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This integral breaks math

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  • čas přidán 11. 12. 2023
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Komentáře • 51

  • @evankassof9773
    @evankassof9773 Před 8 měsíci +87

    "I would say that's real progress, but now to make some complex progress..." is a genuinely great joke. Your videos are awesome!

  • @waddy1057
    @waddy1057 Před 8 měsíci +37

    You can just say it is 2pi straight away by the complex mean value theorem (the contour integral one)
    Edit: 2*pi*f(a) = int f(a + e^ix) where the integral runs from 0 to 2*pi. Which can be proved from Cauchys theorem

  • @nicolastorres147
    @nicolastorres147 Před 8 měsíci +19

    The fact that this crazy complex integral evaluated to tau 🤯

  • @ahsgdf1
    @ahsgdf1 Před 8 měsíci +4

    Great problem, great solution. But mine is simpler in that it does not require the reflexion formula. Let e^(i x) -> z, dx-> -i dz/z, then the integral becomes I = - i Int{|z|=1}(1/z 1/Gamma(1-z)dz). Since 1/Gamma(1-z) has no singularity for |z|0) = 2 pi*1 = 2 pi qed. Summary: the Gamma function effectively drops out of the integrand.

  • @theelk801
    @theelk801 Před 8 měsíci +10

    did you even need to do the manipulations at the start before doing the sub? you could just start with the sub and have the contour integral of 1/(iz Γ(1-z)) and then from there the residue is super easy to compute since the gamma function has no zeros

    • @maths_505
      @maths_505  Před 8 měsíci +6

      Well now that you mention it .....I guess not. But do you really expect me to miss out on a chance to apply the reflection formula?😂

    • @theelk801
      @theelk801 Před 8 měsíci +3

      oh I get it, but I still have to clock in for my job as the residue guy

    • @maths_505
      @maths_505  Před 8 měsíci +2

      @@theelk801 and you do an excellent job indeed.

  • @prosimion
    @prosimion Před 21 dnem

    can you show a simple base change differential for this statement/integral.
    I'm not a mathematician so it's a bit of a task to work it out.
    thank you none the less

  • @user-xw6ky8ob4l
    @user-xw6ky8ob4l Před 8 měsíci +2

    By letting Gamma(1-e^ix) =u and integrating the given integral we still arrive at 2 pi in one go?

  • @GreenMeansGOF
    @GreenMeansGOF Před 8 měsíci +2

    You can replace the upper limit of integration by the whole integral lol

  • @Trimza42
    @Trimza42 Před 8 měsíci +4

    Hey @Maths 505, awesome integral! I was wondering what software you use as a blackboard? I am hoping to get into tutoring soon but the software I'm currently using is trash.

  • @MyphysicsMaster0337
    @MyphysicsMaster0337 Před 8 měsíci +1

    I'm very thankful for making these videos by spending your time and energy Sir

  • @Jacob.Peyser
    @Jacob.Peyser Před 8 měsíci +12

    Liouville's Theorem would simply decimate this integral...

    • @fuckayo-ti1fj
      @fuckayo-ti1fj Před 8 měsíci +1

      What is it?

    • @amritlohia8240
      @amritlohia8240 Před 5 měsíci +1

      @@fuckayo-ti1fj Liouville's theorem says that all bounded holomorphic functions are constant ... but that doesn't seem to be relevant here. Instead, the most relevant theorem is Gauss's mean value theorem, which says that int_{0}^{2*pi}f(a+e^(ix)) dx = 2*pi*f(a) for all holomorphic functions f.

  • @TMH2007
    @TMH2007 Před 8 měsíci +1

    The best video you uploaded till date!(I guess)

  • @kucckumelon2837
    @kucckumelon2837 Před 8 měsíci

    My eyes are opened master. Thank you for this integral

  • @AliAkl-un2ys
    @AliAkl-un2ys Před 8 měsíci +1

    Nice ,poles of gamma function

  • @roeelazar
    @roeelazar Před 8 měsíci

    Wow! One of the finest integrals in this channel

  • @HaliPuppeh
    @HaliPuppeh Před 8 měsíci +1

    OMG dude, I LOST it at "The first thing we should notice about this integral is.. WHAT THE HELL!?!?!?". I'm laughing so hard I can't see.

  • @manstuckinabox3679
    @manstuckinabox3679 Před 8 měsíci

    Hey! it's a problem that's Not from gamelin's book! That was something new, nice!

  • @shelumieldilen
    @shelumieldilen Před 8 měsíci

    Wow. Amazing integral.

  • @CommanderdMtllca
    @CommanderdMtllca Před 7 měsíci

    @6:00 where did the extra z in the numerator come from?

