Neuroanatomy: The Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF

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  • čas přidán 19. 02. 2016
  • For more information : neuromatiq.net
    For the specific article about the Cerebrospinal Fluid : neuromatiq.net/en/chapters/2-a...
    Please : Like, comment, share, subscribe, comment on the web specific page, and you can contribute by either correcting the missing English translations, or translate some articles to a language you master, I can make videos with your sound recordings for the language you master and credit you for that :).
    The cerebrospinal fluid or CSF is the liquid that bathes the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord).
    The CSF ensures:
    - The protection of the central nervous system against mechanical shocks and vibrations.
    - it plays an important role in the regulation of intracranial pressure.
    - It participates in the cerebral metabolic processes by regulating the exchange of substances. and, provides many other functions as well.
    The CSF circulates in two different compartments:
    - The first is the inner brain ependymal cavities or ventricles,
    - the second is the compartment surrounding the central nervous system, it corresponds to the sub-arachnoid space.
    The CSF is secreted by the choroid plexus: clusters of capillary blood vessels located in the ventricular system.
    The ventricular system consists of four ventricles connected by many channels.
    It is connected to the central canal of the spinal cord.
    There are two lateral ventricles, occupying the center of the cerebral hemispheres. Both are connected to the third ventricle at the center of the diencephalon by the foramina of Monro.
    The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle in the brainstem by the aqueduct of Sylvius.
    The CSF will leave the fourth ventricle through the foramen of Magendie to fill the sub-arachnoid space between the pia mater and the arachnoid.
    The CSF is then absorbed at the top of the skull by the arachnoid granulations of Pakioni.

Komentáře • 240

  • @laneg.7423
    @laneg.7423 Před 3 lety +47

    I feel like someday this model will become an inspiration for a new legendary Pokemon.

  • @mikabellstarfall7584
    @mikabellstarfall7584 Před 2 lety +41

    Oh- So that was in the wine I drank.

    • @Gaurav-hi8wt
      @Gaurav-hi8wt Před 2 lety +8

      🤣was it somehow related to zeke

    • @mikabellstarfall7584
      @mikabellstarfall7584 Před 2 lety +6

      @@Gaurav-hi8wt A nice guy with blonde hair, a beard and glasses gave it to me, said it was a free sample.

    • @haggardnobody2183
      @haggardnobody2183 Před 2 lety

      I don't get it

    • @amonke6052
      @amonke6052 Před 2 lety +3

      If you watch attack on titan you might understand it I'm not gonna explain it because I'm not spoiling it

  • @hbhossam
    @hbhossam Před 3 lety +7

    what can I say, that is really amazing, This is the best ever illustration of anatomy, thank you so much.

  • @ggonsg
    @ggonsg Před 8 lety +8

    Thank you, thank you, thank you for helping me have a better understanding of Cerebrospinal Fluid. Much appreciated!!!!

  • @saiko.
    @saiko. Před 3 lety +14

    “Now you’ve done it Zeke”

  • @virgiepanda
    @virgiepanda Před 2 lety +2

    Thank you for the video, it is very helpful to understand the flow of CSF and it is beautifully made.

  • @gabrielgandarilla6936
    @gabrielgandarilla6936 Před 6 lety +4

    Thank you. I appreciate your videos, easy to comprehend :-)

  • @3star1alazaro85
    @3star1alazaro85 Před 8 lety +2

    All your videos are awesome! Thank you very much ! Good to have English version of your whole anatomy work....!

  • @THEPRINCESSAMAZING
    @THEPRINCESSAMAZING Před 5 lety +4

    Beautifully done!

  • @pika__tchou6575
    @pika__tchou6575 Před 4 lety

    Waw ..big thank you from an Algerian sister ..this is beyond great !!

  • @festoamudavi5387
    @festoamudavi5387 Před 3 lety

    Now this the summation I have been waiting.

  • @PauloRLustosa
    @PauloRLustosa Před 3 lety

    Excelente vídeo. Muito obrigado. Parabéns.

  • @lakshmi-jn3hk
    @lakshmi-jn3hk Před 6 lety +1

    Excellent video.. it made concept clear

  • @zooka85
    @zooka85 Před 4 lety +1

    Thanks, from a TBI patient from Egypt.

