12 magnets show how viruses are built
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- čas přidán 9. 06. 2024
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The way viruses self assemble from proteins that a jumbling around in an infected cell is really interesting. And can be illustrated really nicely with this 3D printed model. I'll also explain how protein synthesis works.
Here's one of Hamish Todds brilliant interactive explanations:
viruspatterns.com/
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A lot of people are asking how the genome of the virus is replicated and how it gets inside the capsid. Great questions! Genome replication depends on the type of genome (DNA or RNA etc). Simple example is DNA where the replicating machinery of the host cell blindly replicates the viral DNA. This can be slow when the cell is not in "replication mode" itself. Which is why viruses often code for their own replication machinery. As for how the new genetic material gets inside the capsid, well it has a "high affinity" for the inside face of the capsid proteins. In other words it easily sticks to the inside of the shell as it forms.
Retro viruses like the HIV for example are coded in RNA and bring a whole lot of proteins with them that allow he RNA to get into the nucleus and become part of the host cDNA
It is also worth noting that a lot of viruses are very inefficient at replicating. Tons of empty capsids, capsids with only some or extra genetic material, and only partially-assembled capsids are released. That is one of the reasons why one (a cell) actually often needs to be exposed by hundreds or thousands of virus molecules in order to actually be successfully infected.
It's just that infected cells often produce just such obscene amounts of virus molecules that overall there's bound to be lots of them which are properly assembled and infectious.
@@davidonfim2381 Cool. Now I understand one of the reasons why some infections don't show any symptoms until much later.
@@ThePotaToh Extra note: the time between the infection and the symptoms showing up is called the incubation time. Different viruses have different incubation times unique to themselves.
www.virology.ws/2014/10/08/the-incubation-period-of-a-viral-infection/
@Steve Mould Thank you so much for making this video ! (Just discovered your channel). I remember 20 years ago in first year (molecular) biology course on Viruses and sticking my hand up asking HOW do these geometric shapes self assemble ? I thought it was such a cool idea... Like having a solution of various sub components and IKEA self assembling furniture comes out the other end... (no abstract (IKEA) instructions required). Love the kinetic magnetic facet example. This self assembly problem has always stuck in my mind ~ So thanks (again) for answering that ! [ I'm not a professional biologist by trade but nature has so many useful things to draw upon your "Data" example is very meaningful.].
What an awesome example, I love this! Who doesn't love seeing order emerge from chaos?
Whoa 3b1b is already here and matt parker(standupmaths ) has put this video link in description.
I swear all these mathematicians have ties with each other.
@@gaurangagarwal3243 Oh boy, you're gonna love this video czcams.com/video/VvCytJvd4H0/video.html
I'll tell you who, entropy ;)
@@LeoStaley already seen that :)
Please do statistical mechanics oriented videos (not necessarily physics, things like this would be awesome)
Keywords of legendaryness for me are "stochastic emergence"
7:51 The T4 bacteriaphage! One of the most fascinating biological structures I know of. It looks so... deliberate, and I still have trouble how such a thing could self-assemble from random stuff floating around. When it's assembled, it just looks like the most menacing weapon in existence. It looks almost alien, I think.
That animation is really misleading (as are all of the other animations shown, and pretty much all animations about molecular processes ever made. Showing how they truly would look would be FAR too confusing and chaotic). Bacteriophages don't "walk" around like spiders like that.
Randomness is a probability field. When we think of random, we usually think of the static on a television set. But there are two kinds of random. The other is the basis of reality that we now model as quantum physics. In which there is a degree of uncertainty about precision. We know that something HAS a location, we just don't know or need to know EXACTLY where in the probability distribution it is (if we know its precise momentum, and visa versa).
So the action is non specific, but we know with very certain likely hood that sugar will disolve in water. Just as a mixture of 50% protein A, 25% molecule B, and 25% protein C will result in a structure composed of proteins A and C. It is random action, but within known boundaries. You don't know exactly how they will do it, but you know almost for certain that a toddler left unattended in a ring with a jenga tower will have a predictable end-state. The concept of order and disorder is a matter of perspective. Carbon in a tree is in a more stable mode locally than when it was in the atmosphere, even though we know that it has an energetic potential for combustion that it didn't in the atmosphere, the local "decisions" it made to get into the tree are always slightly downhill in energy state when taking into account the local surroundings. Just as evaporation is from the water standpoint and higher energy state, it is because the atmosphere in general was needing somewhere to even out the energy it contained, so while it moved into the water, it overall lessened in the system.
