The Russian Haskalah (1815-1856)
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- čas přidán 29. 06. 2024
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SeekersOfUnity as Schneersohn:
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Maps by Omniatlas:
omniatlas.com/
Sources:
Eugene M. Avrutin
"The Politics of Jewish Legibility"
Jewish Social Studies, New Series, Vol. 11, No. 2
www.jstor.org/stable/4467706
David Philipson
"Max Lilienthal in Russia"
Hebrew Union College Annual, Vol. 12/13
www.jstor.org/stable/23503666
Michael Stanislawski
Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews
amzn.to/3lguxJT
Steve J. Zipperstein
"Jewish Enlightenment in Odessa"
Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 44, No. 1
www.jstor.org/stable/4467153
0:00 Intro
1:13 The Pale of Settlement, Revisited
4:43 The Jewish City Guard
5:55 Russification Summarized
8:43 Cantonists
13:11 Crown Schools
22:38 The Crimean War
![Casimir's Gift: How the Jews Came to Poland (966-1370) [feat. History House Productions]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/-r7dLQi_nEE/mqdefault.jpg)
I’m sure terms like “all-rus” and “novarussia” will never turn up again in the history of Eastern Europe, especially not in the 21 century. Right?
Nah totally not we're past that
From an American perspective, whenever a government starts counting its own citizens as fractions of whole people alarm bells start going off in my head REAL fast.
That's because ethnicity to Europeans is more important than to Americans.
@@farkasvilkas The US did the same thing.
Imagine how many more seats, more power and a longer duration the planter regime would have had if the Constitution had awarded them congressional seats based on 1/1 value of their slaves. Everyone would have been better off if it hadn't counted them at all, seeing as they were not going to be allowed to vote for those seats.
@@randomobserver8168 I'm not arguing on that point. My arguement is that it was fucked we were having that conversation at all in the first place.
@@farkasvilkas Oh yes because as we all know the USA from the early to mid 1800s was a bastion of ethnic tolerance.
The Tel Aviv frame in 16:45 made me laugh really hard. I love how your videos not only teach me so much (even as an Israeli Jew, let alone one who learned about this topic in middle school) but also integrate subtle jokes into them.
Take a bow
Oh is that what that map was? Thanks.
I instantly recognized the coastline when the frame zoomed by, but I hade to go back and pause to see it clearly to make sure I wasn't imagining things.
19th century Tel Aviv... You'll never find a more wretched hive of scum and villainy.
@@EladLerner wasn’t Ahuzat Bayit only Established in 1909 and named Tel Aviv in 1910? Wouldn’t it be Jaffa
@@EladLerner I assumed that's Tel Aviv, because that's how most countries decribe their *cough* major cities
Your content is Legendary with a capital L. Keep ‘em coming. Educational content at its finest. A pleasure to be creating alongside you 😘
You voicing the Rebbe was just epic.
This is a side note, but Alexander I's death is disputed to this day. Back in college, I took a class on 19th century Russia with professor who had written many books and papers on Imperial Russia. She discussed how the circumstances of Alexander's death were extraordinarily suspicious and coincided with a soldier who happened to also be sick with Typhus literally just disappearing. In addition, the body did not have a proper autopsy done because no coroner was in the area and by the time one arrived, the body had started to rot.
We have no way of knowing for certain, but it is a very real possibility that Alexander faked his own death. He was known to hate being Tsar and it is very possible that he saw a way out and took it. This theory is further reinforced by the arrival of a new priest to a nearby town around this time that just so happened to know multiple languages and had noble etiquette.
Again, this doesn't matter to the story, it is just a really interesting thing that academics like to debate.
Interesting!
Siberia was known as being a part of the Russian Empire where the hand of the state had a lighter touch, perhaps that was the attraction. Just a thought.
Yet another great video! The details of the Cantonist system were horrific but not at all surprising, very on-brand for the Russian Empie.
Fun fact: among the Jewish soldiers fighting in the Polish November Uprising was Major Józef Berkowicz aka Joseph Berkovitz or Berkowitz, the son of Berek Joselewicz, mentioned twice previously in this series. Finding himself among the numerous Polish emigres after the fall of the uprising, he eventually settled in the UK. He interestingly published a novel: "Stanislaus or the Polish Lancer in the Suite of Napoleon, from the Island of Elbe".