  • @salam7905
    @salam7905 Před 3 lety

    thank you so much for the illustration ^-^

  • @ricardsiagian4352
    @ricardsiagian4352 Před 7 lety

    OK. I have question, Does subarachnoid also goes around SCN? If it does, Does CSF have a direct physical contact with VLPO or does it blocked by BBB?

  • @BlaackAnchor
    @BlaackAnchor Před 6 lety +6

    You didnt mention the foramen of Luschka, in the 4th ventricle, that also drains CSF....

  • @07rakib9
    @07rakib9 Před rokem +1

    Thanks for uploading this video

  • @edwinvilcapajares1975
    @edwinvilcapajares1975 Před 7 lety

    Excellent video

  • @sushmithaga9212
    @sushmithaga9212 Před 7 lety

    veryyy nyc vedio,,,,,made me understand the concept

  • @OneBalance
    @OneBalance Před 8 lety +2

    A great help!

  • @Jasmine-ll8qu
    @Jasmine-ll8qu Před rokem

    Wow!!! THANK YOU SO MUCH

  • @ninjabird7121
    @ninjabird7121 Před 9 měsíci

    Is the CSF in the spinal cord central canal is the same as choroid plexus one or it differs 🧐

  • @Aalsaeed92
    @Aalsaeed92 Před 7 lety

    very helpful thank you!

  • @realreels889
    @realreels889 Před 8 lety +2

    good video! thank you

  • @medicoholics3326
    @medicoholics3326 Před 2 lety +1

    Very Osm video sir Everything is clear Thank you so much for this 😌☺️ Keep it up & I request u to publish more videos related to human body Once again Thank you so much ❤️✨

  • @shivanikushwaha993
    @shivanikushwaha993 Před 3 lety

    Nice explained sirji

  • @yogayantra
    @yogayantra Před 5 lety

    Thanks a lot.

  • @noune8728
    @noune8728 Před 4 lety +1

    that's great, thank you.

  • @safazenbagh2741
    @safazenbagh2741 Před 3 lety +3

    Trust me it's damm useful... especially day before exams

  • @blackbeltendcrinology
    @blackbeltendcrinology Před 4 lety

    Thank you!

  • @munmunbora802
    @munmunbora802 Před 3 lety +1

    Awesome!!!

  • @bamps2846
    @bamps2846 Před rokem

    Saved my life

  • @tdn9426
    @tdn9426 Před 2 lety +7

    Zeke Yeager's CSF is kinda special

  • @whitegraymatters6654
    @whitegraymatters6654 Před 5 lety +1

    Nice video, could you tell me where you got the music from?

  • @reynalindstrom2496
    @reynalindstrom2496 Před rokem +1

    Thank you! Love from Sweden 💛💙😍

  • @asmaawasel7764
    @asmaawasel7764 Před 3 lety +2

    Amazing🌹

  • @molaa9163
    @molaa9163 Před 5 lety +2

    Very good

  • @tariqkahn8114
    @tariqkahn8114 Před 4 lety +1

    Very nice animation sir

  • @sanjanachowdhary9738
    @sanjanachowdhary9738 Před 6 lety +4

    Wow nice sir

  • @user-qx8te8wo9y
    @user-qx8te8wo9y Před 4 lety

    Thank you

  • @hossamyasser8651
    @hossamyasser8651 Před rokem

    Thank you.

  • @drkhalidmdshakharob2038
    @drkhalidmdshakharob2038 Před 3 lety +1

    Thank u.But where is foramen of luscha?

  • @yezzira1013
    @yezzira1013 Před 3 lety +8

    This is why ancients drew the pineal gland all over the walls. Because CSF flows thru it, triggering DMT

    • @Michael_Jackson187
      @Michael_Jackson187 Před rokem

      Nah its all cap

    • @BIGMONEYMEDIA
      @BIGMONEYMEDIA Před rokem

      @@Michael_Jackson187 is it?

    • @Michael_Jackson187
      @Michael_Jackson187 Před rokem

      @@BIGMONEYMEDIA Yea there is a scientific reason for all of this, and there is nothing that you will do that will turn it off. And there is also nothing spectacular about it lol go figure.