It's had a looong time to "try out" a lot of alternatives.
Bacteriophage estimated to kill 40% of all bacteria in the ocean each day.
The animators of Steven Universe thought so too, check out the "kindergarten" in that show.
Don't ever change Steve, you're the vsauce we always needed
I still miss vsauce's philosophical tangents though.
I slightly make up for it by watching exurb1a, but his philosophy doesn't always stem from specific scientific info, but rather a more holistic view of the world/universe.
@Howdy Justice what the fuck man
This is very interesting! Now I'm thinking, is it possible to make a whole bunch of tiny magnets, which if we slowly feed into a shaking tub, they end up looking like a human just by random clicking and banging like you showed? That would be awesome!
Well, possibly, if we have the correct shapes of the magnets and the tub, aswell as the precise function of the tub-shaking wave.
It might take some arbitrarily shaped magnets to only click together in the desired arrangement, but I'm sure you could do it. I doubt it could be done with only one or two types of magnet, but I'm no expert in geometry so i couldn't say for sure
@ElectroBOOM
Maybe *You* can do it using Kirchhoff's rule instead of Faraday's law? It might be physically infeasible but as an engineer you can make it (almost always) to work anyways. If it leads you to some wrong conclusions, who cares?
I like the idea. I’m going to say the following with a “in the moment” analysis with just an engineering degree. It may be possible but will likely be a random chance more than a repeatable process.
I think it may be more complex than you think. The example has symmetric modules which can snap together to form a structure you would expect. Start introducing asymmetric parts and you will get varied combinations of resulting arrangements. In biochemistry (or simply chemistry), we’re talking about molecules with several atoms that each have their own affinity to bond with other atoms from other molecules, which is how we get an apparent structure. With magnets, we’re dealing with just 2 poles and their strengths, which gives rise to more randomness and less structure when you bump them against each other. So, there isn’t a strict rule for “selective” bonding.
Well that’s my take. I’m probably wrong, but hey, this is the first reply on CZcams that I’ve written ever, so congratulations, sir, for making me think
I'd have to imagine it's possible. DNA is just a base-4 number encoding system, right? Magnets are great at encoding binary data. I don't know how many bits of data you'd need to make sure each piece only connect to an appropriate node, or how elaborate the design of your magnet-molecules would need to be to prevent errors. I suppose it would depend greatly upon your definition of "looking like a human".
So... there's basically a genetic runtime compiler within us!
The source code is pretty shoddy, hundreds of megabytes of deprecated commented out old code have to be shipped with every new cell D:
Within each and every cell !
@@xwolpertinger this is actually how dna works is the worst type of code. It works like that:
- Someone write a arm
- We need another arm
- Another programmer copy the arm code
After sometime of maintance both arms looks similar, but they're not identical anymore, because some stupid dev doesn't know how abstractions works
@@EduardoRFS but what does it mean that the basic "bad" code ended up creating "good" code to the point it could criticise it self online.
@@alexcarter8082 It means about a billion years of trying hard.
"Viruses... assemble!"
Sounds like a rallying cry of supervillain group or something haha.
Or [Insert preferred political pinata]
Viruses uhhhm Autobots, rollout
This hits hard a year later
Anyone who is familiar with biology and math can somewhat easily imagine how stochastic processes work... But, for people without scientific backgrounds, the live "demo" you showed is such an elegant way to present and teach about biological processes. And that's why I think this video deserves much more attention. Hope my comment encourages CZcams to recommend it!
I came here to procrastinate and you post a video to remember me i should study for my microbiology finals. Come on...
Karma? Fate? Good luck with your exam will arrive when you stop procrastinating.
Good luck, buddy. Update us when you pass (hopefully)!
No update?
No update?
@@alphajnitro0072 why do people put alpha in front of their nicknames?
You just helped a physics graduate, who had a partial understanding of the chain pulling and match assembly, fully understand it to the extent of the video - thank you!
reverse engineer:can I execute my own code?
virus: yes but no
How appropriate for this to be recommended to me now
This is one of the most informative videos I've seen on DNA and viruses. One of the best explanations ive heard on this topic
Absolutely amazing ! Could you have a whole series on this maybe ? Like how the entire cell machinery works ?
