I BUILT my own TELECOMMUNICATIONS Network!
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- čas přidán 18. 06. 2024
- How did we get the internet and phones today? In this video I explore and recreate the very first technology that paved the way: the telegraph network.
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▼ Credits ▼
Created and Hosted by @AndyGeorge
Primary Editing by Emerson Rice
HTME Assistance by Elliot Krueger and Theo Melchoir
Music by Taylor Lewin: taylorlewin.com/htme
As a long time follower and admirer of your work, I'm struck by how much nicer and more professional your final products are these days. This is an incredible project and leap in technology
Same
I'm actually struck by the opposite, how he 'unlocks' technologies to jump centuries ahead without having mastered a damn thing.
@@puremilkgenius To be fair, mastery takes decades to achieve and a CZcams series just doesn't have a time for that. No one's going to watch you make clay pots over and over again.
@@puremilkgeniusI’m not a fan of how he doesn’t refine the things he builds, the “saw mill” is a great example of what looks like cobbled together pieces of wood doing a crappy job lol
@@Davedave000he could at least refine the things he makes
As an electrical engineer I’m overjoyed that you’ve gotten to this stage.
On the same vein of early communication, with the amount of copper wire you have available it’s well within the realm of you making your first crystal radio receiver and /or crude spark gap transmitter. The future is exciting and I can’t wait to see how this branch of HTME progresses!
for crystal radio they need a diode though which requires chemicals they likely don't have. Also with such crude technology it would be hard to sync the frequencys.
Among the first semiconductors circuits were galena “cat’s whisker” diodes that just used a very thin piece of wire to find and use a crystalline rectification junction to demodulate an AM radio signal. This was first done in the late 19th century. I agree, an AM radio receiver would be rad.
Although… if we are talking about building a wireless telegraph as a next step you don’t need a semiconductor. Marconi just used a “spark gap” and an antenna as the transmitter and early receivers (like magnetic detectors) weren’t that much more sophisticated
@@A_youtube_channel_ just like the reply above,a detector diode can be made very easily with crystals found in nature already from Galena to Iron/Copper pyrites. The hardest part is getting enough wire for a coil and potentially making an earpiece from scratch- that would be the hardest given to crystal radios you’d need a high impedance load sensitive enough for the weak signal.
Should we remind them that Spark gap radio cannot be operated legally now.
@@user-fb6jk1uy9r I’m sure that for educational purposes and limited power this won’t be an issue as much as people making their own transmitters for science fairs etc… we’re not talking kilowatts of power or extended periods of transmission. For the purposes of a video it should be fine. I’m no legal expert but for all intents and purposes a primitive transmitter one can assume would be built would surely put out less interference than some switch mode power supplies or whatnot.
As a Ham radio operator, I can say that Morse Code (CW for Carrier Wave) is alive and well. It's a great deal of fun, and when you become proficient, you can "hear" words. At speed, it's musical, and you can definitely hear the rhythm of another operator and recognize their fist.
that's so fascinating and entertaining!! i love music so much and I've always thought it would be fun to learn morse code. i also think those HAM radios are cool, so maybe i could try those as a good medium to learn morse code on/for!
That is super cool.
CW =[ Continuous Wave not carrier wave.
@@danquigg8311 It's both, but I hope correcting me made you feel better about something.
Continuous wave !!!
i like how you guys jump back and forth from sawmills to chemistry and telegraph lines, really keeps the series fresh!
I’ve been reading about WWII Morse code operators, and how they could recognise the “fist” of a Morse code operator using the radio by the way they pressed the key. Like recognising someone’s handwriting, but they called it an operator’s fist.
They even allegedly used concert pianists for “funkenspiel” or radio games, where things would happen like using specially trained concert pianists to replicate an enemy radio operator’s fist to insert counterfeit messages using broken cryptography for intelligence and counter intelligence purposes.