    • @BIGMONEYMEDIA
      @BIGMONEYMEDIA Před rokem

      @@Michael_Jackson187 What's the scientific reason? I see you commenting against this on diff comments so did you try it? I think if you are white it will do nothing but with activated melanin and a black pineal gland it might differ

  • @akashsarjerao
    @akashsarjerao Před 7 lety +2

    nice video

  • @user-gs7eo5dq1g
    @user-gs7eo5dq1g Před 5 lety

    السلام عليكم
    تعرف حدا بالاردن بعالج من تسرب السائل النخاعي

  • @jennifershelley805
    @jennifershelley805 Před 3 lety

    this is so cool.

  • @bigu236
    @bigu236 Před 8 lety +2

    thank you!

  • @nusratsajad4392
    @nusratsajad4392 Před 4 lety

    My baby girl's MRI shows cfs isointensity involving lentiform and hippocampus region . Plz tell me what it shows can it be cured? I'm so much tensed

    • @laneg.7423
      @laneg.7423 Před 3 lety

      I'm sorry If no one can answer your question, I feel your worry as a parent. But with my understanding, iso-intensity of the CSF is not a normal finding, still depends on the history of the patient.

  • @user-uw7ms4tt2m
    @user-uw7ms4tt2m Před 2 lety +2

    The CSF is located at:
    1. Epidural space
    2. Pia mater
    3. Subarachnoid space
    4. Subdural space
    Is it 3 maybe ?

  • @ZAHIRABENCHOHRA
    @ZAHIRABENCHOHRA Před rokem +1

    العلم و الايمان ***سبحان الله الخالق العظيم و جعل لكم في انفسكم اية و في الافاق لعلكم تفقهون

  • @khadema8
    @khadema8 Před rokem

    JazakAllah

  • @k2nggamerz734
    @k2nggamerz734 Před 2 lety +5

    Very helpful but background music take much time of video

  • @ss-xv9bl
    @ss-xv9bl Před 4 lety

    I have a question.. which forms the choroid plexus

  • @FriedPotatoesForLife
    @FriedPotatoesForLife Před rokem +1

    The person reading my comment pls educate me if you know,
    My medical history are none except 2021-2022 I had ear nerve infection from the use of Bluetooth headphones and the first one got cured after I took antibiotics and my symptoms were as if a worm was crawling on the side of my ears underneath my skin, like a cold icy sensation or electric I thought I had myiasis and the second one I took different medication it didn’t work this time, the sensation is almost gone but it’s still there now it’s been months and I haven’t gone for recheck.
    Now the main question I wanna ask is
    so recently I’ve been getting headaches whenever I play for long hours and neck and back pains my posture is bad and I don’t know if I’m having a CSF leak
    1. because of headache from using phone and bad posture
    2. Because of a tapeworm cyst in my brain? I don’t get diarrhoea but these recent headaches and like a weird sensation like water trickles or same sensation as when I had the ear nerve infection before...
    We have 4 dogs at home and 1 dog got cured from worms , one (the mom)still has something which is a suspicion because something like a worm but not tapeworm came out and my mom saw tapeworms in the mother dog...
    Please whenever I get headaches because of overthinking my anxiety becomes high and every time I think it’s some kind of parasitic infection

    • @WhirledPublishing
      @WhirledPublishing Před rokem +1

      Bluetooth, VR googles, cell phones ... you can use all that if destroying your life is acceptable to you.

    • @whatevvvv
      @whatevvvv Před rokem +3

      This is called neuralgia

    • @tabak_yt8947
      @tabak_yt8947 Před rokem +2

      Just get checked.

    • @FriedPotatoesForLife
      @FriedPotatoesForLife Před rokem

      @@tabak_yt8947 it’s gone bro, I learnt how to play with a good posture and also exercising helps 😄

    • @FriedPotatoesForLife
      @FriedPotatoesForLife Před rokem

      @@whatevvvv I googled it, maybe I have some nerve issues but no pain whatsoever, it’s just the sensation that feels like a worm wiggling.

  • @Gloria13134
    @Gloria13134 Před rokem

    Is this Video about Cronic fatic Syndrom?
    CFS?
    I need this in German language

  • @TheEDNC
    @TheEDNC Před 5 měsíci

    CSF flow dynamics are interrupted and even halted when Adhesive Arachnoiditis is present. Studies are necessary to analyze the effects of restoring CSF in these patients.

