Why Did Attosecond Physics Win the NOBEL PRIZE?
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- čas přidán 18. 10. 2023
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Whenever we open a new window on the universe we discover something new. Whether it's figuring out how to see to greater distances like with telescopes, or down to smaller size-scales like with microscopes, or perhaps expanding our vision to new wavelengths of light or via exotic means such as in neutrinos or gravitational waves. Well, the 2023 Nobel prize in physics has been awarded to three physicists for opening just such a new window-but it's not a window to a new size scale or a new mode of seeing--it’s for a new window in time. It’s for attosecond physics-the billionth of a billionth of a second that represents the timescale of the insides of atoms. This year’s Nobel in physics is for a microscope in time
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I obeyed every law of physics for the whole year and they still won't give me the prize. It's completely rigged.
Well they gave one for the covid vaccine so, yeah, it's rigged.
I broke every law of physics, and they still won’t give me a ticket!!
That's a common mistake for rookies. Pretty sure if you've simply broken every law of physics they would have begged you to take it.
You have too much lust in your heart. You want it too bad.
And so did we.
There are as many attoseconds in a second, as there are seconds in the history of our universe.
Best time scale reference ive seen
I paused on this and had a whole mind blowing visceral experience about it....
I just did the math. It says that a billion billion seconds is actually about 2.31 times longer than our universe has been around.
More like an order of magnitude more
Ill be right back in a AttoSecond :O
@@addy405that means you never moved, you can never move an inch in an attosecond 😂😂
I remember when Femtosecond was groundbreaking just a decade ago. Amazing progress!
I remember, they could literally take still images of light moving.
Oh yeah! That's a ted talk or something. Time sure flies.
the flow of time is truly convoluted
Better to think of is a flow of causality. It hurts the brain less.
So many fentoseconds have passed since then...... but feels just like yesterday!
Because the "atta boys" wasn't sufficient enough praise for such a remarkable achievement?
That was horrible, unnecessary, and I resent the fact that you beat me to it.
Ahh, I love my Astrophysics...
@@AlbertaGeekxD
Comment of the year so far. Go ahead and try to convince me otherwise.
and girl 😂
I’m not going to pretend that I understand half of what is explained in this video. That said, I really enjoy listening to these videos and appreciating the bits and pieces I do understand along the way.
ME IN EVERY VID💯🤣🤣
Everyone learns differently. When you find something you find particularly interesting go down the rabbit hole a bit. Also maybe pause occasionally to look up terms or phrases you might not understand. It can be quick and not very frequent start slow until you start to find a rhythm then just challenge yourself to learn a bit more at a comfortable and fun pace and energy.
@@squeakyp87this is very good advice!
exactly you don't understand it entirely but it is good to note that by analogy one can get a tiny Idea of it's essence
When you first immerse yourself in something new, that is bound to happen. I in no way understand a good bit of what's going on (and probably won't until I go for a physics degree) but I understand way more than I did 5 years ago when I started paying attention to the subject. You can do it!
I love that over time we're leaning increasingly more into using light instead of electrons for our devices
I guess they'll be called "lightics"
@@IloveRumania Optoelectronics!! Its a very real thing
@@rpgtalkout8793 Very nice! I hope this field advances further!
@@rpgtalkout8793 why not just photonics?
@@AE-cc1yllove it!
I did my masters thesis on this! Funny that the shortest timescales can also take us up to the highest energies. Methods similar to this that use a relativistically oscillating mirror instead of a gas may be able to take us up to the energy where it is predicted the vacuum itself breaks down and starts forming electron positron pairs spontaneously! Also amazing for particle accelerators, no need for billions on cern if you can generate fields that shoot electrons up to speed in a few cm!
How do you make a mirror oscillate at relativistic speeds though?
Would it shoot hadrons and in large amounts? I guess for the price you could build a lot of them.
@@unvergebeneidthe first thought I'd have is an electrically accelerated plasma mirror
@@xxportalxx. that does sound more promising than my first draft of gluing tinfoil to the E string of a mandolin.
I had the same question @@unvergebeneid just asked. Interesting. Now I'm googling "plasma mirror". Thanks, @xxportalxx.
To see electron clouds animated close up would be so cool.
