The Art Movement That Changed Film Forever
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- čas přidán 21. 02. 2022
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From Euphoria to The Tragedy of Macbeth, the stylistic influence from one of the earliest and most radical film movements, German Expressionism, is still strong today.
Films Referenced (in order of appearance):
Euphoria (HBO)
The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021)
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)
Nosferatu (1922)
Metropolis 1927
Touch of Evil (1958)
Double Indemnity (1944)
The Third Man (1949)
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
Brazil (1985)
The Shape of Water (2017)
Eraserhead (1977)
Apocalypse Now (1979)
Trainspotting (1996)
The Humans (2021)
Taxi Driver (1976)
The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014)
Inland Empire (2006)
Blade Runner (1982)
Blade Runner 2049 (2017)
Blood Simple (1984)
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I like your haircut. You're a very handsome man.
Curious about your take on Raised By Wolves
It's pronounced "Moonk" btw; not "Munsh"
POV: Me while calling my best friend
I can see what the narrator said about noire portrayal of anxiety. The whole impetus and psyche culture of the white ethnicity's are obsessed with death and darkness and embracing insanity. It's like a whole pale ethnicity of Aztecs
It's rare that a video essay makes you want to finally get to that unfinished list of film movements that you'd always wanted to study. Thanks for jolting me out of my procrastination.
Metropolis is really good despite being almost 3 hours long and silent and even if it was made 100 years ago, it still touches on themes that are relevant today
There are lots of good essays out there buddy!
@@cinama few so well researched, and fewer still on a century old film movement
@@sanchitaghosh6289 I'm not sure if reading is your thing, but limiting yourself to video essays is torture for that exact reason.
@@inessa5923 yes, but I'd long kept the list of resources and papers aside. this video renewed my interest in film history once again and my comment was made in that context
Stunning video! The Lighthouse is also a great example of neo-german expressionism
Yes
Could you elaborate? genuinely curious
Why'd Ya Spill Yer Beans?
@@evanward3964 HARK!
I learned recently that in Munch's painting, it's illustrating the main character's reaction to The Scream rather than him unleashing one himself--he is hearing "the scream of nature" (the actual German title). It completely recontextualized the scene for me, thought it was worth sharing and fantastic video as always!
Actually Munch is norwegian and the original name of the paint is «Skrik» which means scream
@@madeleineskogvik6983 Oh for sure, sorry I didn't mean he was German just that was the German title, but the main takeaway I had from the recent analyses were that the scream was emanating from nature and not the main character--is that right you think?
I knew it! This is honestly my first time ever properly looking at the painting. The main character is so clearly expressing shock rather than unleashing a scream. The environment around it is showing much more than the character imo.The German name is way more fitting,
Was just about to comment this! While it makes for a powerful piece when considering the subject as the source of the screaming, in my opinion there's something so much more macabre about Munch's original intention with the subject as a passive receiver...
@@imaginnova there are a lot of different readings of the painting so don't believe that one is the final, most correct one
Interestingly, surrealism's predecessor (Dadaism) took off in Europe around a similar time that Expressionism became popular too. Dadaism wasn't nearly as popular in Germany, but there was a small yet prolific group of Dadaists who resided in Berlin. Thinking about the influences and similarities between the two is fascinating, especially considering the historical context of the Weimar Republic! I think keeping the distinction between surrealism and expressionism is important, but they were both borne out of similar conditions.
Dadaism wasn't as popular in Germany compared to Expressionism perhaps but Germany was a major contributor to the movement. A good number of the movement's authors and artists came from Germany, including the guy who wrote the manifesto - Hugo Ball.
I think its good to see the two as "sibling movements", ultimately different although being created in the same conditions
As well as der stijl and die blaue reiter. There are those who even say der stijl and dada are direct opposites from one same trauma. One wants to blow all to hell, the other to regress to the most elementary essence. Neverthless both have a mindset substancially different to the german expressionism, that backs, or better saying, reinforces their arguments on its adjacent context, whether through colors and gesture in painting, or camera angles, montage or set in film.
Stimulating comment. Expressionism and Surrealism both render the subjective world on the objective world.