PS. What is the city flashing for a split second at 16:45, when you talked about Odessa's bad reputation?
I think that city at 16:45 is Tel Aviv (though it's probably based on an older map since today it and the metropolitan area around it are much, much larger), which is sometimes described by Orthodox Jews in Israel just like Odessa was described in the video.
@@navetal Thanks!
@@micahistory Hi!
@@navetal It is Tel Aviv as it appeared in 1936, because that's as far as I've gotten in the process of drawing the map.
11:55 That moment when the children you kidnapped and cut off from their culture know scripture better than supposedly trained priests. The church just really doesn’t know how to take an L
A fun piece of oral history passed down in my Koryo-saram (basically Russified Korean) family is that in the late 19th century, when whole Korean hamlets and villages were allowed to relocate to newly colonized parts of the Russian Far East on the condition of conversion to Orthodox Christianity, our ancestor was the head of one such village. He and other village heads were shocked to discover that, unlike Confucian Korea where village heads were salaried officials exempt from physical labor, in Russia they would have to work the fields and pay taxes like any other peasant. Then they found out that in order to avoid having to do that they would have to switch careers to village priests instead, and apparently they only had to take a four month course to get ordained.
While these were almost certainly exceptional circumstances not usually applied elsewhere in the country, the overall laxness of priest training in 19th century Russia doesn't surprise me in the slightest 😂
Jewish history in a nutshell is just Christians taking Ls due to failing to convert Jews and later rage quitting
One time in the 1840s my great-great-great grandfather beat the absolute shit out of a khapper in Ponadel. He was a veteran of the tsar's army and he was legitimately terrified his son would be kidnapped and conscripted.
Good for him lol
16:45 it's Tel Aviv if anyone wonders
Thanks!
I realized that... getting very political right there...
Since 2020 I've been in a slow personal journey of re-discovery of my Jewish roots as I began spending more time with my late grandmother who was the last practicing jew in my mother's family. Seeing my great-grandfather's city of birth, Mogiliev, in your map at 18:53 has been mesmerizing. I'm very thankful, Sam.
I don’t know why I, as a German am so fascinated by the Jewish people, yet here I am
Why not...maybe you had a Jewish ancestor somewhere..does happen.
seems reasonable as so many Jews were German-speaking! My own Jewish ancestors spoke German in the Pale of Settlement.
Either A. You are secretly Jewish
B. Germany's own history around Jews
Well last time you guys were fascinated by the Jews didn't end so well haha
@@yrobtsvt Mine spoke German too.
I wonder if the Tsar's Cantonist system was inspired by the Ottoman's Sultan's Janissary system? Similar tactics, similar goals.
Yeah
Great video Sam! This is a part of Jewish history I was completely unfamiliar with.
The truth is that pre-revolutionary Russia is a subject that was largely closed off to historians, along with the necessary primary sources, due to the Cold War. They've been working their way backwards ever since, and the data from the period of this video still mostly hasn't been digitized yet.
Surprisingly, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has actually _accelerated_ the archival process as lots of people have come into the country, both to assist the war effort and to prevent the data from being lost forever. See Jarrett's recent video on archival efforts in Ukraine.
@@SamAronow can u pls post a link to his video
your content is fantastic! as an Odessa born, now Tel Avivian i really appreciate the nod to the historic link between two cities
16:45 good one, sam
Hey Sam, I can't overstate how much I appreciate this video as someone who's ancestors left the Russian Empire due to the persecution happening there. Also as far as I'm concerned the Pale of Settlement ominously resembled Apartheid, but switching out Orthodox Russians for Protestant Afrikaners.
But peasants that lived in the nearby villages were themselves serfs up to 1861 and were not in a better position, so the comparison is unjust.
@@fludjim2159 Russification was imposed against every group in the Empire, even the Russians themselves.
@@SamAronow What serfdom has to do with russification? In Poland it also existed, can you call it "polonisation"?
last time I was this early Napoleon still wondered who was the jewish pope
Great stuff man top notch work and love the drama of the scripts
Thank you for another interesting and informative episode
Your videos are a blessing
YES, they are ... and please don't stop creating them. That is one of 11 particular reasons why I want to convert to be Jewish so badly. I would rather make far more prayer blessings to be thankful for for what I have than what I want.