Radio Morse code is obviously a different t beast - but people would tap communications lines to introduce a sounder and relay so they could listen to messages, or insert their own. It was an unbelievably wild time to be alive and the real dawn of the nerd.
My hometown was the site of the first transatlantic cable. There’s still a piece of the old cable sticking out of the ground.
You can extract it and keep it as a souvenir, it will surely be worth a few thousand dollars in the future.
I worked on the last transatlantic cable. It was fiberoptic though, and is also abandoned.
As I understand it, the US rail lines had the batteries at the receiver end. This way, just a key to ground could send a message. The trains carried a key with them. If something went wrong between stations, with just a key, you could climb a pole and send a message.
I believe they used a fairly high voltage. I also think that the system was likely a "positive ground" system.
The had some method of heat treating wire to keep it soft as they went smaller and smaller.
Wire was often wrapped with thread. Unlike the goo insulation you were using, cotton would hold up under pressure.
On the sounder, the clearances were very small to take advantage of the fact that the force created by an electromagnet are greatest just before the armature hits the pole piece.
11:50 Try using waxed paper or oil paper between the magnet`s core and the wire (between the layers too!). In that case, if your varnish breaks down, it will only short between the nearest turns, not between all the n turns in adjacent layers.
Historical note: There are TWO Morse codes. One is American Morse ( Which my father learned as a young child , before radio, used by railroads and land telegraphs that used the sounders like they have made here; where the spacing of the "dots & dashes" was critical.), and the one in use today, International Morse which uses tones generated by the transmitters through the air.
I have an very old Instructograph Machine with tapes for American Morse.
Stone tools to digital communication in four years. That is very impressive.
Technically it isn't digital, since there's not any transistor technology involved. It works on analog! But telecommunications from scratch is still amazing!
@@plvmbvm513 It uses a binary code. The circuit is either open or closed. That sounds digital to me.
@@plvmbvm513 It's digital, as there are only two states used to transmit information (On or off). Analog systems have a range of states.
@@Theinatoriinator This debate has raged for decades in amateur radio spaces. The US FCC, though, doesn't classify CW/Morse code as a digital communications mode, however. The reasoning I've heard goes that it's not operating on on/off signals only, as the duration and spacing of the pulses is also necessary to carry useful information. Something like Baudot code used for 2-FSK is where it becomes more "digital" (it's very similar to modern ASCII)
@@Theinatoriinator Morse code is more about length of pulse and not off and on
The thumbnail I got in my notifications was so small that it looked like a mouse trap. I'm going to assume it's not a mouse trap.
I thought it was Gustav the railway cannon 🤣
8:55 Were you all remembering to anneal between each draw through the die? That you can maybe add a couple of grooved wheels to keep the copper where it is pulled through the die perfectly perpendicularly or as close to it as you can manage.
yes we were annealing it, the reason it looked like it was twisted up was so we could give it an even heat.
I've seen this being said quite a few times now, why keeping it perpendicular would help? Is it to lessen stress on the material as much as possible?
@@Fyr365 Well when the material comes through the hole if you don't pull it directly perpendicular, the stress will be focused to one side of the wire and can cause more stress in a smaller space making it easier to snap. If you pull it perpendicular the whole wire takes the force equally around its circumference.
@@schoktra Ah I see now! It makes so much sense. Thanks for the reply! 😊
Follow up on the annealing question, did you use anything to reduce friction like a beeswax rub on the plate?
Been watching since the sandwich trailer. I'd like to say, after the unfortunate situations that occurred during your time on CZcams, you have drastically refined your skill. It's almost like not having access to the tools you used to have has increased your skills for the greater good. You have progressed immensely!!
That you made 20awg is pretty impressive; early telegraph lines were multiple (sometimes up to a dozen) strands of 16ga, to reduce voltage drop, so you may have had more luck with a thicker wire. That's especially important with an earth return system, since half of the path is going to be even worse than the wire. A quarter mile of #20, passing 20V to power, say, a quarter amp coil, loses almost half the power to the wire alone; make half the circuit just a little bit worse and you're running out of voltage pretty quick.
