Chieftain tank engine start up

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  • čas přidán 30. 08. 2017
  • Leyland L60 multifuel engine start up.

Komentáře • 187

  • @panman124
    @panman124 Před 4 lety +142

    It may have been unreliable but what a fantastic sound

    • @robholloway6829
      @robholloway6829 Před 2 lety +19

      Sounds amazing and can run on the cheapest of American wine.

    • @animalian01
      @animalian01 Před 5 měsíci

      Exactly what I was going to say.

    • @jackarmstrong46
      @jackarmstrong46 Před 3 dny

      Considering it could run on any thing that would burn it wasn't that unreliable

  • @johnbogdaniec671
    @johnbogdaniec671 Před 2 lety +35

    one of the best engine sounds EVER!

  • @richarddavies7127
    @richarddavies7127 Před 3 lety +45

    I served on these for 10 years, until I left in 2000. Gods, I miss my wagon.

    • @skylined5534
      @skylined5534 Před 2 lety +2

      Hang on, weren't you bagging the L60 out on another comment? I *fink* you were!

    • @richarddavies7127
      @richarddavies7127 Před 2 lety +3

      @@skylined5534 I don't doubt I was. The L60 was a piece of shit. Underpowered and unreliable. But the sound it made, oh my gods!!

    • @expatingermany7685
      @expatingermany7685 Před 2 lety

      I miss mine too.

    • @putnamehere3803
      @putnamehere3803 Před 2 lety

      i heard these things speed depended on the speed of the one towing it.
      how much maintenance did you have to do on it 😂

    • @expatingermany7685
      @expatingermany7685 Před 2 lety

      @@putnamehere3803 I was a crewman and drove for about 3 years. I blew up one engine but the only time I got towed for any length of time was because of a gearbox failure and the replacement failed after about 2 hours. That was on an FTX in Germany September 89..... I got towed for 4 days, the recovery tank had a brake failure and crashed. That was the closest to dying I've ever been. One day before my 21st birthday

  • @timlazenby9605
    @timlazenby9605 Před 6 lety +61

    drove one of these for 3 years. loved ever oily minute of it

    • @user-rh3to9cu4x
      @user-rh3to9cu4x Před 5 lety +5

      Did you try Challenger 1 or 2 and if you did, how did Chieftain compare to those two?

    • @MichaelZZRrider
      @MichaelZZRrider Před 3 lety +3

      @@user-rh3to9cu4x I crewed both. The challenger 1 was a massive improvement in an automotive and protection sense.

    • @Matt-rq3bu
      @Matt-rq3bu Před 5 měsíci

      @@MichaelZZRrider Anything else you could say about Chally 1? Really interested in it.

    • @MichaelZZRrider
      @MichaelZZRrider Před 5 měsíci

      @@Matt-rq3bu Apart from what I previously stated in regard to automotive and protection the Fighting compartment was basically the same. The only major improvement was the TOGs system which was phenomenal and completely changed the vehicles fighting capability.

    • @Matt-rq3bu
      @Matt-rq3bu Před 5 měsíci

      @@MichaelZZRrider Yeah, I remember someone stating that it was basically Chieftain, (referring to all the equipment in the crew compartment) but in a new skin, with some improvements as you stated, armour/protection, a new engine, TOGS, etc... Your channel looks great by the way, seems like you've got some impressive machines yourself. :)

  • @paulhebblethwaite7168
    @paulhebblethwaite7168 Před 6 lety +43

    Served in Detmold from '67 to '70 with 20 Armd Bde. Never forget the sound of this tank. Very underpowered originally but still a formidable "beast" which kept REME up all night!!!! I rode DR with a squadron of Royals (as was) for a week on exercise once. Best days of my Army life. Great bunch of down to earth lads. The photo was from '66 on Woolacombe sea front. Also more BDOML!!!

    • @batnrs1
      @batnrs1 Před 2 lety +3

      true😉

    • @peterh7594
      @peterh7594 Před rokem +3

      You've just evoked some memories. I was in 1 Div mid to late 70s, when we went full armoured under Stanier. The sound of Chieftains and AFV 432s will be with me until I die.

  • @robtearle565
    @robtearle565 Před 6 lety +34

    oh that bone chilling sound! never tire of that one

    • @skylined5534
      @skylined5534 Před rokem +3

      I think just the sound would make the enemy crap themselves! I can't imagine how terrifying hearing one of these would be in the fog and not knowing quite where it is!

