Lead - Periodic Table of Videos
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- čas přidán 14. 09. 2008
- Special submarines and heavy-duty glass - find out all about element number 82.
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The glass actually starts off as clear. Over time it becomes pigmented from exposure to radiation. Eventually the turn an orange hue. They are devastatingly expensive to replace, so they use them for as long as possible.
devastatingly expensive is now my phrase of the year.
@Del Squared - دل تربيع devastatingly explosive
"Plumber" and "Plumbing" actually come from Plumbum, the Latin name for lead, as pipes used to be made from lead. Lead's symbol, Pb is short for Plumbum.
woah
Plumbum sounds like a Master Plumbers ne'er-do-well assistant.
thank you
@@jkocol your brain works in interesting ways
Same thing with plumbob. a tool that's just a lead weight with a string on it used for construction
I have never been interested in chemistry until I saw these videos. I am on hour 5 now...still glued to my sofa.
How many hours have you come to now?
@@BaileyNisse at least 6 I think
Come on man, get the lead out!
The rewatchability of these videos is amazing.
I love this channel
must be a heavy responsibility being lead chemist
Yeah, but it has lead to many advances in science ;)
oh goodness, lol
The real tough part is that all the people they work with are very dense.
I hope they're not toxic
@@Stray___ and
Ah, I have a better suggestion of an alloy for making drinking water pipes: an amalgam of cadmium and thallium with a sprinkle of arsenic, antimony and lead. Such a healthy mixture! :-)
You missed mercury and berrylium
@hawkturkey Nice job either missing or totally ignoring the fact that the above comment was a joke.
Not sure which is worse: plutonium or potassium.
@@tavjotz25-benchmarksandgam90, I didn't miss mercury. It was an amalgam, remember?
@@goytabr Oh yeah
The really crazy thing about Tetraethyllead is that the guy who invented it, also invented Freon. Think about that one man invented not just one but two of the biggest public environmental hazards. Next were going to find out that he also owned a very successful chain of Asbestos factory's.
It's also still used in racing fuels, although most major racing series have switched to ethanol. There is really no way of getting around it for aircraft the altitude that they fly at requires very high octane fuels to keep the engines from detonating, its very hard to get unleaded fuel much above 100 octane with out lead. But for our sake that's mostly small privet aircraft, and all commercial aircraft are jet power they use Kerosene basted fuel called JET-A, Kerosene is quite clean when it burns so its not as big of a deal as you might think. the important part is that millions of cars on the ground are not using leaded fuels.
Interesting fact asbestos can only hurt you If you breath in the dust caused by cutting it with a saw. I should know I work and live with my dad who is a contractor. He has had to calm people down when they learn that sheetrock (your walls of your home) has asbestos in it. As long as you don't breath in the dust your O.K.
William Seroyer through the destruction creates a need that humans are brilliant at fixing
William Seroyer, is he stil alive?
Thomas Midgeley invented leaded gasoline and freon. He contracted adult polio just like FDR and became bed ridden. However, he also invented a machine that would turn him over without him having to call his nurse. One night he turn on the machine and the ropes got loose from their pulley, wrapped around his neck and strangled him. Seriously!
Thomas Midgeley, look him up.
I am left with unanswered questions regarding Zeppelins and also yellow submarines.
One word - 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
What about lysergic acid diethylamide
I wish they talked more about toxicity of lead(.)(Pb.)
i hoped for it to
There is a website that talks all about lead toxicity, why not go visit it.
Lead is actually not very toxic unless you have chronic exposure
Lead is only dangerous when it is in a soluble compound but lead itself as an element is not dangerous to a person. Either way you shouldn't consume a pebble size of lead due to the risk that compounds your body makes will react with it and end up poisoning you because it's then soluble.
@@Kizron_Kizronson Because nobody makes the Elements more interesting than this channel. Him describing the toxicity and why would be fascinating.
that lead glass is cool! i didn't know it existed
This stuff is fascinating and is part of the reason why the internet is so amazing!
Professor Poliakoff:
As a child i always was fascinated about elements, i always read the few things that dictionaries explain and they leave me even more answers, now as adult i really love your videos than explain a lot more. thank you!