Wouldn't their wave functions collapse since we'll be observing them?
@@ChinnuWoW Yeah, we'd see them as particles probably.
@@whiskey1bravo413We can map out the cloud from the information about their orbitals and current position I think. So we can just predict what the cloud would look like, to a degree never before!
czcams.com/video/W2Xb2GFK2yc/video.html
@@whiskey1bravo413 "Seeing them as particles" is probably a matter of interpretation.
I only watch these episodes to have my mind blown once a week. Basically what I get out of it is, the realization, just how much the scientists know and at what level their minds operate, while I am trying to figure out if my soup needs more salt or sugar to balance it out. Indeed winning a Nobel prize is no joke..
Nor is balancing your soup out between your nutritional needs and your taste buds desires. That there is no nobel price for soup doesn't mean its not important! 😋
It’s usually going to be salt.
cooking is basically chemistry so don't beat yourself up
@@thomassturm9024 It means that soup is too hard to crack for scientists as of now :P
Add a carrot or potato if you used too much salt 😊
This is a nice reminder of how inconceivably fast a planck time is; there are more planck times in an attosecond than attoseconds in a second
Unbelievable, what an astonishing achievement by these scientists. Thanks for making this video.
An *atto*-nishing achievement indeed
My uncle could break the laws of physics. He had a cushy government job. He finished at 5pm but somehow got home by 4pm. Amazing
Your uncle was remarkably deft,
At 5, of him, his job was bereft,
He'd movedwith such might,
He'd go faster than light,
And get home an hour 'fore he left.
@@garethdean6382i love this
Imagine how much hard drive space you’d need to record just 1 second at that frame rate
... at least 7.
seven what
7 data centers@@anonymouspersonthefake
42
@@anonymouspersonthefake hard drive space
Great video! @3:06, it's worth noting a camera's aperture does not define exposure time, that is defined by shutter speed. The shutter usually opens or hinges vertically in the case of an SLR camera, and/or a digital sensor readout is performed vertically in most mirrorless cameras. The aperture defines the size of the opening through which light passes to reach the sensor and will control depth of field and image brightness.
Keep in mind they're showing a TLR camera with a leaf shutter in which case the aperture functions as the shutter.
@@nashsok Is that the norm for cameras with leaf shutters? I always assumed that cameras with leaf shutters had the mechanism in the camera rather reusing the aperture mechanism.
@@Your_Paramour Yup, leaf shutters are most commonly the aperture itself within the lens - They're not too common these days since most photographers use your standard SLR or DSLR system, but if you look at large format camera systems or other high-end medium format systems like Phase One, the lenses each have their own leaf shutter mechanism within them.
There have been a few camera systems which use behind-the-lens leaf shutters in the camera body, however those are quite rare and afaik there's only a handful of vintage cameras that did it that way.
@@nashsok Leaf shutters are not the aperture blades. Those are two different, yet mechanically similar looking components. I have a twin lens reflex Flexaret VI camera and clearly can see both aperture and shutter being stacked in the lens behind each other (the shutter being closer to the front). The shutter always fully opens, the aperture then limits the diameter of that opening.
@@nashsok erik is correct. The purpose of a leaf shutter (most typically inside the optical block of a lens) is to maximize speed and minimize the physical amount of movement to needed to block that light. Aka a shutter curtain near the focal plane has a much larger area to block compared to an in lens leaf shutter closer to the the aperture. It’s (in all cases I’m aware of) a second mechanism separate of aperture, even since it’s inception/invention.
“In most typical cases, a leaf shutter is located either immediately behind the lens, or "inside" the lens, with elements of the lens both ahead of and behind the shutter. It's located here so that the aperture it needs to cover/uncover is relatively small (usually much smaller than the lens aperture, not to mention the size of the focal plane).”
In any case, the terminology is wrong an should be corrected. In some rare case where the aperture is in fact being used as a shutter (not so in the TLR referenced, maybe in some very vintage large format lenses), the fact would still hold true. The aperture mechanism is being used as a shutter. The aperture function of a lens/camera is never related to time. The shutter function is in relation to time. Even if an aperture mechanism may serve a dual purpose as a shutter.
The impacts of this on gravitational wave detection will fundamentally unlock our new way of observing as distance. Excited to see the evolution of space based gravitational astronomy.