  • @EffectP7B
    @EffectP7B Před 8 měsíci +7

    former Challenger sound in War Thunder

  • @mack1541
    @mack1541 Před 2 lety +9

    the sound of my childhood, i grew up to these howling away over hohne and soltau ranges in germany

  • @MrTorchboss
    @MrTorchboss Před 3 lety +20

    Can't keep the tank quiet? Just make it as terrifying to the enemy as possible! *
    Leyland L60 has entered the groupchat*

    • @skylined5534
      @skylined5534 Před 2 lety +3

      I can imagine this thing really would terrify the piss out of the enemy howling across the landscape like that!

  • @mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm420
    @mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm420 Před rokem +6

    Registered with DVLA as a Leyland Chieftain. Brilliant!

  • @ianmangham4570
    @ianmangham4570 Před 2 lety +26

    Six cylinders Twelve pistons 😊

  • @FoxPopvli
    @FoxPopvli Před 4 lety +29

    What an amazing sound! :')

  • @user-rh3to9cu4x
    @user-rh3to9cu4x Před 5 lety +83

    It maybe has the worst engine(alongside T-80's turbine engine) but it certainly is the best sounding.

    • @texanboi4138
      @texanboi4138 Před 5 lety

      T80 tank?

    • @Slaktrax
      @Slaktrax Před 4 lety +20

      The L60 was full of problems at first, but they were eventually sorted out after the ''Belzona'' and ''Sundance'' projects. It took millions of pounds (sterling) to do it and about 13 different marks to get there (Mark 1A to Mark 13A). Power was also increased from an initial 650hp in the Mark 2 Chieftain to 840hp and durable enough to last 4,000 track miles in the later Chieftains. A big help came from Weslake Engineering who improved the exhaust system (two-stroke engines are very much dependent on exhaust design that has an expansion box as well as needing back-pressure) They also increased the rev limit from an initial 2,100 to 2,250.
      en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_L60 (read ''Performance'' paragraph).

    • @davepritchard283
      @davepritchard283 Před 4 lety +5

      It wasn't really the engine that gave us problems....It was all the ancillary shit they attached to it! Very rarely did be break down because the actual engine that was broken. Besides, That's a bridge layer or whatever, real Chieftains had turrets lol!

    • @MichaelZZRrider
      @MichaelZZRrider Před 3 lety +2

      @@davepritchard283 You are right Dave but the packs in the 70's really were bad but by the early 80's they had improved considerably due to the Sundance Mod

    • @alejobuc50
      @alejobuc50 Před 3 lety

      T 64 is best

  • @vermillion.__-_.
    @vermillion.__-_. Před 2 lety +8

    Sounds incredible

  • @atttim41
    @atttim41 Před 2 lety +7

    Never understood why they thought they needed to fit Smoke Dischargers to the Chieftain bearing in mind the quantity of smoke that the L60 discharged in normal operation, with a choice of smells, coolant or oil or both sometimes .....lol
    Fantastic exhaust sound though, perhaps the best ever fitted to any vehicle, in my humble opinion ......

  • @alangordon3283
    @alangordon3283 Před rokem +3

    Unique sound . Very clever you could never tell how many or from where they were coming from .

  • @barrieparsons6662
    @barrieparsons6662 Před rokem +4

    Memories of pack lifts in the rain and mud, and of course night, wouldn't have missed it for the world.

  • @brianmccolm1003
    @brianmccolm1003 Před 3 lety +6

    used to hear them from Kirkcudbright all the way over at Dundrennan range moving about a good 7-8 miles away what a fantastic sound they make 1970-80s

  • @agt155
    @agt155 Před 5 lety +30

    Love the army's new extra slim tow ropes

  • @michaelvestweber4828
    @michaelvestweber4828 Před 2 lety +1

    Das Monster klingt mega 💪💪💪

  • @charbelghannam5840
    @charbelghannam5840 Před 6 lety +23

    this tank sound bad ass

    • @nmspy
      @nmspy Před 6 lety +10

      What tank doesn’t?
      Oh wait...
      *thinks of m1 Abraham’s*
      -REEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

  • @copperthedergy
    @copperthedergy Před 6 lety +14

    Such a beautiful engine note at those high revs..