An upload! My day just got that bit better!
much
Fully agree
This is great stuff!
Seeing the emergence of the dodecahedral structure makes me think of Plato's theory of everything, and how he thought that the smallest structures were in the form of what we now call the platonic solids. Of course, we now know that he was wrong, and there are more than just 4 (or 5) elements, but he was certainly on to something. The platonic solids are naturally forming structures at a very small level.
Man, coming here from standupmath's channel just made me realize how much difference a good camera makes.
This was literally on my biology A-level exam last week!
i've seen this type of self-assembly used in (micro-) robotics and i love it. especially if they have the tools to reproduce the needed assembly parts already built in.
Great video!
You literally pricked the eggshell of how to make an omlet, and you did it in record time.
So much more to be explained, but you laid a very good foundation for it.
Thank you!
a turing machine (or billions of them) made alan turing, thus proving him right about ai
Great video. I appreciate very much how you explained something very complex in simple words. Im an architect and I do not understand biology too much. I also appreciate that you did not asume that we already new some of the concepts. Thank you.
Whoa, Steve, you explained this so incredibly well. What I really loved is that after each step, you went over the entire thing again, each time, increasingly briefly. Brilliant teaching method.
This is the coolest and best explanation of DNA I've ever seen, including University professors. Just, wow.
Great job Steve
Great stuff! I always learn a lot from your videos. Greetings from uruguay
Thanks this was an awesome talk. I think the terms codon, anti-codon, and codon recognition would help clarify the process of ribosomal RNA working with messenger RNA & transfer RNA
Great presentation, easy to understand.
Fascinating. Brilliant video! As always. Thank you very much
7:51 that animation seems misleading. Of course, it's an artistic rendering. But those motions imply intent. That's incorrect.
1:24 seems like the ribosome is Turing complete (unlike most humans).
This is my new favorite quote.
Why unlike humans?
@@tomlxyz I think it was an attempt to insult humans.
*A toy precisely designed and crafted by the labor, intention, and understanding of a human mind to be self assembling* : self assembles
*Steve* : “a meaningful structure arising from a random process.”
Unbelivable amount of information explained on a so simple way! Thanks.
I'm always surprised by the fact that you didn't reach a million subscribers yet. It feels like it's just a matter of time, your content is always top notch quality, BS-free, straight to the brain sugar!
He ll reach 2M soon :)
@@AdhiNarayananYR hey guess what :D
Thank you, CZcams, for notifying me about this video 3 days after I have watched and liked it. Reaaaaally helpful 😎
Excellent presentation!!
You always make feel this strage feeling in the chest. Like, your videos always cause me a lot of emotions and that why I like them so much.
Where can you buy these little magnet virus capsids? They're great.
Do you have a link?
@@wcoenen The AR stuff (discussed on the About page) is quite impressive.
Does anyone know when will they be in stock again?
Having worked in this field, excellent description. Love your and Matt’s video’s a looooot.
What do you worked with? I'm really interested in this
MIGUEL RIVAS Hi Miguel, I worked with (this was already some years ago) trying to produce the outer shells of a certain virus type, with a small piece (a few amino acids basically) of a harmful virus attached to it. This was a test to see if we could make a vaccine against a virus that caused a type of cancer. The empty capsid would function as an efficient way to get into cells to produce an immune respons. The idea eventually didn’t work very well in practice but I did built and produce these empty capsids in the shapes you can see in the video.
Quick question, is the dodecahedral form due to common decent or convergent evolution?
If it's convergent why is this "preferred" over tetrahedrons, I'd have thought this would be a "better" design as it's less parts and should therefore be able to form much more rapidly?
@@JimGiant I dunno, but perhaps a tetrahedron doesn't provide as much space inside, compared to a dodecahedron made with the same amount of material.
Perhaps speed of assembly isn't important. And I wonder if it's true that a dodecahedrom takes more time to self-assemble than a tetrahedron. Seems like you'd spend a lot of time waiting for that final piece to fall into place. And with a tetrahedron, the pieces have to fall in exactly the right place, within a small margin. Dodecahedron pieces are smaller and have more axes of reflection, being pentagons, so don't need to rotate as far to fit into place.
Again, that's all a total guess. Just based on ideas of things that need the least energy, and evolution taking it's creations in that direction.