A pity the professor didn't mention that lead's chemical symbol Pb stands for Plumbum, which is the Latin word for lead. He did mention it was widely used for water pipes, hence "plumber".
+ant4812 True, the latin root remains in romance languages. In Spanish is called 'plomo' for example.
Alex Serrano And "plomería" is, well, plumbing.
French word for lead is "Plomb" and plunber is "plombier". It's easy to see where Pb comes from in the periodic table for us. However we have some trouble with nitrogen for exemple, as we call it "Azote", so we can't remember the N so well.
The Welsh word for lead is "plwm" which sounds like a northern English rendition of "plum".
In italian it is called "piombo", but the plumber is.. idraulico
Even in the 1800s, lead was still used for sweetening wine. Probably, the famous composer Ludwig van Beethoven lost his hearing and finally died from lead poisening due to his heavy wine consumption and being treated with lead "medicine".
Sounds like he came out of denial and was doing something about his problem...thats what matters most. Hope the lead medicine thing worked out for him.
@@chrisbusenkell no, it did not. It killed him.
@Wei Zhao what?
@@chrisbusenkell what on earth
I think lead sweetener was a side effect of using lead cook wear for processing of fruits before fermentation I don't think they knew why lead pots made better wine they just liked wine made using lead pots
I so glad to know you've been giving us the correct information about lead itself since the start. (Pb) Relieved is perhaps a better choice of words. A any rate, no credibility lost from this end, and I continue to use your channel as my personal reference point for my current understanding of lead.
One lead products that I've found kinda fascinating, and a story I wish they could've confirmed, is - strangely enough - chimney tops. As far as I know it's not allowed to have lead chimney tops here in Norway, but it was used before. Old houses today with stone brick roof top will have a lotta moss growth on it, but below the lead chimney tops the roof will be as good as new, because the rain over the years "drags" with it lead from the chimney top and its poison kills the moss. :P
Excellent video series. Thanks for putting these up. Another application of leaded glass is in cathode ray tubes. Only in the funnel glass these days, it used to be in the front panel glass too to reduce X-Ray emissions. Lead oxide is used in the seal which joins the panel glass to the funnel. Thanks!
great vid, i love seeing how it works and the storys with it!
Good lord, I love these videos waaaay too much. Keep them coming.
and 12 years later, still going strong!
Thank you for making these magnificent videos, they are so interesting but I am getting quite tired from staying up so late watching these every day.
Howdy there, 7 year old comment
Lead glass, the ULTIMATE paper weight
love all the info. keep up the good work. hope you guys keep going.
When my son was 3 years old, he got tested for toxic metals and it showed LEAD poisoning. The reference for LEAD was 3, and my son's result was 24! This is such a young child to be so heavily poisoned! We're doing IV chelation with ca-EDTA and slowly taking the lead out. He is 5 now and levels are at 11.
Stop feeding him lead. Just stop.
@@shanescott4843 I am sure they didn't feed their son poison. The lead is in the environment, in some places the concentration can be high enough in food or water or air for the body to absorb. That's why lead in car fuels was banned in the first place, because it got into the environment and made people sick.
@@MysteriousAsteria List some of those places, we're curious.
I love, love, love, love, love that block of leaded glass. I want it!
Really loved your tie. It's perfect for chemistry test.
10 years on an this is still relevant.....thats science. love you guys!
Found your channel from a link from Smarter Everyday's channel. Love your channel, too. Subbed.
I have a question. I remember as a kid i used to dismantle ropes i found laying around where i grew up. They where weighted with what i believe was led. Cause inside the core of the rope I'd find a long string with metal pellets that where quite heavy attached to that string with even spaces. I also do remember them having that white coating on them (not sure if that's the oxidation you speak of)
Could this have harmed me as i quite frequently handled them as a kid, without any protective gear?
the submarine camouflaging techniques were very interesting!
One of your best episodes..
WOW! That was brilliant!
The glass turns brownish from the radioactivity, not from the lead. This was actually a method of glass dying in the atompunk age. You can produce quite nice brown shades, however they fade during years.