  • @hasanbassari7364
    @hasanbassari7364 Před 3 lety +7

    what happens if you drink it

  • @TheMoustafa1
    @TheMoustafa1 Před rokem +4

    سبحان اللّٰه الخالق العظيم لا شريك له.

  • @Promises101
    @Promises101 Před rokem

    C 6. 7 c of spinal cord onjusrys center

  • @rahulrajdamor2864
    @rahulrajdamor2864 Před 7 lety

    nyc video

  • @kcmouarealtor4142
    @kcmouarealtor4142 Před 3 lety +2

    great animation! can you speed up the video though?

    • @scott9717
      @scott9717 Před 3 lety +2

      You can speed it up using the settings tool in the bottom right corner

    • @Utopian22
      @Utopian22 Před 3 lety +3

      Yes they’ll delete this and edit it just for your liking

    • @JA3dwards
      @JA3dwards Před 3 lety

      @@Utopian22 Haha love this comment

  • @Man_Aashiqe_sarmastam
    @Man_Aashiqe_sarmastam Před 3 lety +4

    IT WAS AWESOME, BUT music was so disturbing!!

  • @TranceReligion
    @TranceReligion Před 3 lety +2

    Occasionally when I move around while laying down, I can hear my csf hitting the spine walls, as if sand is going down the pvc pipe. I Feel no pain or discomfort, I've had this for as long as I can remember. Anyone else experience this?

    • @bsfmdykrusgftjtGr52
      @bsfmdykrusgftjtGr52 Před 3 lety

      I think there is pressure in your CSF the reason is maybe working hard or being so nervous

    • @JA3dwards
      @JA3dwards Před 3 lety

      I am not going to post my credentials on YT but trust me, that has nothing to do with your CSF. CSF can't be "heard". This is more likely simple "joint popping" that occurs in all joints (the cause of which is not clear, but may be sudden collapse of nitrogen bubbles), in your vertebral joints, which is harmless if painless

    • @JA3dwards
      @JA3dwards Před 3 lety

      @@bsfmdykrusgftjtGr52 Furthermore, CSF pressure cannot be increased by working hard or being nervous, though certainly this can have mental health effects

    • @vonabod4259
      @vonabod4259 Před 3 lety

      When I am tired over the week and then get a to much sleep at Saturday noon, I can hear it when it goes up my neck..

    • @citizenm6568
      @citizenm6568 Před 3 lety

      Yes I had that condition where it felt like water moving on the left side of my head. I had it for a week following a vertigo of 3 days in bed and fatigue for 10 days if not more. It then healed on its own with the help of vertigo medicine. After 3 months I’m getting that same sensation again which always starts with tightness of fore head and a crawling sensation only on left side of my head 1 inch above my ear.

  • @jamesalipio1631
    @jamesalipio1631 Před 5 lety +3

    where's luschka

  • @84sounakmajumdar45
    @84sounakmajumdar45 Před 3 lety

    Bgm is awesome

  • @Promises101
    @Promises101 Před rokem

    Numbness fatigue in shoulders and up arm

  • @ericchandler8734
    @ericchandler8734 Před 6 lety +6

    Thanks for the video it shows me 1st Corinthians 3:16 is true...

  • @arsenalprime6933
    @arsenalprime6933 Před 2 lety +5

    I like how everyone here is talking about Attack on Titan lol

  • @happymomchristina8211
    @happymomchristina8211 Před 6 lety

    The best and the easiest..

  • @NYCeesFinest
    @NYCeesFinest Před 3 lety +4

    3:57 THE EYE OF HORUS

  • @inspirehealthandhope8612

    Woah, eye of horus? check out 4:22

    • @ScribblebytesWorldwide
      @ScribblebytesWorldwide Před rokem +1

      Exactly! How did the Africans know?

    • @BIGMONEYMEDIA
      @BIGMONEYMEDIA Před rokem

      @@ScribblebytesWorldwide The creators of brain surgery and all sciences and math for that matter.

  • @faisalazam358
    @faisalazam358 Před 2 lety +2

    No mention of foramina of lushka

  • @arpitporwal4233
    @arpitporwal4233 Před 7 lety

    amazingggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg.

  • @maryamalbatol8580
    @maryamalbatol8580 Před 5 lety +2

    جميل جدا ...