Keep in mind that you are running against extreme novice telegraph operators who are writing down dots and dits and decoding them after. Expert morse operators today can get up past 50wpm without writing down anything, though 25wpm is a pretty good cutoff for skilled or not as at that point you can't decode individual letters on-the-fly and instead are recognizing whole words. You'd have to be a pretty fast runner to outrun your five-word (Paris standard word) phrase...
I think these are really good points. When we calculated the resistance of our wire, we figured, in ideal conditions, it had around 14 ohms of resistance for the quarter mile, each direction. It didn't really sound like much, but ohms law is our enemy here.
Earth return you need to soak the ground at the electrodes with saline solution, quite a lot of it, to get the resistance down, plus leave time for the saline solution to soak deep down. Probably easiest if you use a pipe auger to make the hole, fill with salted ground, and put the electrode in it, though the grass on top will not recover for a long time.
Plus you also need a good few electrodes in parallel each end, to get maximum surface contact between the rods and the ground, with the rods no closer than their length apart as well.
it's also dependent on the geology of the area. And good luck trying it on the moon.
Plus their rods should be a lot deeper, most houses have 8ft rods for grounding and they may not even carry the low amount of power he's working at.
I suspect they used multiple rods. Most of the resistance is in the first few inches from the rod.
dry conditions, too low amps or voltage, poor wiring connections, many many variables. We fight with elc fence regularly that's not two wire systems due to poor earth grounds. +/ - wire systems is the only way to go, until a tree falls on it anyways.
@maxr1401 believe me, In Minnesota dry conditions are not an issue this summer. We're dealing with flooding now
I think the ground-return path is area-based, from what I know, telegraph stations used to bury huge squares of metal to achieve ground return, so maybe that's it
It's also the lack of a relay acting as a weak signal amplifier. Telegraph stations could receive extremely weak signals, measured as voltage potential, and boost them high enough to operate the noise-maker at the other end, but without that you need a ton of voltage to arrive at the end and 20v minus voltage loss over that thin wire just isn't going to cut it.
@@oasntet This is what I thought when they assembled all the wiring, an intermediate relay as an amplifier would have solved the problem of the lack of power in the signal.
It's so weird that you uploaded this now. I became a radio amateur in 2018 in the UK and learnt morse in 2019. This weekend I picked up the ARRL's technician license book to re-learn and get a license to operate in the US. This is awesome stuff. Thanks for the video
Iam also a Ham , 73
If this channel teaches me anything, it's that there is good reason why so many trades have long held traditions. Nothing came easy and each skill took generations to master,
I agree that this was one of the biggest steps of technology. This is as big as bronze age vs stone. There was communication before telgraphs (by hand) and after (by speed of light).
I've seen a few of your episodes and was very impressed. Building a sawmill, making a tee shirt, forging out tools, making a battery, making corn flakes and now making a telegraph. I hope for an up coming, you make the first light bulb. That would be a nice one. Keep up the good work 👍👍👍
I remember learning with cups and string in school between doors lol. Always amazed me.
Are you guys going to do a video on how your refined your zinc? You kinda glossed over it last time and I really want to know since that would be the biggest hurdle for me if I was a time traveler.
He shows the smelting technique in the Voltaic Pile video.
man oh man a telegraph that can send a message to a cell phone then be converted to text now thats the most
unique and creative way ive ever heard of to show off old tech in such way that young people will be interested in for more than a few seconds andy you deserve to recognized for what your doing your a hero young man
please continue with this video style. it was very engaging and easy to follow with the structure that you applied to it!!
Further refinement of the receiver/sounder: attach a pencil lead to it and pass a strip of paper moving at constant speed under it, this way you get a printout of the message without someone having to manually write down the dots and lines
Your key and sounder are works of art in brass. Love it!