* at distance
Does that mean GPS could also be calculated to the partial centimeter?
@@LK-py1nb it already can be, its just illegal to own because gps with that much precision is for the military only
Communication that transcends time. Gravitational waves are where SETI will go real mode
@@brian1weresays who? Trimble will sell you one for surveying for around 30k
What I love about this channel: Matt. Also: No clickbait ever. Thank you.
Most cameras use a "shutter" to control the time exposure, not the "aperture" which can usually only decrease to some minimum amount that still lets light in.
Oh yeah? Well... why is poison ivy so dangerous for hikers?
Are we now going to see an atto second mode in cameras 😁
About ten years ago I was thinking about this subject for a science fiction writing project. My solution for the smallest amount of time was the fastest speed over the smallest distance. That is the time it takes light to travel a Planck length. Of course, this is a more useful system. :-)
I support giving physicists anything described as "Too Powerful and too dangerous." Let it ride!
This is how you get Half Life
Bad idea.
@@huihuihuihuihuihui1 Ahhh... Good ol' "Unforseen Consequences"
We already did that and now there's microplastics everywhere and the planet is boiling
@@tpower1912How is that the fault of physicists?
Amazing stuff!
And 3 Nobels in 2 years: Alain Aspect, last year and today Anne L'Huillier and Pierre Agostini. Congrats to the French for their contribution to fondamental research in physics.
fundamental*
*fonduemental
Alain Aspect's work in confirming Bell's Inequality and non-locality was indeed fundamental physics and rigorously groundbreaking. It was a long time coming but deeply deserved.
@@lmost That's the Swiss' contribution to physics
yes, but the French govt's support of science is abysmal. That's why every French scientist wants to emigrate to a country where science is highly valued.
The James-Webb telescope findings, and now this?! So much cool physics going on this year!! Excellent video
Anne is from my faculty and I have several friends who had her as their supervisor. She's a very humble and nice person and wo deserving of this prize!
I think it would be really cool if you guys did videos on contenders for the prize as well. As someone who has moved away from academia into the private sector but still enjoys hearing about the progress being made, it we be awesome to see the biggest discoveries in one place
Weird - my phone says this was uploaded "6 attoseconds ago." Must be a new update to the CZcams app.
Are you sure it wasn't femtoseconds? 🤔 😂
Good phone.
Your comment wins.
Welcome giant eye-head man to the PBS Spacetime character pool.
Don't draw attention, he's very sensitive about it
@@BigyetiTechnologies it's always "eye-head man," and never "George the genius vacuum repairman, who *happens* to have an eye-head" you know?
Aye, man!
This is seriously groundbreaking stuff. Nobel prize well deserved
The science fiction content here is so engaging and mind-bending. I love how it explores complex scientific concepts in such an accessible and entertaining way
Amazing episode, Matt! Congratulations! And, of course, many, many congratulations to the amazing Nobel laureate prize winners!
Not really sure I understood much of it, but I'll be re-viewing it and reading up on it!
I love these Nobel breakdowns you guys have been doing. It's totally fascinating to me seeing what the Earth's best and brightest are working on (and how ridiculous of a next level they're all on).
They represent the Universe's best efforts at understanding itself 🤓
Love the way you accurately represent the scientific process. This is what science is all about, and it's amazingly encapsulated in this video!
"Whenever we open a new window on the universe we discover something new"
This cracked me up more than it should have^^
Agreed, if that cracked you up at all, there's probably something wrong with you lol. Just kidding of course, friend! There's not a damn thing wrong with laughing whenever we can!!!
A high-level manager once declared to me that “the whole world is going global” and wondered why I laughed.
3:05 The aperture is set to a value to get the correct exposure for a given time, it remains fixed during the whole exposure time. The exposure time is controlled by the shutter, not aperture. Twin lens reflex cameras generally have leaf shutter, which might be confused with aperture blades. Btw. nice twin reflex camera model used in the video.
I remember when I heard this news, I asked about its application in ICs for ultra high data rates as an IC designer. Glad to see it does have potential! We have optical IOs for ultra high speed buses 225Gbps and above which are clocked by very high speed frequency synthesizers. We are entering the realm of THz and PHz circuits… absolutely wild!