Many metal organ pipes are made from an amalgam of tin and lead, in roughly the same ratios as solder. (spotted metal) Another metal which is commonly used is a sheet of lead, with a sheet of tin layered and pressed together (Hoyt metal)
another great ep, thx professor ;)
On the topic of Lead in paint, the great British artist Lucian Freud used a paint called Cremnitz White which was eventually banned for its high lead content. It was eventually banned and he had to stockpile what was left over.
A very interesting and informative video.
I love him so much. I hope his videos are used in class rooms
Zachariah Stovall My teacher actually played a video showing empty cans of Pepsi in acids and bases. I’m confident he’s actually subbed to this channel.
@@Hishoviper whenever he dies. I'm going to die a little inside. He's precious
love these videos
What's the hybridization form of Pb(II) in Lead Acetate? And what's the magnetic property of this compound? It doesn't seem to perform like other transition metals.
What would the plack clouds in see water be when youbdive out lead fishing waights that has sat tyere for a long time? I always thought it be lead oxide. But sepose black would be some thing els.
Would this rais the toxisety of fish and seefood in the aria?
Last night a hypnotist convinced me I was a soft, malleable metal with an atomic number of 82.
I'm easily lead.
nice.
Regarding the initial use of tetraethyl lead as an anti-knock (ping in the UK) additive, it was chosen over the other compound that would also work, ethanol. However, ethanol was more expensive, so glossed over the hazards of lead in the environment and pushed the name “Ethyl” instead. Nowadays, they do use ethanol instead in automotive gasoline (petrol in the UK).
Correct me if I am wrong, but I do believe tetraethyl lead is still used in some common aircraft fuels for small piston engines planes.
Please do another video on LEAD!!!!!!! Outlining how it affects the human body and the chemistry behind its toxicity!!!! That would be an AWESOME video!!!!!!!!
Lead oxide was added to many ceramic glazes. It makes for a transparent and easyflowing glaze, easy to work with. This is why it might be a bad idea to put acidic food into old ceramics. And then it might not be, not all glazes contain lead. The potters also tended to get ill. A test for lead in glaze should be quite easy, but it takes some time. Lead was used for moveable type, perhaps it's most important use. It is used to lower the melting point of solder (and is now partially being replaced by other metals).
And I also would like to mention that miniatures does not come from the Latin word for very small, it comes from the word minium, red lead, used to paint the miniatures in fancy manuscripts. It is said to have been used primarily as a grounding for the actual painting. The same compound was used in glazes.
They say that lead can be found in ice cores from Greenland from the days of the Romans taking advantage of lead mines in Brittain.
Lot's of antique ceramics were uranium doped as well. Not a problem. U238 is almost completely benign in terms of radioactivity. 4.6 billion years half life tells us that it's very very very slightly radioactive. Your average domestic smoke alarm chucks out far more beta particles.
TEL was also used to raise the temperature at which premature combustion occurs. So you are both right.
Now, vehicles have knock sensors that adjust the fuel/air mixture in order to stave off premature combustion. For vehicles where it isn't feasible to have that as the only safeguard, a higher octane fuel is used. The problem is, the higher the octane, the less energy the fuel has. So you need a balance between the two factors there.
There was a B-36 bomber that was modified to carry a nuclear reactor in flight, so the cockpit was made with lots of shielding and with leaded glass windows similar to the one shown in this video. Research had to be done on what color paint to use in the cockpit so that the color balance wouldn't make the crew feel ill. Apparently too much time spent in the company of essentially monochromatic light can have ill effects.
That must have been a bit of a problem for flight dynamics. nuclear reactors don't actually emit ionising radiation anyway.
Do ice samples show a blanket of lead on top of a radioactive layer? Thanks for holding up that massive piece of glass and the lovely video.
Very good. I like the new content.
The amount of knowledge is inside this mans head is just incredible
Many things have been done. One is to use computers with sensors to detect pre-detonation (knocking) and to modify the compression ratio on the fly, new alloys that are smoother and harder, hydraulic valve timing that uses oil to move the valves and lubricates at the same time, and positive crankcase ventilation that keeps more oil near the pistons and helps prevent piston ring blow by.
Lead is one of my favourite elements.I have always liked very dangerous stuffs
when i was a kid i had this little lead statue i would always chew on, the smell and taste were so comforting!