Another fantastic vid, Sam! Fascinating history! 👍
another great video,i feel like at least a bit of a large soft spot in my mediocre history knowledge has been filled when watching you,a soft spot i didn't even know i had.
So well done!! I teach history & will use this to enhance my class!
Great story as always, fun how many stories can be found in history.
It's at a point now where I'm surprised if Sam's newest episode doesn't blow my mind.
the breadth of knowledge and research is almost uncanny.
14:48 i find it interesting at Hasmonean times, Ashkelon was de facto independent city. It seems comparable with today Gaza. Both was the original members of pentapolis, both population was practised dominant culture around the jewish state at the times, and both was de facto independent city state.
Judea was never able to conquer Ashkelon. Only when it was awarded by Pompey in exchange for the cession of Scythopolis and parts of Perea did it become part of the Kingdom.
The "Gaza strip" is actually made up of many cities, like Han yunis and Dir Al balah. Gaza is just the biggest one.
The Tell aviv area in Israel is made up of even more cities, like Ramat gan or Holon. And the "Tel aviv air port" is not in Tel aviv.
In Europe or America, when many nearby towns grow into cities, the biggest one usually swallows the smaller ones as borrows or neighborhoods. For instance, Queens and Brooklyn where not always parts of New York. But for some reason that is less common in the middle east.
It's less common in the US than you'd think. New York is an unusual case. Many major US cities (San Francisco is the one I'm most familiar with) have _never_ expanded beyond their original boundaries, and other cities like Boston only rarely, very early on.
Before 1948, most of the hinterland around Gaza was inhabited by Arabs, although it is weird how Jews never realy gained sovereignty over the area of Gaza.
@@benjaminklass5118 ???? I guess you don't read a variety of source material.
Thank you for this video. It is really amazing. It shows a lot of parts of my family history. A family legend says that some ancestor was drafted for 25 years and I'm from Riga.
Thanks. A couple days ago, I saw a photo of my great-great-grandfather who was born shortly after the Crimean War and was one of the agriculturalists. Though I'd seen the photo a thousand times, for the first time I made the connection that he was wearing a Sephardic-style kippa, and therefore must have been a Maskil.
The world of this episode had been very alien to me- the UK by comparison seemed much more familiar, despite having only intellectual and not familial ancestry there. But realizing that he was a Maskil made it that much more grounded and real to me.
@@SamAronow The Maskilim wore Sephardic-style kippas ?
I only discovered this channel last night before going to work- the first one I watched was with Herzl and I figured the animated picture of a young man in the synagogue was a young beardless Herzl but then I watched a few more and started wondering why Herzl was in all the videos.. It took me longer to figure out than I care to admit but now the morning coffee finally did the trick!
Very good and nuanced videos!
The Jewish community of Helsinki was founded by cantonists.
How did Nicholas I get the throne? Look up “Decembrists”.
I was shocked to find a dearth of videos by my peers on the Decembrist Revolt. Otherwise I would have linked to it then and there.
@@SamAronow You meant "dearth of videos." Once the 'r' dies, so do the videos.
10:44 in modern hebrew, the word "khapper" (חאפר) means someone who does their job poorly (cut corners). understandable why the word got a negative connotation
my grandfather Marduch-Hirschel (Grigory Il'yich) Tsvibel, who was born in Bobruysk in 1907 and raised in Kiev orphanage in the years of the Civil War, once told my father: "Remember, all changes that occur in Russia are for the worse". He found a home with his family in Karelia.
Здравствуйте! Не ожидала в комментариях увидеть русского еврея. Хочу спросить: Ваша семья всё ещё живёт в Карелии? Просто интересно, есть ли там община и как там вообще евреи живут...
Now getting into why my ancestors moved from Russian-occupied Poland and Lithuania to settle in the UK... Hopefully the UK video is coming up next 🙃
Can't wait! UK is a fascinating spot for the development of the Jewish community. Some of my own great grandparents arrived in 1880 as unaccompanied 16-year-olds .....while others were already here in the 1850s.
By 1945 all of my family had already been here for two generations. Not all were Englishmen/women. My dad's side were Welsh!