The optical IOs use diodes and other interesting materials to convert the optical to electrical energy for use in silicon ICs. To think we might not need to convert would make the buses even faster due to the large capacitance by the diodes which take up most of the front end capacitance which dictates maximum speed.
An extra tidbit in case it’s interesting/useful to anyone: the frequency of the “wah-wah-wah”s (beats) is the same as the difference between the two combined tones’ frequencies. Piano tuners (and other musicians) use this to help tune unison or octave-apart strings all the time (faster beats = freqs that are farther apart).
This was an amazing video. So well described and to the point. Really one of your best videos.
This sounds incredibly complicated even after the explanation, but the potential it brings is really eye opening and fascinating.
Thank you for this explanation. Your folks really dereve an atto-boy for making this topic more clear.
My student friend has worked with femtosecond lasers in optics, and met the Canadian Nobel prize winner in that area.
This is exactly the explanation I was looking for. Of the countless scientific news channels I watch, this is the only one that has actually explained what the achievements were and what it has already actually done. Great job!
Absolutely incredible visuals and explanations here, as always!
Wow!!! 👍. I remember watching this channel before Matt started hosting. It’s been BLOWING MY MIND ALL THIS TIME!!! Amazing stuff, thanks SpaceTime!
Since attosecond imaging has the potential to observe electrons in motion, do you think it can "see" the electron cloud of a single H-atom changing its shape from say 1s orbital to 2s (or from 2s to 2p) upon absorbing an external photon?
It's usually considered that such an orbital "jump" is instantaneous. However, whenever I think of such an orbital "jump", I always picture portions of the initial s-orbital smoothly changing its shape to a p-orbital instead of an abrupt instantaneous change of shape. This would be like looking at "intermediate" (superposed) states during the transition. As far as I know theoretically, Quantum Mechanics (Time-dependent perturbation theory) only shows how the probability of transition from one orbital to another increases with time, but never talks about the changing states. (Maybe, Adiabatic approximation says something but I have to check)!
I therefore think that observing such a transition would be kind of interesting to know because that would also test Foundations of Quantum Mechanics.
The problem is that the photons themselves will affect the cloud. It's like trying to take a picture of a balloon with a shotgun.
They did try the very experiment you suggest and the results were odd. The recorded transitions weren't instantaneous but also seemed to suggest the electron 'overshot' the transition and had to settle back to the right level. But this implies all sorts of secondary issues since orbitals aren't rings or even concentric spherical shells around the nucleus.
Worse, orbital clouds aren't actually 'clouds' of electrons. The 2s orbital, for example, is depicted as a sphere of cloud when in fact there are only 2 point objects there - the two electrons (if the orbital is filled). What's being depicted is the *probability* of where an electron might be, so an orbital change is really a change in the probability distribution of that electron's position. It doesn't need to entail a transitional change in the shape of the cloud.
The conflict is that these shells don't overlap (well, they do - the probability of an electron being at any location in the universe never reaches zero, but are VERY low - that's why quantum tunnelling exists), so how is the electron getting from one allowed space to the other?
Orbitals are not static under a dynamic electromagnetic field. One can see that if you take a look at quantumelectrodynamics and its resolution to the hydrogen problem while an electromagnetic field is present. You gain a lot of interference effects which result in some of the coolest phenomena but also quite some strange stuff.
1s to 2s is a forbidden transition by the way
I am not aware of any publications experimentally observing the electron density during ionisation. However, photoionisation was extremely deeply considered during the last 15 years and photoionisation delays (predicted decades ago theoretically) were observed experimentally.
What was also observed is e.g. the time-evolution of a superposition of states. If I recall correctly, the time-evolution of the electron density of a 1s-2p superposition was observed, which is quite neat!
@@jakob6628 I see, very interesting!!! Can you please refer some sources or videos or anything for the observation of 1s-2p evolution and photoionisation delay?
I would like to see some plots or videos for the evolution of probability density (or the wavefunction) itself, rather than some indirect measurements. Do you think such plots exist?
I was waiting for the video and explaining the possible practical applications of this discovery.
Amazing work by amazing scientists.