Both remain vital today as we are only now realising the degree to which biochemical affect changes fundamental perceptions of the world - hearing a complex web of individual things making sounds around you and being able to identify each sound, it's location and distance, versus drowning in a cacophony of meaningless noise - while at the same time, the environment actually changes our physical brains. (Twins studies; pre-natal effects of food shortages, anxiety, etc)
Expressionism and Surrealism represent the nature/nurture question in all it's radical complexity, which is arguably truer than 'naturalistic' representations.
Naturalism: 'I change the world, but the world does not change me; I have emotions that are ABOUT the world.'
Expressionism, Surrealism: 'I change the world and the world changes me; I am AFFECTED by the world'
The so-called Pathetic Fallacy of the Romantics - when Nature takes on the affective character of the hero - also fits with Expressionism and Surrealism and is due a reappraisal. I can't help but think of Millhouse, heartbroken on the windswept peak of the monkey bars, while storm clouds gather in the background😹
But my heart belongs to Dada. Expressionism and Surrealism are serious, psychological, anxious, depressed, and sexual. Dada is childish and silly. Dada is an extroverted rejection of the norm. It's simpler, more political, more performative, and more radical as a movement. Dada is more like climate protesters throwing a can of tomato soup at a Van Gogh. But it's intentionally almost meaningless as individual representations. I like Dada because I live in the introverted, Expressionism and Surrealism world. It's a nice break
Love the idea of this video, but I would caution that Expressionism is more stylistically specific than it is often made out to be. Simply displacing internal turmoil into external is also a characteristic of several other artistic movements. In gothic fiction, for instance, the setting often reflects the characters' feelings and fears. Nosferatu, being based on Dracula, reflects its source material's gothic roots much more than expressionism. The film was shot with natural light and on location, two things that are contrary to the expressionist aesthetic. Fritz Lang also always denied being influenced by Expressionism, and while I do think we shouldn't take creators at their word (death of the author and all), it is still worth investigating why he would say that. Expressionism was very extreme in its rejection of realism. Interestingly, another German movement called "New Objectivity" was at least as influential when it comes to film noir. It was gritty and made stark use of contrast, but to tell more realistic stories about seedy city life. Films like "The Blue Angel", "Pandora's Box", "Joyless Street" or even Fritz Lang's "M" are examples of this. They also abound with proto-femme fatale characters, which we don't find as much in expressionist films.
well put
Yes, well said. I love and admire the aesthetic but the externalization of inner feelings is the most exciting to me. Would you mind offering a few more examples of places/movements/periods to look for such work outside of "expressionism"?
I would argue that Expressionism is a visual grandchild of Gothic literature, or rather, early 19th century Romanticism in general (which at its core was a German philosophical movement). Gothic fiction was one of the manifestations of the Romantic movement in England. The German Expressionist art movement was also heavily influenced by Romantic painters like Friedrich, probably even Fuseli and Goya. So while you are spot on that Nosferatu reflects gothic roots, Expressionism was birthed from the same tradition. They don't have to be mutually exclusive.
Film Noir being equally influenced by New Objectivity is something I hadn't considered, but you're right! I think it's less obvious because most of the iconic New Objectivity works are wartime and political imagery. But the feeling of paranoia and decay is unmistakable (of course, you also see those qualities in German Expressionist painters like Kirchner and Nolde).
I'd classify all those variations as being under the umbrella of expressionism.
The same way metal and punk music have sub genres.
@@melanie62954 I agree that Expressionism was heavily influenced by Romanticism and in particular Gothic literature, but they are still distinct movements. Certainly, a film might show evidence of both at the same time, but I don't think Nosferatu is a good case for that, but rather it is sometimes lumped in with Expressionism simply because it was made in Weimar Germany. The film goes to considerable lengths to ground its fantastic story in realism (which is almost the opposite of Expressionism, which turns the real into the fantastic) both in terms of aesthetics (as I mentioned above, with the natural lighting and filming on location) but also in terms of plot with usage of written documents telling the story, etc. In this way, it is a remarkably faithful adaptation of Dracula, despite the fact some changes were made to avoid - unsuccessfully - being sued for copyright infringement.