>i'm
>stupider
>coz
I can tell
+Anal “Negro” Avacado bonzi buddy aka demonio
David Vermillion i didn't eat it, only chew it. but ya, my blood lead levels are too damn high!
We still use leaded fuel in aviation, particularly piston engines that run on avgas. It’s called 100 octane low lead or 100LL for short
How chaotic it had been after the Romans consumed lead back then... O_O
Nice tie, btw :P
I remember when unleaded gas started showing up which was odd at the time when we were used to buying regular or premium leaded gas and you had to be careful not to put unleaded in your car that wasn't made for it. The smell changed as well when you were following another car and you started breathing in the fumes from their car.
Unleaded gas worked fine in old cars. Unleaded gas ran cleaner and didn't have the corrosive action that leaded gas did. There was a potential problem with exhaust valve seat recession at high throttle openings but, in practice, most cars are driven under half throttle nearly all the time. The makers of gasoline lead additives spread alot of misinformation so they could keep selling their product. I kept my 60s era car running into the 90s on unleaded and never had a problem. In fact, the oil stayed cleaner and the plugs and exhaust system lasted alot longer. Most engines were falling apart at 100,000 miles on leaded gas. Now, on unleaded, they usually keep going for double that mileage.
That tie though. This guy is great.
Wow that's cool! I never knew this about Lead :D
hmmm. i wonder if lead glass is appropriate for shielding radioactive material that emits beta radiation and thus, possibly produces bremsstrahlung? could be, due to the shield not being pure lead, but rather glass and lead - or would you say it'd still be advised to use a light element, such as Al, to shield the beta emitter - and use lead glass only as a second layer of shielding?
I guess in relation a plum-bob was accidentally named after its self because most of the time in the past they were made of lead.
Hehe, beta radiation is nor strong enough to penetrate the lead glass, and so the secondary x-radiation that is caused by the "Bremsstrahlung effect" which is actually a type of fluorescence that Occurs is even lower in electron volt energy! So I wouldn't worry about it! 😉
And don't forget that lead glass is an amalgam off lead soda and silicate minerals, and silicon (Si) is very close to aluminium!
And if you would use aluminium, than you couldn't use it as a window now could you?! 😅
nice and very informative video. good ol' Pb :D
why when the lead is placed in front of the counter it does not block everything, background can still get through?
Would any dense element block radiation as well as lead? For example, gold?
What chemical was in the bottle (radioactive source)?
This guy is amazing looking. Could have been in Back To The Future!
But OMG! Dose he know chemistry!
the lead paint on submarine
can someone explain how that work with chemical equations?
i'm kidda confused and i'm thinking if those are redox reaction or not...
thanks
please do a videi about substances in electronic cigarettes' e-liquid
We get it, you vape.
@PeriodicVideos , I think the lead container is a "pig" , used for storing radioactive samples.
I have a question. Is it true most metals we use have lead in them to act as a catalyst to strengthen them... That doesn't make sense to me but i was speaking to someone who told me unless a metal is very pure it contains lead.... Is this true? Thank you for your help and answers!
No. Lead doesn't strengthen anything. Until recently, brass generally contained a small amount of lead, to make it easier to machine. It was taken out (most places) for health, but honestly, it "passivates" relatively quickly in use, rendering it harmless. Thus, it's perfectly safe to drink out of a brass spigot, unless it's brand new.
i wish he was my teacher of my grandfather so i can sit and listen to his stories all day
I am going to forward your channel to a school for them to hopefully encourage science interest.
Thanks. I also thought, incorrectly, that a higher octane meant the fuel had more chains to break, and caused it to have more energy but slowed the reaction down.
The lead in gasoline stops predetonation by slowing the flame front in the fuel air mixture. The added lead is opaque to the flame front, and thus slows its progress down of further igniting the rest of the fuel air mixture.
The pinging of the engine is the sound of the explosion happening too soon, while the piston is still on the upstroke, the ping is that of the explosion ramming into the upward moving piston Piston can be destroyed by this.