    • @bryanmartinez6600
      @bryanmartinez6600 Před 5 lety +3

      It's not revving high it just has combustion more frequent which is why it's a 2 stroke. It made a maximum 750 Hp at 2100 rpm
      Listen to the 2 stroke Detroit diesels as well

    • @quas392
      @quas392 Před 5 lety

      god damn it wizard why are you here

    • @waremergencypower6024
      @waremergencypower6024 Před 4 lety

      It’s really only reaching 2500-2700 rpm

    • @skylined5534
      @skylined5534 Před 2 lety

      @@bryanmartinez6600
      Technically it is revving high as it's an opposing combustion chamber engine.

  • @lynnashworth
    @lynnashworth Před rokem +2

    Had the good fortune to be working in the engine research department at Leyland Motors when the Sundance upgrades were being evaluated, they sounded just as good on the test bench.

    • @carbonslowmotion4973
      @carbonslowmotion4973 Před rokem +2

      Do you happen to have a photo of the engine which exploded on a test bed and almost went through the ceiling at leyland

    • @lynnashworth
      @lynnashworth Před rokem +1

      @@carbonslowmotion4973 Hi, sorry no, it might have been before my time. I was in the engine research department 1975-2003 but they actually began the development of the L60 in the late 1950's. I do have a lot of official Leyland photos of the L60 and its components and I wrote a series of articles on the story of the L60 for The Leyland Society magazine. After Leyland went bust in 1993 we continued to have involvement in the L60, reworking engines for the Oman Army.

  • @pete1927
    @pete1927 Před 2 lety +3

    Quiet early morning in BAOR, silence broken by a Sqn of Chiefies leaving their hide at first light, a great sound from miles away.

  • @kivitokiba
    @kivitokiba Před 11 dny

    Sound great 😮

  • @danielw5850
    @danielw5850 Před rokem +1

    That sound forms a part of my "miss-spent Youth": standing in the dark (usually on a public road), alerting the civil traffic that something very large was coming and unlikely to stop for them; and no, I was not eating a banana at the time, although I was, of course, always checking the immaculate turnout of my No.2 Dress ;)

  • @tomgauntlestrange
    @tomgauntlestrange Před rokem +1

    there is nothing like the purr or roar of a leyland engine

  • @BadgerBadgerBadger28
    @BadgerBadgerBadger28 Před rokem

    It’s that off sound that makes it so much better

  • @twotailedavenger
    @twotailedavenger Před 6 lety +11

    Sounds like one of those Tusken Raiders from Star Wars.

  • @pluk_junior5542
    @pluk_junior5542 Před rokem

    Ah this sounds so good

  • @user-qb1km2fl8s
    @user-qb1km2fl8s Před 3 měsíci

    I swear white diesel smoke always sooo nice soo addictive smelling

  • @wkypa_6o6pa
    @wkypa_6o6pa Před 2 lety +1

    What a sound!

  • @jameslynch7826
    @jameslynch7826 Před 24 dny

    It’s the supercharger that creates the unique sound.
    A pain in the arse to crew though. Although you do learn how to make do and mend ie the green bailing twine from the drivers cab underneath the turret floor into the engine compartment to engage the solenoid when it jams.
    And the crowbar onto the starter.
    Filthy stinky things they were. But you can steer them at idle which is good for track bashing or a small hangar

  • @labgigi4842
    @labgigi4842 Před 2 lety +1

    Great sound like an aircooled engine in a combi vw

  • @stiperformance5842
    @stiperformance5842 Před rokem

    定期的に見たくなる

  • @AdamBest1920
    @AdamBest1920 Před 6 lety +6

    Nice video chap this is my tank !

    • @FordGT55concept
      @FordGT55concept  Před 6 lety

      It was one of my favourite moments from the great forest steam fair. Will the tank be appearing at any other shows in the future?

    • @AdamBest1920
      @AdamBest1920 Před 6 lety +1

      James Crawford yes it will be at Somerset steam and county show this year driving around

    • @Ruvik92
      @Ruvik92 Před 5 lety +2

      +adam best you own a tank wow that's the sound of British thunder

  • @PaddyPatrone
    @PaddyPatrone Před rokem +1

    When a F1 car and a tractor have kids.