As a Litvak this episode feels like we're finally getting to my entire family's backstory
My Jewish ancestors came to London from Ukraine at that time too
Part of my family is from Odessa, this video really made me understand better why they left and went to Brazil. It's really interesting to learn about Jewish history in a whole and how my family fits into it.
Man I love these maps
I'm a Norwegian Christian, I have no business being this invested in the history of jews, really. But Co gratulation, this series is absolutely amazing and I've been binging it over the last week or so! The quality and detail is great and following the history of the Jewish people so far is an interesting exercise in historiography for me, because it intersects wider world history at so many points. Keep the work up!
It is now time to learn of the hellhole my ancestors escaped.
Thank you for this video. Recently it came to light that my great great grandfather was probably a Cantonist. He came to the US from the Finnish city of Turku. According to the Jewish Heritage center there, the 200 some odd Jews living there were all retired Cantonists and their families.
Wow. It's crazy what people do to each other
sometimes I forget how Draconian the Romanov dynasty was
Pretty good but go easy on the early 2000s synth background music
Capt. Hertzel Tsam is my great great grandfather.
Thank you so much!
Thank you for getting to my heritage! And it was absolutely hilarious herring you completely butcher the Russian in the video.
It's mine too. In fact, last week I met someone at a party who seems to be my distant cousin, sharing ancestors around this time.
@@SamAronow and by the way it's not "cherta ocedlosti" it's "Cherta acedlasti" because Russian is very inconsistent with the actual verb sounds so "о" a lot of times replaced with "а" just so you know to help you pronounce.
@@yko_7313
So Russian is kind of like English where the vowels as written don't always match the vowels as spoken?
@@skaldlouiscyphre2453 yes
@@skaldlouiscyphre2453 i guess that's probably most languages
It wiuld be interesting to have a exposé about Finnish and Scandinavian Jews .
11:52 haha loved that part. Where can I read more about that?
More quality content
I read Leigh Bardugo based the conscription of Grisha into the Ravkan army on the Cantonist Decree.
16:45 hehe good one
Photographs! We've reached the time of photographs!
How many more episodes do you have planned for the series?
Kraut's video on the russian political system monglofication goes hand in hand with any episode on russian politics
2:00 that coat of arms looks familiar... Worshipful Company of Vintners?
You know that All-Rus idea is a funny one. I'm sure it'll never become relevant to any future issues......
You should make Top ten Jews of all time
@@ChevyChase301 2. Stan Lee
3. Albert Einstein
5. Bernie Sanders
5. Adam Sandler
6. Sam Aronow :D
My great-great-great grandpa was a Contanist.
Whats the background song when Russification summarized starts (06:13)?
0:24 what is that little teal city state near the tripoint of Prussia, Russia, and Austria?
It's The Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow with its Territory, or simply the Free City/Republic of Cracow (Kraków). Like the Kingdom of Poland, described in this video, it was created by the Congress of Vienna. It got absorbed into the Austrian Empire in 1846.
16:45 what city was flashed there for a frame? Is that tel aviv? I can't see the yarkon there, but even if it is, is tel aviv a lawless backwater of criminals and heretics?
It is indeed Tel Aviv. I wasn't familiar with any stereotypes about it as a "lawless backwater of criminals and heretics" before this video, but I saw another comment suggesting that that's a popular perception of the city common within Israel, so that explains it.
its really funny watching this after the modern history videos by historia civilis
The amound of background this gives on the eastern european movements post ww1 is unreal
Have you read "200 years together"?
I love these videos, I wish I could share them. I've referred to your video on Jesus' time quite a bit. Where would I learn more about Haliel and Jewish history from a non-insane place? Simon Schama?
Simon Schama's writing is surprisingly unhelpful. Look into Martin Gilbert maybe.
@@SamAronow So I looked, I'm not denying wwii history, is there a specific book not on amazon? Everything listed was Churchill & WW2. You're doing good stuff, I just want to know more. There's no Jewish center near me and honestly I'm afraid to google locations.
That's weird; Martin Gilbert has a whole bunch of Jewish history stuff out there. His WW2 books may be more popular, but I believe he's actually written more on Jewish history overall.
