gum from one side of his mouth to he other. Ugh!
Then turn on subtitles and mute the sound. A lot of work goes into these videos and you can watch them for free. The guy who makes them is a geologist, not a voice actor.
It’s called autism :/. I can’t help my voice. I’m not like say Morgan freeman with a soothing voice
no need to be such a disrespectful, pitiful excuse of a person