  • @vaibhavmittal6961
    @vaibhavmittal6961 Před 3 lety +4

    I felt like a ROBOT while watching this

  • @arpanajohn7797
    @arpanajohn7797 Před 5 lety +1

    Ok I have a question.What happens to csf in the central canal? Where does it gets absorbed?

    • @medbenmedben
      @medbenmedben  Před 5 lety

      There is none there. It's just a vestigial remnant of the embryonic development.

    • @samiyahfarah8827
      @samiyahfarah8827 Před 4 lety

      no one knows, my anatomy teacher couldnt answer this

    • @Alexandra-sd4yy
      @Alexandra-sd4yy Před 4 lety

      @@samiyahfarah8827 ok, but what is in it, there has to be something to feed the ependimal cells..?

    • @mousumisarkar1361
      @mousumisarkar1361 Před 4 lety +1

      arpana john according to my knowledge, the csf of central canal goes back to the cisterns of brain and then by circulation it is absorbed ultimately by superior sagittal sinus..

    • @user-sf1id2br7i
      @user-sf1id2br7i Před 3 lety

      It dosent...it simply goes bk down the spinal cord passing ch6 and ch7 venticulars before going down your ass and out the other side

  • @AntonyChakiat
    @AntonyChakiat Před 4 lety +3

    Why does he sound like Maximillian Mus

  • @sprig6043
    @sprig6043 Před rokem +1

    Can't find anywhere that refers to CSF as Christos

    • @WhirledPublishing
      @WhirledPublishing Před rokem

      There's a book about it - look under the book section.

    • @daveandersen3227
      @daveandersen3227 Před rokem +2

      It took a while to figure this out.. but that is why it is a secret. This refers to bathing your brain with nutrients by inversion. Google Jim Carrey 33 vertebrae. I can run like a grasshopper and my attitude has improved. It really has changed my life. I do this 2x per day. And there are tricks to this practice. I have gained Height as a benefit. I will give you a hint.. your spine is a spring the foramen are meant to be open. Unless you subluxate daily or see chiropractic two to three times per week most likely your spine/spring is like a set of teeth that have never been brushed. Also you cannot get this brainwashing sitting Indian style squeezing and puckering yourself... Trust me it's like Arnold Schwarzenegger telling you to have a gallon of ice cream before your contest. They will not tell you the truth. I did find one video that describes the process of inversion and yoga benefits. Also you must break into this with baby steps otherwise you will get a disconnection. Rather you will pull muscles. This has happened twice when I have tried to force subluxation. So you want to take it easy only a few minutes at a time. Another hint you will be discouraged and you may feel nothing is happening. Do not give up. Everyone gains benefit. Your spine will stretch. You will be bathed in nutrients provided you are eating properly. Caffeine and being tense inhibits subluxation.

    • @BIGMONEYMEDIA
      @BIGMONEYMEDIA Před rokem

      @@daveandersen3227 You can run like a grasshopper and your attitude is improved? Bro I can do those without doing that, is that it?

    • @daveandersen3227
      @daveandersen3227 Před rokem

      @@BIGMONEYMEDIAIf you are satisfied where you're at it's all good 👍. Your mind might change with age. I'll throw one more your way.. how long do shocks last on a car before you have to replace them? Spine is no different, you only get so much use out of it. Without daily chiro you are shrinking. It's that simple.

    • @BIGMONEYMEDIA
      @BIGMONEYMEDIA Před rokem

      @@daveandersen3227 I'm satisfied and thankful but have no problem evolving. Ppl go to the chiropractor but don't gain special abilities or eternal life through it so I'm wondering what benefits you got from this, no unlocked knowledge or new brain cells? Are you white?

  • @aminsquad5984
    @aminsquad5984 Před 6 lety

    ahannn excellent

  • @Promises101
    @Promises101 Před rokem

    Blurred vision
    Burning masses missle cramping pain up back of neck up onto base of the back of the scull muscle spasms on throat head aches