Thank you so much!
The Dutch comedian Herman Finkers had a bit about early telecommunications in his skit, two persons see smoke signals one says to the other what does that mean? the second person said I'll read it for you,... help!.. my... rug... is... on... fire!!...
I am impressed with how much patience you guys have. With that many turns on the electromagnet I would have already wanted to take a drill out
Man I love it when you bust out the treadwheel for some good old fashioned pullin'
I build antennas for a living and I can't wait to see your creations!
Stunning bringing together of techniques and technologies, asphalt, linseed oil, sounds like Japanning recipie. making an insulated coil put a tear in my eye, that was an achievement still used today. Super impressed by the whole build. You made a machine that can transport truth and lies.
One of the coolest Channel Concepts of all Time. Love everything about this Project and Thank you for keeping on going for such a long time.
Absolutely incredible! The entire team's commitment to this series is astonishing! ❤
Lard on the wire as lubricant before pulling. Heat wire red hot occasionally to reduce copper hardness. Makes for less breaking and easier pulling.
I passed by this video in my feed SO MANY TIMES because....honestly idgaf about a history of the telegraph. it took me a while to remember that this is "How To Make Everything" and then was like "holy jesus that's right this is about the FUN parts of things LET'S GOOOO pass the popcorn"
This is amazing! I'm floored by how far you've come, and impressed how you've kept high standards consistently all these years. Here's wishing everyone at HTME many more!
Andy's incoherent talking while he ran was very relatable
I love this. Its soooo coool. I cant wait till he makes his own wifi
Just for courtesy. Samuel Morse did not invent “Morse” Code as we know it. Morse wanted to use numerical values for words and had an entire book made to transmit specific code. Alfred Veil, Samuel’s business partner, ran with the idea of using the most common alphabet letters as simple dots and dashes along with using special characters.
It should be called Veil Code, which in my mind sounds cooler and gives credit where it is due.
this happened a lot back then; a number of inventors were either outright robbed of their ideas, or were convinced to sell the rights to someone who had the missing capital needed to get the idea off the ground.
@@tsalVlog still happens
@@zachmoyer1849 truth.
Morse stole all the credit that he could, but he was mostly just the money guy and not an engineer or someone with technical skills. From what I've heard of him he sounds like a terrible person in a lot of ways, so it would be nice if people stopped giving him credit that he doesn't deserve.
Vail, not Veil, but I agree. It is one of the reasons radio operators today don't bother calling it "morse", it's just "cw" for some complicated technical reasons.
Do you need to anneal the wire between pulls? In case I ever need to make my own wire.
Indeed! I believe it varies on the material you're working with, but we found with copper wire that annealing after every two to three passes was ideal to keep the copper from getting too brittle.
I think so because they seem to be getting breaks it looks to me like the copper is work hardening after a few pulls. I would at least have it warmed through a fire before being drawn. Also the angle. They pulling the wire up at an angle instead of straight through.
9:42.
HTME has always been a great, but Andy has always been messy. It has improved since the early days.
For copper, every 3 pulls is a good rule, as most available plates are meant to be used with the hands or a draw-bench. You can get away with 4 on silver and sterling, and for iron, it really depends on the alloy!
would it not also have less chance of breakage if you wind it onto a spool close to the draw plate instead of pulling an ever longer piece of wire.
Is there any way to anneal while pulling? Like, continuosly, instead of doing one step after another?
And is there a way to pull continuosly? Like, whitout the need to take the entire wire out, to start squishing the rest?
"Ahoy! I have discovered electricity!" - "Dear heavens, what shall we do with it?" - "Iunno wanna zap some turkeys?" You can take the modernity out of man, but you can't take the man out of modernity.
Impressive! You guys hare really getting good at this! Seems like every video is a notch above the last lately. Good job!
Super cool project! The race at the end was a fun way of demonstrating the technology!
I appreciate you and your team making such an informative and fun video! This was so cool!