  • @engineslovetostartmatthew

    Sweet new friend here to

  • @maxheadroom8765
    @maxheadroom8765 Před 7 měsíci

    We had these in the REME and ours were driven and maintained properly and lasted 3 x longer the the tankers, but the tankers were always feckin there's up because they rarely used them properly!

  • @R3ivik
    @R3ivik Před 8 měsíci

    The engine rew is ASMR for my ears

  • @STG44VOLVO
    @STG44VOLVO Před 4 lety +1

    Sweet.

  • @hannible1002
    @hannible1002 Před 3 lety +3

    Pack lift after pack lift after pack lift that was the chieftain. But the gun kit and the 120 gun was spot on for the time imo.

  • @ardalanradmanesh5602
    @ardalanradmanesh5602 Před 4 lety

    Ohohoh very very nice

  • @paetgarage2457
    @paetgarage2457 Před 3 lety +2

    L60 ❤️

  • @MechanicF45T
    @MechanicF45T Před rokem +1

    feels like a tiger roar... wow...

  • @mikewinston8709
    @mikewinston8709 Před 6 měsíci

    I was based at Soltau, 80 - 83….worked at Barrl sidings on the SLTA….i loaded Chieftains all the time…..an engine sound to die for….stills gives a hard on today….😂

  • @still_guns
    @still_guns Před 6 měsíci

    Still sounds better than a C8 Z06.

  • @andrewluty5464
    @andrewluty5464 Před 3 lety +2

    smells like victory

    • @bugattiben5524
      @bugattiben5524 Před 2 lety +1

      If it breaks down in a good position that is

  • @greglewis3382
    @greglewis3382 Před 2 lety +1

    Were these engines smokey even when new?

  • @davidravenscroft9235
    @davidravenscroft9235 Před rokem +1

    The German V12 Diesel fitted to export Chieftains was so much more reliable

  • @harrybyaqussamprayuga1756

    0:43 The tank suddenly turns into sport car

  • @teresaash7438
    @teresaash7438 Před 4 lety +2

    Used to scare the shit out of the grunts when the tanks were movinfgX country at night, no one knew where the where,,,

    • @MichaelZZRrider
      @MichaelZZRrider Před 3 lety +1

      You are correct, Although loud it was difficult to determine where the sound cam from.

    • @richardbaxter2057
      @richardbaxter2057 Před 2 lety +1

      Even worse when you followed us into wooded copses, collapsing all the tree trunks on us.....😂😂😂 (Soltau ‘84)

  • @yuusho0
    @yuusho0 Před rokem

    So thats where War Thunder got the sounds for chieftans

  • @freddyvestergsard5128
    @freddyvestergsard5128 Před 24 dny

    Sounds like screaming Jimmy 😊

  • @revolverix2597
    @revolverix2597 Před 4 lety

    👌

  • @R3ivik
    @R3ivik Před 8 měsíci

    If i was a russian soldier and suddenly heard the rewing sound of the engine i would shit myself

  • @kurrillosarmiento2038
    @kurrillosarmiento2038 Před 10 měsíci

    Leyland sound

  • @Sergey322
    @Sergey322 Před 5 lety +1

    Hello, is it OK to feature your clip in a my chanel for educational purposes (so-called temporary copyright.)? You can stop me from using your content at any time and it will be deleted immediately.
    It will be credited in the description & comments section with your name. Thanks, MM

    • @carbonslowmotion4973
      @carbonslowmotion4973 Před 5 lety

      go for it! by law you can show it if you credit it with a water mark over the video in the uk

  • @martingriffiths9851
    @martingriffiths9851 Před rokem +1

    only thing I ever heard as good as that, was an air cooled 911 !

  • @steven9562
    @steven9562 Před 5 měsíci

    I wonder what it's army reg number was

  • @MassimoGrigato
    @MassimoGrigato Před 28 dny

    Ma la leyland fa ancora motori?

  • @paulchappell9606
    @paulchappell9606 Před 3 lety +4

    someone pass me some kleenex

  • @the_woof
    @the_woof Před 3 měsíci

    0:47 for vrooooooooom

  • @steffiebee5224
    @steffiebee5224 Před 3 lety +1

    That cheiftain avre is an ex BATUS asset.