I want more of this! This was awesome and enlightening
Great video as usual Steve!
I hate it when I have flu.
Can't believe a bunch of DNA protein bois building icosahedrons can ruin my day. I'm so weak (literally).
Influenza has RNA genomes not DNA.
@@peterjf7723 Right
@@peterjf7723 Is it also icosahedrally shaped? Is that true of all viruses?
@@moscanaveia Influenza virus is pleomorphic, forming either spherical or filamentous particles.
@@moscanaveia No, influenza virus is not icosahedral, it is pleomorphic, forming either spherical or filamentous particles.
7:51 Bacteriophages do not deliberately move their "legs" to settle on the surface of their host; they do not possess the molecular mechanism required for such (e.g. they lack ATP, motility, etc.). Their interaction is purely statistical and they land by chance, but once they do, they become attached my molecular forces in pretty much the same way their capsids self-assemble. Otherwise, good video.
Strictly, he should be showing the billions of bacteriophages bumping around & FAILING to infect the host, in addition to the "winner". That would produce a much more realistic visual for what is happening. Showing only the "winner" gives the false sensation of "directed intention" by the virus.
@@theultimatereductionist7592 Also, it is not rare to have dozens of viruses land on the same bacterium if their concentration is high enough. Again, they land by chance, but they have evolved so as to have a shape that sticks to their host's shape.
Was wondering just that! Thank you for the clarification!
This earned the subscription from me. You dive into the questions I have in the back of my mind that no one seems to discuss. This was a great mystery for me until now. Thank you! 🤯
I find your videos really interesting, thank you. The sciences show the immense beauty of our world/universe, even in things I rarely think about.
Thumbnail of the year
Human genome is 700 MB, DOOM Eternal is 40GB.
This was really helpful! Thanks Steve!
Thanks for the enlightening video!
Great simple examples to show how order can arise from chaos under specific conditions.
On that theme, he's done a nice video on entropy
May I inquire as to how I might acquire your virus demo model/magnets? Brilliant teaching tool!
More on this subject please! It's so interesting.
Entertaining and Informing, Thank you for sharing this, Steve!
Where did you get the magnetic virus??
Dump... I really want to know where you got it from?
I might have missed something, at what point does the replicated DNA/RNA go inside the capsid?
From a quick google search, it seems like while subunits of capsids are still bumping around and forming there are some other viral proteins that bind selectively to viral DNA/RNA strands by recognizing structural hairpin loops and specific sequences of viral genome. These DNA/RNA binding proteins also bind with high affinity to the inside surface of the capsid, so after the DNA/RNA is on the binding protein, they are stuck to the inside wall of one of the subunits the rest of the capsid is built around it. This is a pretty big oversimplification and there are tons of nuances and different specific mechanisms depending on the virus and host organism, but I think a general idea of how/when it happens.
www.brandeis.edu/departments/physics/hagan/pdfs/capsid.pdf
(I wondered that too)
@@bradywells1293 Nice
Columbia has a great course for free on CZcams about this topic: czcams.com/video/R7n-fDq9t2Q/video.html
Really interesting topic, looking forward to more of it !
I love biology and the beggining of evolution so much, and this video is one of the best on the internet. Please make more.
1:18 My boy, you're talking about RNA there, A U C G.
from 2:50 to 3:00 he mentioned that he missed out a step (transcription)...My guess would be that he purposely left out the mature mRNA bit while trying to simplify the explanation :)
@@khbye2411 I find that the explanation has "leaks", it's a bit confusing because of this, he could have just explained transcription in a phrase or two
Mounster Chef I found the explanation adequate.
Also to mention that he called Adenine as Anadine (maybe just a speaking error) and that human genome is about 700 MB (it's about 3 GB as far as I remember)
I feel like I learn more from one of your videos than I did from a year of school. You have a real talent for explaining interesting phenomena. Thanks much!
What makes your explanations a cut above the rest is that every time you try to personify a process that is absolutely devoid of sentience, you correct yourself and give the real explanation of what's going on. I think personification in science teaching is a real problem, and skips over the real wonder of what's going on. Thank you for that!
Amazing! Well done sir!
All this molecular biology stuff is so mind-boggling. The more I learn about it, the more mysterious it seems.
The ribosomes only read RNA. A C G & U. But the rest is awesome!