Also for future reference, I googled his name intending to go to his Wikipedia pages. Often, the Wikipedia article for notable authors will include a listing of books that they've written and contributed to, usually with ISBN and LOC numbers that you can use to cast a wider net.
Can you do one on the Geiger titkin affair?
question, what about the Jews of Krakow? since apparently they were in an independent rump state I'd assume they went a diffrent path than the Russian jews
Their situation was effectively the same as in Austria: no citizenship, but no ghettos or identifying clothing or anything like that.
The Jewish communities of Siberia are very interesting. In the initial settling, they were allowed to marry local Siberian women, but only if the women converted to their religion. Which means they gained more Jews. It also means a lot of descendants of Siberian Jews are some Mongol descent
This seems to be around the time my ancestors started fleeing the pale
God bless Rebbe Schneerson.
What is THIS a reference to, in 16:44 ?
Its a map of Tel Aviv lmao.
24:55 autonomous oblast foreshadowing??
"I dissolved the Qahal, where the Hell are all of these Socialists coming from?"
A note on how to pronounce Pavel Kiselyov's surname. The first two syllables are 'key' (metallic thing) and 'see' (verb). For the third one, it seems that English doesn't actually have a similar syllable (😵), so the best thing is to take the first syllabe from 'yoke' (the 'yo' part) and stick the 'l' before and 'v' after it, to form 'l-yo-v'. In the current recording, you seem to reverse the order of some of the letters and say the name as 'kiss-lay-love' 😵
Kee-see-lyov with the 'y' being a consonant y/j?
@@skaldlouiscyphre2453 Киселёв, I really see no problem here. Just read, as it is spelled!
@@dmitrygaltsin2314 I tend to mangle words (English or otherwise) so it's always useful to ask if I'm close.
7:19 sounds like Putin today
Hello from Russia🕎
2:24
didn't the Pale include southern half of Latvia?
Courland, like Congress Poland and later the Caucasus, was its own separate carve-out with different rules.
@@SamAronow i see
Was the same applied to Estland and Ingermanland?
No, because Jews hadn't been living in those places.
This map reminded me that crimea used to be ottoman; that taliban attack in Russia … feels similar to what Russia is doing to Ukraine but what would I know just a girl watching old masters fight over old land
16:45 what is that Tel Aviv
Yeah
What happened, I was
listening to Jewish radio and they were talking about Israel and I got so worked up I lost control of my car.
Engagement!
So Russia always made their neighbors nervous? Russian jew here grandfather came here in 1905, Russia's loss!
25 yrs of service!? Yikes!🥺🥶
i like how you don't bite into the Russian propaganda that is the "Moldovan ethnic identity". it is quite peculiar how in 1859 the most famous proponents for a united state with the "fellow Romanians in the south"(Wallachia) were Moldavians(Cuza and Kogalniceanu for example) but only those in the territories annexed by Russia(like Transnistria and Bessarabia) view themselves as "unique". and only the elderly that were forced to live in USSR.
0:22 shouldnt it be bat Yitzhak?
I'm an idiot.
@@SamAronow Mistakes happen, that´s just human
I hope you will speak about Jewish representation in Russian marxist movements and overwhelming role in the revolution. I've always been confused and fascinated by Jewish attraction and inclination towards Socialism.
Socialist principles of internationalism and social justice tend to be attractive to oppressed populations, and when you pair this with the fact that many Jews in the Russian Empire were literate and politically interested, it makes sense that they would embrace socialism at high rates! Unfortunately for the Jews of the Russian Empire, not all socialists held to those internationalist principles, and under Stalin the very multiculturalist policies of Lenin were reversed in favor of a return to the exact kind of ethnic Russian chauvinism seen before the revolution (despite Stalin being an ethnic minority himself, he was very much an assimilationist Russian nationalist). But prior to the rise of Stalin, they'd have little reason to expect such a thing - the way Socialists wrote about national minorities overwhelmingly tended to be in favor of self determination, in sharp contrast to the existing policies of the Tsars, so it's easy to see why they would expect things to improve for Jews and other minorities under Socialist governance.
16:45 ahahahahhahahahahahaha
This video feels terribly relevant right now, unfortunately.
16:45 איפה שהרבנים צודקים, הרבנים צודקים
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