  • @kelvinmcderry8798
    @kelvinmcderry8798 Před 3 lety

    Yay, 7mins late. Still happy

  • @sabkaBaap007
    @sabkaBaap007 Před rokem +4

    This bgm is causing weird feeling in me

  • @rafiqmuhammad5367
    @rafiqmuhammad5367 Před 3 lety +1

    missed foramina of luschka but remaining was
    awesome

    • @alfredorivero5182
      @alfredorivero5182 Před 3 lety

      Is the same as foramen of Magendie, I think

    • @rafiqmuhammad5367
      @rafiqmuhammad5367 Před 3 lety +1

      @@alfredorivero5182 function is same but are different foramen

    • @meeshivmedicaleducation
      @meeshivmedicaleducation Před 3 lety +1

      czcams.com/video/ToGwyvDWwlc/video.html

    • @freindsofspi2857
      @freindsofspi2857 Před 3 lety +1

      Foramen lushcha are 2 I numbers on lateral sides of fourth ventricle.they also transfer csf from fourth ventricle to Subarachnoid space

    • @rafiqmuhammad5367
      @rafiqmuhammad5367 Před 3 lety

      @@freindsofspi2857 yes

  • @lakissawright505
    @lakissawright505 Před 6 lety +4

    Help me

  • @robproductions2599
    @robproductions2599 Před rokem

    I need to know how does this even relate to attack on Titan

  • @SvenAERTS
    @SvenAERTS Před 4 lety +2

    youtube: rinsing of the brain during NREM sleep "Blood flows out and cerebrospinal fluid flows into the sleeping brain | Science News"

  • @PERLATEJEDA
    @PERLATEJEDA Před 7 měsíci

    yes I Am Allen .
    😍

  • @bsfmdykrusgftjtGr52
    @bsfmdykrusgftjtGr52 Před 3 lety

    I have pain in my CSF what do u advice me

    • @RG-ri4qd
      @RG-ri4qd Před 3 lety +4

      get some help

    • @bsfmdykrusgftjtGr52
      @bsfmdykrusgftjtGr52 Před 3 lety

      @@RG-ri4qd 🙃 thanks for advice

    • @mv8908
      @mv8908 Před 2 lety

      Prolotherapy if it's due to upper cervical instability

  • @ScribblebytesWorldwide
    @ScribblebytesWorldwide Před rokem +3

    Hellllooooo! Egypt anyone? Africa anyone?

  • @samstapes7471
    @samstapes7471 Před 3 lety +1

    awesome videos but i honestly get really confused with the names, rather read the correct scientific names rather than "the founders" names its so ridiculous

  • @kiara_kb8214
    @kiara_kb8214 Před 3 lety +1

    Snk i'm here cuz of you

  • @jeffersonawah5929
    @jeffersonawah5929 Před 4 lety +2

    Good video but it’s too slow

    •  Před 4 lety

      Change playback speed.

  • @chandrakalachan6592
    @chandrakalachan6592 Před rokem +2

    Super Sonic!!!!

  • @ZAHIRABENCHOHRA
    @ZAHIRABENCHOHRA Před rokem +1

    سبحانك ربي ماخلقت هذا باطلا فقنا عذاب النار

  • @omprakashsaini2395
    @omprakashsaini2395 Před 2 lety +1

    SIR HINDI ME BHI BANAYA KARO

  • @drrajendrasheregarrajendra3463

    Significance of cerebrospinal fluid encapsulating neuron current absorption relaying current thro spinal chord Earthing Medical Science beyond existing generation Medical Science at institute of medicos Open Google Doc Rajendra sheregar And see images videos litreture medical science institution

  • @drrajendrasheregarrajendra3463

    Cerebrospinal fluid earthing process physciology Current neutralise activities open Google Doc Rajendra sheregar And see images videos litreture medical science institution

  • @Promises101
    @Promises101 Před rokem

    1227

  • @sadeensada9107
    @sadeensada9107 Před 3 lety +59

    Admit it you’re here because all of the theories around attack on titan

    • @Ineednewfridge
      @Ineednewfridge Před 3 lety +3

      no, A&P exam but now I'm intrigued...

    • @sunhee693
      @sunhee693 Před 3 lety +3

      What Is Attack On Tritan?

    • @sauce8770
      @sauce8770 Před 3 lety +4

      @@sunhee693 Attack on Titan is anime. It’s really good definitely check it out.

    • @Damien-qv3fi
      @Damien-qv3fi Před rokem +5

      actually no. Here on spiritual purposes lol

    • @Damien-qv3fi
      @Damien-qv3fi Před rokem

      Even though, i have in fact watched it. Only gotten to s1 tho