This was really interesting! I had no idea about how complex the DNA reading process was! Thanks for explaining it so well, the animations really helped
Wonderful mate, thank you Steve.
about the size of the Circoviridae's DNA size, I think it's in kilo base (thousand base pair) not kilo byte
Assuming ASCII 1 byte per character, there's no difference between a kilobyte and a kilo base pair. 1kb = 1024 bytes or about 1000 characters, same as a thousand base pairs.
DNA/RNA bases are base-4. So kilo base = 4^1024 information, vs 256^1024 for a kilobyte.
I think.
@@williamchamberlain2263 A kilo is 10^3 or 1000, a kilobit is 2^10=1024, a since there are 8 bits in a byte a kilobyte is 8 kilobit or 8*2^10.
Since DNA/RNA bases are base-4 a kilobase could be 4^5=1024. Meaning; kilobase < kilobyte.
It could not be 4^1000, which just is the amount of different 1000 base DNA strings could possible exist. 4^1000 is 6*10^578 (1 with 578 zero's behind it) times the storage capasity that is predicted we will have combined in the world in 2025.
@@williamchamberlain2263 It's more complex than that even. There are 4 basic base pairs, but in RNA there is a slightly different set of 4 base pairs. And to make things more complicated, there are even more than those 2 sets of 4, but they are exceptionally specific. Having said that, the base pairs are decoded/encoded in groups of 3, so it can't really be thought of in the same way as simple binary like digital computers.
complexity and order derived from chaos
Super video I learned a lot, very relaxant information
Very cool topic! Thank you so much
I'm having a mental breakdown over my existence... thanks
According To Honda I’m dead
How did you pronounce adenine?
Horizon winangkoso Add-a-neen
Yeah, I caught that, too. Just a slip of the tongue.
Yeah he said Anedine instead of Adenine
He also said Asparagine somewhere
Arvin Kushwaha but asparagine is a real compound
Very informative because you’ve made it interesting. Thank you!
Learning about proteins and enzymes which are essentially just floating lifeless structures and how they are the foundations for all we call life is the most fantastic subject I took away from college. I still don't fully understand the area of study beyond biology 101 really, so this was a huge treat
there was a saying from a creationists that you can't put parts of a plane in a box, shake it and eventually get a plane... well, it was)
Ok, but how does it also gets a copy of the virus's DNA in this shell?
Essentially the rna itself grabs the replication mechanism of the cell itself and then via various chemical process the rna instructs the cell to create more rna. Not sure about the specific mechanism tho. You can probably google it.
@@cpt.battlecock5264 I got that part, but how can the virus reliably get its own dna in the shell? Since the shell assembles itself, I don't see how the dna that is also produced should enter the shell reliably.
edit: reading the other comments explained this.
A meaningful structure arrising from a stocastic process- thank you a beautiful way to describe life so elegantly in one sentence. As a biochemist, I think this notion is crucial for undestanding the sciences of life.
I really loved this video. you made a complete mystery kinda make sense.
I know everything I need from Plague Inc.
“A meaningful structure arising from a random process.”
Said after purposefully loading pre-designed structures into a small sphere and shaking it vigorously but not violently until observing a meaningful structure formed. Hardly a random process.
The shapes were literally designed by an intelligent person to form together like this.
By the same logic, I could put cake ingredients in a bowl, mix them, then bake in an oven until i observe that it’s golden brown, then say “hey look, a cake randomly formed!”
Organic and inorganic structural shapes are determined by molecular charge at the atomic level, the positively charged protons & negatively charged electrons, and the way it allows different molecules to interact or form bonds with one another.
Take water (H²O) for example. It has 2 hydrogen atoms that are more negatively charged than the large oxygen atom. When water freezes, each H²O molecule forms hydrogen bonds that interacts in a certain orientation such that a large chain of them naturally takes the shape of hexagonal fractals like what's seen in the shapes of snowflakes ❄. This is why snowflakes are hexagon shaped.
Carbon rings like benzene rings are also hexagonal/octagonal because of the way the carbon molecules bonds are orientated. That's why carbon-based organic matter are always hexagonal or octagonal like bucky ball and graphite. Another popular organic carbon structure are diamonds 💎, which naturally form an octahedral shape in nature before they're cut.