I found a large piece of glass that looked like that in the woods on my college campus it was maybe 120 cm by 120 cm and between 10-15 cm thick. It was laying flat was overgrown and half buried when I found it and took a ridiculous amount of effort to flip up onto it's edge. But it was yellow, just like the glass in the video. I even remember even having the thought in the back of my head that it was for radiation shielding. I would have taken and kept it but I can't drive and I couldn't reasonably move it (I'm sure it weighed much more than I do). I have no idea what it was doing there or how it even would have got there. My college was a joke and was in no way qualified to handle anything radioactive beyond installing a smoke detector, let alone anything that would need a piece of glass like that. Honestly it wouldn't surprise me if it was still there in the woods.
Right? It's 11:00 and this is only my third video tonight. There is schoolwork I could be doing, but I have a feeling I'm learning a hell of a lot more watching these videos :(
Equally as exciting as lead metal are the lead compounds. Many cool chemicals are lead based. Lead iodide, lead nitrate, lead dioxide, lead tetraacetate. Cool stuff indeed!
Can radio signals pass through lead? If os, experiments could be performed by having a camera inside the hood and an outside screen.
You are so interesting bringing lots of interesting revelations regarding society, and the effects of these metals. Thank you for such a broad view of the effects on many.
This guy has one awesome head of scientific hair!
Oh, and I want that big piece of leaded glass.
hmm we use lead glass mixture lenses in my job for ppl with very high short sightedness (myopia)
refractive index of about 1.9
it weighs a tonne on ur face and is soft as well
so it loses alot of its scratch resistance of normal index glass lenses.
This is probably my favourite. Probably.
I love hearing Science from a guy who actually looks like a Mad Scientist......it just makes learning more fun!
"It was during the war ......". Any anecdote prefaced in such away usually excites the expectation of a listener.
Sir thank you..
yeah i feel like i learn something with every video
Ah, yes: lead acetate, aka “sugar of lead”, which was also the active ingredient of Grecian Formula 16, to make grey hair darker. 😄
On another note, MURCURY fulminate was used for primers, but has been pretty well replaced with the apparently safer...LEAD styphnate. 😆😆
im 11 and i think this is quite interesting
This has aged
What are they using now in petrol to prevent pinking?
+Dot Matrix There are a variety of solutions that you can use but the most common one is that modern computer-controlled engines can prevent pinking/knocking on its own by changing the compression ratios and air-fuel mixture ratios in the engine automatically on the fly. Obviously cars created before the advent of the microprocessor couldn't do this.
The second part of the solution is that modern petrol blends are richer in Octane and Toluene which makes them 'naturally' more knock resistant. This makes the fuel significantly more expensive though, high octane fuels always cost more. The entire reason for Lead additives was so that the petrol companies could make more money selling cheaper fuel with lead additives in it than they could selling higher grade petrol.
The third thing you can do is use less dangerous + more expensive octane improving additives, typically methylcyclopentadienyl maganese tricarbonyl (MMT) and related compounds. You can also use certain organic fuels blended into Petrol like Ethanol to improve the octane rating but this comes at a cost of ethanol fuels giving worse mileage (because burring ethanol produces less energy than burning complex hydrocarbons).
Thanks for the explanation, I always wondered how they solved the problem when all of a sudden leaded fuels got banned.
You are really a valuable person and do matter.. Than those nuts floating on CZcams comments..
I always wondered why the gas pumps say "lead-free" now I know.
They say unleaded, not lead free. Unleaded petrol.
Oh young people
@@jamesbizs k boomer
Wireless?
What did you think it meant?
What lead you to make this video?
@NaniTreas yeah .... what is it?
is it true that gamma rays can get trough 9meters of lead?
Wicked Tie!
What is the Radioacive source
Re the wine thing. My understanding is that if the Romans had a vat of cheap-arsed vinegary old wine they'd hang lead sheets in it so that it would be sweetened by the "Sugar of Lead" that formed on the surface and thus could command a higher price.
Ka-Ching....Nothing really changes much.
the lower left triangle here is known as the ordinary metals, though in reality most of the metals in the previous group. (13,31,49,81,113,114,115,116,50,82,83)
Expected in the USA aviation, we still having lead in the gas. Any ideas of how we can stop that?
That was very interesting. Thanks for the vid.
I never seem to remember which element is currently used as a substitute for lead in fishing sinkers.