    • @siras2
      @siras2 Před 3 lety +1

      Ah ha, someone knows what they're talking about!. Former BATUS callsign 6D here!.

    • @Closedgroove
      @Closedgroove Před 3 lety

      Or Warminster... Ex 6F🤣👍

    • @leeturfitt7399
      @leeturfitt7399 Před 5 měsíci

      I probably worked on her, if she was at batus, me and bob mckee (rip) I love that variation

  • @CoreMaster111
    @CoreMaster111 Před 2 lety

    It sounds cool but also like it's screaming in pain.

    • @christopherhampson265
      @christopherhampson265 Před rokem

      It's not in pain !!! It's telling you to run away , just as fast as your little legs will carry you ... Then Hide !!!👌👍👍👍👍

  • @patryk18v18
    @patryk18v18 Před 4 lety +3

    Sound like m52b25 🤣

  • @glynluff2595
    @glynluff2595 Před 3 lety +3

    In the Seventies in BAOR on multinational friendship parades you always knew where the Brits were by the appalling smoke cloud from vehicle exhausts! They tended to put us last!

    • @roadie3124
      @roadie3124 Před 3 lety +4

      Yeah, maybe. But when it came to gunnery competitions, the Chieftain won.

    • @skylined5534
      @skylined5534 Před 2 lety

      Glyn Jackanory.

    • @davidravenscroft9235
      @davidravenscroft9235 Před 11 měsíci

      And all that smoke was from the Bedford MKs!!!!!

    • @glynluff2595
      @glynluff2595 Před 11 měsíci +1

      @@davidravenscroft9235 MK’s well you were lucky! We spent a morning having drained the oil from an RL that wanted a total rebuild. We stuck a gunner in it and he drove from parade to lunch with 10 mins NAFFI. The bloody thing was as well at the end of it as it was at the beginning! We had one MK that had an electric tow start which had a rather weird alternator charging controller on it. Needless to say no EMER!

  • @armyweb-czdefence
    @armyweb-czdefence Před 3 lety

    Dear, James, Please, can we use footage from your CZcams channel for our videos about military cars, trucks a other machines? We tag your channel as a source ,... thank you. :)

  • @paulchappell9606
    @paulchappell9606 Před 10 měsíci

    Tissues please, going to sleep now

  • @big23man
    @big23man Před 6 lety +4

    Exhaust fumes & unburnt diesel stinging your eyes 👀👍🏻

    • @maxdavies9958
      @maxdavies9958 Před 5 lety +7

      Unburnt diesel would be black, this is blue which indicates oil BUT it is a 2 stroke so you would expect that.

    • @AdotLOM
      @AdotLOM Před 4 lety +1

      @@maxdavies9958 that's what I was thinking. Or maybe it was unburnt octane.

    • @maxdavies9958
      @maxdavies9958 Před 4 lety +2

      @@AdotLOM Hard to tell but yes that's definitely a possibility.

    • @MichaelZZRrider
      @MichaelZZRrider Před 3 lety +4

      We lived in diesel, often covered in it and as for fumes, we were made of strong stuff! Ha! Ha!

  • @home12345
    @home12345 Před 6 lety +4

    Served Australian army well in Vietnam

    • @bikelifewill6483
      @bikelifewill6483 Před 5 lety +2

      ...... This is a Cheiftain not a centurion hahah

    • @reubendobbs8011
      @reubendobbs8011 Před 2 lety

      Wrong tank chum they were centurion this is chieftain

    • @atttim41
      @atttim41 Před rokem

      You got the wrong tank my friend ....Centurian maybe....lol

  • @consumedvelzit6219
    @consumedvelzit6219 Před 3 lety +3

    0:44 Eargasm.

  • @m3cvfm
    @m3cvfm Před 6 lety

    Bang.

    • @skylined5534
      @skylined5534 Před 2 lety

      Did you over-rev your mum's Micra again? Tsk-tsk.

  • @davepritchard283
    @davepritchard283 Před 4 lety +3

    Should never rev it cold like that!

  • @kkaamils
    @kkaamils Před rokem

    Do they make Akrapovic exhaust for it?

  • @ivanbautistamartinez659
    @ivanbautistamartinez659 Před 4 lety +2

    Two stroke diesel???