I just bumped into your channel, thank you great explanation... I just subscribed
Very fascinating, thanks man.
Steve, I think your concluding statements to a summary of protein synthesis leave a lot out. "When the ribosome is done building the protein, it just spits it out; and the protein is floating in solution aimlessly." I see the point you're making and how it leads into talking about how 'directed' a process is.
But it's hugely misleading!
I want to point out where the process IS very directed. For time, I get cutting out transcription, but that also leaves out RNA processing. The addition of a 5' cap and 3' tail to make mature RNA provides multiple opportunities for regulation at the nuclear membrane and ribosomes.
You completely skip the physical transition from DNA in the nucleus to protein synthesis in the E.R. This is crucial because the polypeptide is being assembled (often) Inside the rough e.r. There is so much that goes into folding and processing proteins to finalize their tertiary and quaternary structure! That all happens in a directed way in the rough e.r. and golgi.
You may feel like I'm nitpicking. My understanding from my 200-level bio class says your statement is completely false. Eukaryotes have added many many layers of control and regulation to these processes that make them very directed.
If you made it this far, thanks for the great content! I love that your videos are interdisciplinary.
I don't think he was ever arguing the process as a whole is unordered, just that most proteins are left to their own devices for the most part when done.
Quick question. How does the viral D/RNA get into the capsid?
Considering the all-out strategy of virus production, I wouldn't be surprised if there was no efficient mechanism for populating the capsid, and that the cell would produce a lot of duds. This is a layman's speculation though, I'd love to learn
Pinned comment is up!
Nice video. And the link to viruspattern com is just great. The interactive thing is really awesome. thanks
Love love love LOOOVE this. Thank you. Really.
Some Creationist: "If a tornado blew through a junkyard, what are the _odds_ it would build a perfect 747? Evolution is nonsense"
Steve Mould: "I'm about to ruin this fool's whole career"
Yeah. He is something like 10^-100 percent done, already!
You would still need DNA for the bacteriophage to reproduce and also life uses 20 amino acids all lefthanded but in nature and in the lab we only find it being produced left and right handed except in very rare and fatal for life situations. When the both form they combine together almost magnetically preventing life from forming because it won't form from right handed or mixed amino acids you still need both RNA and DNA to come along at the same time.
"Brilliant.org... and if you don't know what that is-" then go back to Internet school and brush up on your CZcams 101 coursework.
I wish.
Just like schools should also teach voting districts and tax code. You know, things that make people functional in the world. Isn't that what education should be for?
That infamous class on Meme Studies ain't looking so bad now, eh?
You know, that real world stuff that should be taught... I used to subscribe to a teaching publication back when I taught in further education (ages 16+, UK). They had a feature about the sorts of things that should be taught. They interviewed a range of 18-21 year olds about whether they were taught things like how credit cards work, loans and so on. Then they went back to the schools the interviewees had attended. Yep, these exact things had been taught in the majority of cases when the interviewees were actually pupils there.
Ever heard of the saying "you can lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink"? Please don't assume than an adult lacks knowledge because of a gap in their education. It's a two-way conversation, and the teacher is only half of it.
@@bordershader I don't know where you live, but I assure you : in France, we don't learn the "how to" practicalities for basic life. If you have no parents or elders to learn, you're on your own.
Pretty sure the (American) government is actively trying to ruin education, to have more worker bees, for the late stage of capitalism we find ourselves in.
I wish there was a reset button
@@ghostnoodle9721 ::french peasantry intensifies::
@@naumen6508 ever pay close attention to the full lyrics of La Marseillaise?...
Thank you this is some of the best explanations I've seen, I thought the DNA from a virus was spliced into the host cells DNA but it needn't be that complex.
Perfect timing mate
Fantastic video!
If I could give this video a double thumbs up, I would! Thank you for such a simplifying analogy of the viral assembly process! I understood it somewhat before, but it makes way more sense now.
Wow! That's mind changing.
Great video, I always wondered the same
You, sir, are brilliant!
Great video!
2:53
That Guy Is Flyin' Along The DNA
GO BUDDY GO!
Watching this in July 2020, 6 months into the coronavirus. Very prescient, Steve....!
This is AMAZING!!
Defiantly a video to remember......rock on buddy, thanks
Bruh you are my favorite youtube-er, each video is so different and interesting explaining something new about the miracles of the universe
Fascinating!