    • @NaradaFox
      @NaradaFox Před 6 měsíci

      Consider this formula for calculating residues: RES z->z_0(f(z)) = lim z->z_0 {(z - z_0)•f(z))}, where z_0 is the singularity of f(z). In this case, f(z) = 1/z • G(z)sin(πz) innit has a singularity(pole) at z = 0, substitute that into the limit; lim z->0 {(z - 0)•1/z • G(z)sin(πz)} = lim z->0 {z • 1/z • G(z)sin(πz)} = lim z->0 {G(z + 1)sin(πz)/z} = lim z->0 {G(z + 1)} • lim z->0 sin(πz)/z = 1 • π•lim z->0 {sin(πz)/πz} = 1 • π = π. So that's why there's a new z from the numerator, by the formula itself

  • @illumexhisoka6181
    @illumexhisoka6181 Před 8 měsíci

    I realized something
    (Maybe a shortcut)
    if we continue with a substitution and put the limits of integration
    it will be the integral from 1 to 1
    so for a second it will look like the value of the integral is zero
    (and I am not sure why it's not)
    but since e^(ix)
    Is 2π periodic
    2π also do the same effect as 0
    Actually any number in the form 2kπ will do
    (When k is an integer)
    so the value of the integral
    "must"(I feel like)
    Be in the form of 2kπ
    is there a way to proof that k have to be 1 to give the value of the integral
    (I am illumi x hisoka account but I changed my picture and name please tell me if you recognize my account)

    • @maths_505
      @maths_505  Před 8 měsíci

      No bro that's not how it works. The problem is essentially 2 dimensional: we're integrating along a curve in the complex plane so just substituting the endpoints of the interval doesn't make sense.

    • @illumexhisoka6181
      @illumexhisoka6181 Před 8 měsíci

      @@maths_505 I whenever I see a complex numbers in a integral problem I never think that it's special
      I will just treat it like any other number
      (Of course using it's propties and Euler formula)
      Never thought about it graphicly

  • @herbertdiazmoraga7258
    @herbertdiazmoraga7258 Před 8 měsíci

    without a doubt, this is one of the best videos of the channel!

  • @MrWael1970
    @MrWael1970 Před 8 měsíci

    Amazing result. What about when we integrate over real domain? Thanks.

    • @maths_505
      @maths_505  Před 8 měsíci +2

      I haven't found a solution using purely real techniques. Hopefully I find one sometime.

  • @nerden1549
    @nerden1549 Před 8 měsíci

    1:30 I already discovered that in desmos, but can someone explain me quickly how can you prove that equation is true?

    • @maths_505
      @maths_505  Před 8 měsíci

      I proved the reflection formula in a separate video:
      czcams.com/video/5VE5kJUJFE0/video.html

    • @nerden1549
      @nerden1549 Před 8 měsíci

      @@maths_505 ok thank you

  • @lmaorofl3229
    @lmaorofl3229 Před 8 měsíci +1

    that is really cool

  • @mikeoffthebox
    @mikeoffthebox Před 8 měsíci

    Very enjoyable!

  • @angusclark6170
    @angusclark6170 Před 8 měsíci +1

    How does the z = e^ix sub work? I've seen something similar before where I had to make a similar substitution but I just tried to transform the limits of the integral to give me an integral from 0 to 0 of a function (which was setting off alarms in my head but i didn't know what to do) so i just said the integral evaluated to 0. this thing of turning the integral into a contour integral does make sense because the interval of integration does become a circle, but is there anything to it? any specific justification of why we can turn it into a contour integral, is that something you can always do if you path of integration happens to form a closed loop?

    • @maths_505
      @maths_505  Před 8 měsíci +1

      In Phineas voice:
      Yes, yes it is.
      The function e^(ix) traces out a circle for x going from 0 to 2pi. So the substitution will always yield a contour integral over the unit circle. If you're still confused about it, check out my video on the complex exponential function in the complex analysis lectures playlist.

  • @yoav613
    @yoav613 Před 8 měsíci

    Thanks for this nice integral!,you are doing a great job👌

  • @DeanOfBloons
    @DeanOfBloons Před 8 měsíci

    lol nice script on this one b, had me smiling

  • @uzielfridlich
    @uzielfridlich Před 8 měsíci

    Very nice

  • @vadymshtabovenko3532
    @vadymshtabovenko3532 Před 8 měsíci

    well couldn't we just say that e^ix equals to -1? Then gamma function of 1 - (-1) is simply 1! -> integrating 1 with respect to x is x -> plug 2pi - 0 and here's our answer! Maybe my approach is not so fascinating, but still :)

    • @Nip403
      @Nip403 Před 8 měsíci +6

      x is the variable of integration, ur thinking of when x is pi

    • @vadymshtabovenko3532
      @vadymshtabovenko3532 Před 8 měsíci

      oh you are right, i get what you are talking about. So my approach is both wrong and boring lol@@Nip403

  • @abdoshaat3304
    @abdoshaat3304 Před 8 měsíci

    I don't know what do you mean by solving integrals for living you are a math teacher or professor
    Because i don't think it's a job
    Enlighte me if you can

    • @maths_505
      @maths_505  Před 8 měsíci +2

      Full time CZcamsr who pretty much solves integrals for a living.