Still one of the best channels out there ;3 Great work!
The telegraph episode!!
The Telegraph is an amazing step for mankind. I love learning anything and everything about it. Thank you!
LOVE how good it looks
Awesome episode! Also, finished products looked dope. 🙌🏽
You and your team are skilled craftsmen.
Well done, Andy and crew!
Thanks for dropping BH!
props for drawing your own wire!!! i was sarcastically thinking to myself, "what, is he gonna draw his own fire too???" before i got to 7:16 lol
You should get the book called “How to rebuild Civilization” also known as “The Book”. It has a ton of information on things very similarly to what you’re doing. It’s got things like ancient battle tactics, herbalism, useful inventions, farming, etc. I think has around 400 pages of information.
Congratz on your hardwork! It's awesome to see you get this far and I can't wait to see what will you do in the future. Are you considering building a wireless version, with a spark transmitter? Ofc you wouldn't be able to test how long range it is due to modern laws, but a weaker signal to just test inside a room should be legal.
Personally, I'm really hoping we can give it a try!
Did you try annealing the wire while you were drawing it out? It should help to mitigate the work hardening that causes breaks.
It didn't make it in the video, but indeed we did anneal the wire. We found that with copper, annealing after every two to three passes through the die seemed to work well.
Thanks for letting me play with this at open sauce! Getting to meet all of you there was great! It's impressive what you've been able to accomplish and i can't wait to see what you do next!
That's awesome! Glad you were able to stop by the table.
This is such a good video, reminds me of the ambition of the old ones.
Did you guys lubricate your wire this time? That was a suggestion in the comments last time that people said helped.
That we did! I think you can see in part of the video I have some oil cloth that I'm running the wire though just before it gets pulled through the die.
They need to regularly anneal the wire too, that’s a very important part of things that I don’t believe they’re aware of
@@ayyydriannn7185 They did that last time so I'd imagine they did it this time too
I'm loving the music this episode!
Amazing work lads, now we just need to figure out wirelees, and intra/internet
I loved seeing the build in this video
You should build a few relays, the're really just sounders with contacts that get closed when the electromagnet energizes (normally open). Its also possible to add contacts that get opened when energized (normally closed). Relays were the first devices that allowed digital logic to be built, and were at the core of the first electronic computers. Just two can be used to make a binary adder, or 1 bit of memory.
I have a little experience working with grounding grids. The electrical testing done on grounding grids is called the Fall of Potential. For the grounding to be effective over long distances, multiple (4+) metal rods should be driven in 6-8 ft depth around the sending and receiving areas.
Hope I can go to open sauce next year. I love this channel.
This was really cool. Cheers!
I remember that paper which contained how to make cellular networks... it wasn't easy to make it but it did make that village have their own sim cards and network
can't wait to see what you do for a telex machine.
Gerber gave me more therapy then Betterhelp can wrap their malicious minds around.
huh
like in Gerber multitool?
Baby food
@@keptleroymg6877 betterhelp is also shit, thats the whole point
There is more than one major company named Gerber and they are very different.
As a ham that does CW (Morse code) regularly, I appreciate the effort put into this! Need two hams to man both sides. :)
At Pipe Springs National Monument in AZ, there is a telegraph station setup, and some stretches of wire are still there. From what i saw, they used like 6 gauge solid steel wire. Low impedance is your friend.
What a milestone! 🎉🥳🎈
Great show!
It was nice having the museum guy talk, I got lost a bit later on when it was just your narration, some graphics would nice and help the production quality. I might be miss remembering but did you ever do some basic stop motion in previous videos for an explanation?
Nice work my friend.
Shame the ground return didn't work in the end, still amazing to see it working and your key + sounder look gorgeous
I’ve been to the pavek museum. So much fun!
Epic this is definitely a milestone
We made a telegraph for a school project when I was a kid. Miss my dad.
Nice work
That was AWESOME!