What a brilliant use of existing technology and ideas to create something completely new. Laser configurations always fascinated me. The science is almost straightforward when you lay it out this way but solving the puzzle seems like it was an incredible feat, like a proper scientific achievement
I remember attending a conference while in undergrad about femtosecond physics and potential applications in targeted tumor treatment. It really blew my mind. Attosecond is even faster than that so I cannot even comprehend that 😂
This content takes me back to my first decade, and my older friends were into science and had science encyclopaedia at home.
They let me read the bits I needed to understand them.
They made gunpowder and added powdered iron and aluminium.
We made Molotov cocktails for the 44-gallon fire incinerator in his suburban backyard.
They made massive amplifiers with valves.
And a capacitor with glass plates and aluminium foil. That also nearly killed one of them.
The powdered rocket fuel mixed in the garage nearly blew the house apart. The swing doors left their hinges.
Good old days, science has remained fascinating.
Thank you for the clarity you bring to these new boundaries in science. 😊😊😊😊😊😊
I really enjoy this series. I'm sure there's a lot I don't understand about any particular video, but it feels great when something clicks!
This is the best description of this story by anyone I have seen on CZcams.
Gee, it makes me want to be young again, to go into Physics. Way to go you Nobel winners.
Thank you for this video! I've heard a bit of the buzz around these Nobel winners lately, but I've not taken the time to read up on what exactly their discovery was. Thank you very much for explaining it so clearly and succinctly. Yet another fascinating advance in physics to unfathomably short timescales!
God be with you out there everybody. ✝️ :)
What an incredible video, explanations that can bring things down to my level are greatly appreciated!
Very well explained - a pleasure to follow it through
This video was amazing. People are awesome and the future is something to look forward to. On another note- can you please do a video on fermion to boson transformation?
I have witnessed events so tiny and so fast they can hardly be said to have occurred at all.
We also witness events so large and so slow that we don't even realize they're happening.
This was fantastic explained and illustrated even though I had to pause the video many time and replay sequences to understand all the information. Thanks!
Even in Laymans terms it baffled me but he said Space Time at the end and thats my favourite bit, the way he wraps up the episodes with these 2 words every time
we reached the point whereby new technology appears to us as magic.
I've also noticed that PBS has upgraded its production value :)
Now THIS is cutting-edge physics! Goodbye String Theory.
Amazing, can't wait for all the cool science and tech incorporating this!
hope i can still see this achievement applied to computing. thanks as always prof. Matt
Fascinating stuff indeed. Fingers crossed for faster computers!
just getting into signal processing. that was by far the best explanation of harmonics I have seen. thanks !
Brilliant. One of the rare videos of this channel that I could actually follow.
This video has given me more hope for the future than anything else in the last couple years
Some pronunciation notes. Anne L'Huillier's surname is pronounced like "lwee-yay," roughly, not "le-hoo-lee-air." H is always silent in French, ll is pronounced like an English consonant y (somewhat similar to in Spanish), and the final -r is also usually silent.
Also, the vowel in "timbre" is usually pronounced either like the a in "tambourine" (for American and British speakers) or the i in "timber" (for Australian and New Zealand speakers). It's not usually pronounced like the o in "Tom." In French, it's pronounced like the i in "Lupin" or "Rodin" or the ai in "saint," and the m is otherwise silent.
Interesting, I never considered the "i" in "Rodin" to be pronounced /ɛ̃/ and the "n" to be silent. In my mind it's always been the "in" that is pronounced /ɛ̃/, without any silent letters.
@@unvergebeneid Yeah, you can look at it either way. I was just trying to get across that there is no /m/ without using any IPA.
Same notes for the Hungarian part. Ferenc Krausz's first name is pronounced like "Fe-rents". The "k" like sound only exists on actual k letters.
@@HunLancer I noticed that too but forgot about it. I wonder why Hungarian orthography matches the orthography of some Slavic languages in Eastern Europe in that way. For instance, in Croatian, ⟨c⟩ is also pronounced like /ts/. But Hungarian is certainly not related to Croatian. And I doubt Hungarians learned to read from the Croats.
Well, I cannot help you there, because I'm by no means a linguist, or well versed in the technicalities of Hungarian language, I'm only a native speaker.@@EebstertheGreat
every minute 60 second passes in africa
We must do something about this
Thanks Matt. you always bring it home.