  • @rank1154
    @rank1154 Před rokem

    Why cant all these things happen in my country i can go n inhale diesel smokes n see it

  • @beargritter
    @beargritter Před 6 lety +1

    A good way to blow your engine revving the bollocks off it like that

    • @timlazenby9605
      @timlazenby9605 Před 6 lety +1

      adam best in your dreams mate! It's a fucking dry sump diesel.

    • @AdamBest1920
      @AdamBest1920 Před 6 lety +6

      Yes but it's still 2 stroke

    • @CS_Blitzen
      @CS_Blitzen Před 6 lety +3

      Being a vertically opposed engine the top crank had troubles getting oil when they started and would shorten the lifespan substantially, so they implemented a system where the pumps had to run for x amount of time before the engine would even crank, and it would need to crank for x amount of time before the system would let the fuel enter the cylinder. Love the Chief, no matter her troubles she's a mean sounding hard hitting commie killing machine.

    • @user-rh3to9cu4x
      @user-rh3to9cu4x Před 5 lety +1

      "Commie killing machine" lol Iranian Chieftains got massacred by the Iraqi *T-62's* during the Operation Nasr. Imagine if Iraqis had T-64's which are of the same period as the Iranian Chieftains...
      While I, being a monarchist hate commies I have to respect the Russian military equipment, at least during the Cold War, before all of these smart computers that gave Western machines a slight, maybe even a huge advantage..who knows. And I agree that Chieftain is probably the best sounding tank with probably the worst and most unreliable engine(alongside the Soviet T-80 turbine engine).

    • @MichaelZZRrider
      @MichaelZZRrider Před 3 lety +3

      @@user-rh3to9cu4x The Iranian Chieftains were deployed in a fashion not suited to any tank. They were asked to advance over open ground without support. Also maintenance is suspected to have been neglected due to the revolution. In other engagements during the war it aquited itself well. The T62 had far inferior armament and armour and in a one on one would stand little chance against Chieftain

  • @mikecowling393
    @mikecowling393 Před 6 lety +1

    I know who owns that tank

  • @graemehuia5964
    @graemehuia5964 Před rokem

    Way noisier than the Abrams

  • @zodiotekgaming
    @zodiotekgaming Před 3 lety

    I know them engines smoke like no business but it looks like the cylinder liners have gone in that one, grey white smoke along with the normal stuff

    • @thewomble1509
      @thewomble1509 Před 3 lety +1

      Nearly every L60 was the same. Cylinder liners failed constantly.

    • @skylined5534
      @skylined5534 Před 2 lety

      @@thewomble1509
      You worked on them? When?

    • @atttim41
      @atttim41 Před rokem

      No.... thats normal .... lol

  • @RD-dn7yv
    @RD-dn7yv Před 3 lety +2

    There's another yellow flag waiting to happen!

  • @WinstonBuford
    @WinstonBuford Před 2 lety

    high rev, low torque

  • @johnderouen1038
    @johnderouen1038 Před 6 lety +6

    Aah yes, the least reliable engine in history. This one looks like it runs like a champ though, and has that kick-ass sound to boot.

    • @skylined5534
      @skylined5534 Před 2 lety

      Least reliable engine? So this was made in the USA?

    • @MarcABrown-tt1fp
      @MarcABrown-tt1fp Před 2 lety

      @@skylined5534 No you idiot, Its a Leyland engine from the UK...

    • @stevenbreach2561
      @stevenbreach2561 Před rokem +1

      Never got the miles in that a diesel needs due to MOD bean counters,also kept being fxxxed about with,so it's rep is a bit unfair

  • @nickryan6787
    @nickryan6787 Před 3 lety +1

    Sounds like Thomas the tank engine

    • @skylined5534
      @skylined5534 Před 2 lety +1

      How did a deaf guy hear this tank? Technology has come a long way.

  • @sneekydsnewchannel9705
    @sneekydsnewchannel9705 Před 5 lety +3

    Click bait: video started when engine was running.

    • @carbonslowmotion4973
      @carbonslowmotion4973 Před 5 lety +2

      not really the first engine running is a Donkey engine which starts the real engine also warms top the oil and coolant

  • @louisemichel9999
    @louisemichel9999 Před rokem

    Bonjour 🐕, quelle pollution je ne vois pas l'intérêt de faire tourner sur place un tel engins ! A part polluer ?.amitiés