This was amazing!
the ground return system works better if the ground rods are deeper and further apart, because ground currents are analogous to many parallel conductors. I have done earth conductivity tests for transmission systems and large scale industrial projects that require cathodic protection for underground steel structures, and would suggest 15 foot rods placed a quarter mile apart as a minimum for a 24V ground return with a resistance less than 3 Ohms in sand/loam/clay soils. I have had results of less than 50 milliohms in 100 m of depleted tarsand based soil, which makes sense because bitumen is pretty much a semi conductor and the other ingredients are mafic sands
OMG You took the word "scratch" very seriously LMAO
I know you will find references of SWER referred to as telegraph it literally only works at high voltage with a stup down transformer for the receiver. It is not in common une in Electrical installations but some do exist where previously it was the best technical.solution for some installations. In Australia if you have a look around in the outback (or ask) you might be able to look at parts of some they are most often on private property. Good work.
That was cool seeing it done! Best of luck with that olive oil finish, gotta let us know if it gets rancid on you.
Make an oscillator from your relay and place it at the senders site. I think to do that you need to add a contact when the relay is open. Connect the normally open contact to the coil. Connect the other end of the contact and coil to the battery with the morse key/switch in between. This way you can create a audible sound. At the receiver you just need to add a simple speaker. I think AC travels far longer with being audible. But you can't amplify the signal with relays. Therefore to repeat the signal you can use a relay, but when the wire resistance is to high it won't work. Or you need to make your relay more sensitive. Make the moving part of the relay smaller and lighter so that the electromagnet has to move less mass. I just wanted to make suggestions how to improve this setup. Nice work.
If you make your key break instead of make the circuit you can put a key and sounder on both ends and send messages both ways on one wire.
Earth return needs a lot of contact area to the earth and it works a lot better when everything is really wet. How far away it is from working can be measured with a multimeter in line with the signal wire (in current mode). You can test (e.g. with a bench power supply, or with successively adding batteries) what minimum current is needed for the electromagnet to work. Adding voltage helps, but only linearly, so if you have x times too little current, you would need x times more voltage (which quickly becomes impractical).
This somehow reminds me of a Disney story where Mickey and Goofy travels back in time and makes the world's first hamburger to the Roman emperor
I love your work
I am surprised that a hand cranked rolling mill was not used to form the wire. Graduated grooves in the iron rollers would compress the copper down to 18gauge then to a drawplate for finer wire. The rolling mill was common in the early 19th century at least.
I'm not an expert, but I have extensive experience with installing electrical fences on my properties... you needed more ground rods probably (and longer ones).
I think an interesting collab idea that could branch from this for opensauce if you guys had more time was to seek someone to do an interpreter for it using current tech. A device that could “listen and record” the message received from the wire and note it down much how telegraph houses used to do. But instead of taking the direct output from the receiver (because probably the battery you guys had wouldn’t be able to handle it), having something that could listen and interpret the signals to 1s and 0s and display it on a screen on the other end would make a nice show piece of 1900s meets 2024.
I really like the look of that 6 wire setup.
I think ground return should work a lot better using AC current. Using batteries provides DC wich has to complete a full round before the signal is usable. But the "hot" line of an AC signal works as long as there is a ground path. That being said either way actual dirt has a pretty high resistance.
As an electrical engineer, earth return probably wouldn't ever work with your setup, you would likely need a much longer earth rod and a higher battery voltage for it to work. Even with that you would probably need a better optimized sounder to be able to receive the signal. Either way this is an awesome accomplishment.
A type of "sounder" with another set of key contacts built-in is the simplest way to re-amplify and relay a telegraph signal... thus the modern device, the electromechanical relay.
This is so close to relay switches that you could actually get to some basic computing soon!
After this you must make a Telephone then a Crystal Radio. And after that, you must make pedal powered radio i.e. Bush Radio. Bush Radios used to be the major telecommunication method in Rural Australia.