The acoustics analogy reminded me of the time I discovered a strange universal pattern. If you take the same wavelength differences between ROYGCBIV and apply it to low frequency tones, like you did, you get a heartbeat. This isn't some New Age bullshit, just something I stumbled upon while comparing Light and Sound Waves. It's practically an octave. We have an octave of vision, and that small sliver of visible light when transposed down to an audible register plays a heartbeat. The first sound we ever hear, before we can even see. I just think it's neat.
Love the limits to which time can be divisible too
What limits?
@@CriticalStoriesPlanck time?
@@lievenvv Gimme.... half of that.
@@Stand_By_For_Mind_Control You can't. Physics breaks down at that scale.
@@TheoWerewolf You can. You just won't be able to observe any kind of change or action within that time period. Functionally that means time is broken up into planck times but it's not like a universal clock that ticks in Planck seconds. Time is continuous.
"there are as many attoseconds in a second as there are seconds in what is it like 13bn years" can we jus pause and think ab tha for a second
Im a physics PhD student and love your videos. There is so much to know
Cameras use something called a shutter to temporarily allow light on the sensor or film, not the aperture.
I would think this would also apply to data transmission via fiber optics. Faster lasers = more data per second.
I think you are going to run into problems trying to process the data coming in at that speed
Attoboy, Attosecond!
Excellent video Matt, keep the hard work.
Im studying power engineering and one of my teachers today brought up this today. The massive implications of this, if we could make a switch gate that operates at attoseconds iss very exciting
2:01 3rd guy was amazing in Inglorious Bastards, happy to see him get recognized outside of film too 😂
Don’t remember him or see any resemblance to anyone on the movie. Who am I missing?
@@Jump-n-smash he looks like the actor who played Sgt. Hugo Stiglitz
The time it takes for wikipedia editors to update a dead celebrity's page
Amazing video and a wonderful world. thank you!!
honestly i usually have no issue following the explanations but this time i was getting really lost..... until, the music analogy! that just got me there you are an awesome communicator thanks a lot!
Attosecond definition: the speed at which the money leaves my bank account on lay day
I love watching your videos, so informative and really good at keeping my attention. Which is hard to do cause of ADHD. Thank you for always putting out quality stuff!!!
Thanks for another great video! I just wanted to point out a mistake in the transcript/subtitles; at 3:32 the subtitles say "attometer" despite Matt clearly saying "attosecond".
As someone that works in the semiconductor field this was really cool to hear!
@7:11 pedantic, I know, but you have the waves adding where they should be subtracted and vice versa ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
Is it possible to apply this technology to a particle collider in order to possibly observe events that currently happen too quickly for us to see them? If so, it would be possible for it to open many new doors to potential particles and to proof of some yet to be proven theories (out of the many, im not just referring to string theory or gravitons or anything in particular... pun intended).
Incredible feat....congrats to the scientists 🎉
Yes!! Been waiting for this episode 😊 Super excited about this field
Blew my mind when I read about how many years a quintillion seconds would be. Insane someone figured out how to slow time that much
You mixed up aperature and shutter speed
So they got a Nobel Atta-boy for Atto-physics? Nice.
Tom attababy-itzaboy got snubbed
This video is nearly as amazing as the nature of that science achievement. So unbelievable beautiful...
Amazing explanation as always. Thank you
Matt, the correct pronunciation is "Ferents Kraaus", not Ferenk. It's not Frank, it's Francisco. Hungarian here.
Ferenk 😂 … 😭
De akkor tegyük azt is hozzá, hogy Anne L'Huillier = "Án Lüijié"!
I've been looking for this comment so I don't have to write it out myself 😁👊
Ugyanitt bojler elado!
Petition to change from Attoseconds to Game Ticks.
This episode really blew my mind. I only hope that all of these new discoveries in science don't lead to new ways a blowing people up.
>Attosecond
>The Smallest Unit of Time
>The Planck Time: Am I a joke to you?
I absolutely love this channel❤
Great video and very well explained. 🙂😎🤓
I haven't hardly watched any other attosecond videos because I have been waiting for this one to drop.
Fantastic video, as always 😊...