I am glad you consider the New Objectivity connection to noir an insight, I'm actually writing my master thesis about a related subject right now, and this is one of the things I'm arguing :)
Thomas could you pleaser consider adding the movie title names to every clip you use, like studio binder does? It would be really helpful for us film newbies who want to watch a particular film after seeing a clip in one of your vids🤓
The scream is, as Munch himself explained, a feeling. He wrote a story about it when he was in France, which in summary says that he was walking along Ekebergåsen, which is a hill in Oslo overlooking the city, with his friends. When he felt a "scream" of anxiety sweep across nature, and which left him with a feeling of utter dread and left him full of fear, while his friends continued walking.The scream represents the very feeling of this experience. He actually made 5 scream paintings, some more known than the others.
Great video, I couldn’t put my finger on just what made Euphoria so visually breathtaking. I knew the lighting was incredible and the cinematography… but I didn’t know WHY.
Munch is pronounced Moonk, like monk but with a long moo (like cows), or like the moon (plus k).
There's an entire generation whose first exposure to German Expressionism was the music video for Red Hot Chili Peppers' 'Otherside'. That video still looks incredible today.
Otherside
do you mean "Otherside"?
pretty much everyone has seen some influence of it in Tim Burton movies
I think it's important to note that Alfred Hitchcock got his start in Germany in the mid-20s. He was directly influenced by Expressionism, and he carried it over to his work in England. You can trace the influence from Das Cabinet des Dr Caligari directly to The Lodger, and even to Downhill, and from there to his later work in the US, especially Psycho. And since Hitchcock was one of the most influential directors himself, that led to directors being influenced by German Expressionism filtered through Hitch.
I think it's important to note that your comment is bollocks.
Alfred Hitchcock was born in Leytonstone, London in 1899. He was British, not German.
He began his career in the British film industry in the early 1920s, working as a title card designer and art director for several UK studios.
His directorial debut was the 1925 film The Pleasure Garden, which was made at Islington Studios in London.
It wasn't until later in his career in the 1930s and 40s that Hitchcock started working in Hollywood and making American films. But he got his start in the British film industry.
So while Hitchcock went on to have a remarkable career spanning decades and work in both the UK and US, he did not get his start in Germany in the mid-1920s. That statement is incorrect. He launched his career in the early 1920s in his home country of England.
@@richardwahl6667 what's your source for Pleasure Garden being filmed exclusively in London? As opposed to Italy and Munich (the latter of which is in Germany)? And do you know that before Pleasure Garden, he worked as assistant to Graham Cutts for The Blackguard, filmed at Studio Babelsberg in Potsdam near Berlin? Around the time that Metropolis was shot right there?
This was wonderful. I hope you do one on Impressionism too, if you find the time. Even more underlooked than its "opposite," the only directors I kind think of who use it comprehensively are Tarkovsky, Malick, Reichardt, and Weerasethakul--but as you said, with expressionism, traces of it are everywhere. It's a bit harder to identify, too...
Funnily enough, Tarkovsky was highly critical of the impressionist movement
@@rishibenny really? That's so interesting. What did he have to say on it?
Idk if you’ve done this already, but you should make a video essay about how you analyze a film and turn it into an essay. Thatd be awesome. I definitely caught the neon noir vibe of Euphoria but I wouldn’t have guessed to think about the nuances about the expressionism within the episode.
One element of film I'm infinitely interested in, is lighting, and how fixed lighting can alter or distort the subjects of a given shot. In most articles and essays, both written and on video, they talk about the influence of noir in this regard.
The fact that you not only went further in film history (The German Neo Expressionist movement) but went even farther by aknowledging the influence of a diferent form of art in film is something to applaud.
This is one of my favorite videos you've done so far.
''Scream is not just a feeling but something he sensed outside of him.
Expressionism blurs the boundries between subjectivity and the external world, and how we feel affects the way we see the world around us. But the world around us also affects the way we feel when the environment seems more off balance, littered with shadows or unreal perhaps that's when artists start looking for ways to express that.'' Noted. 💯🌟
Thomas this may just be the best video you have produced thus far. Compelling, educational, and relevant. I think I speak for many when I say thank you so much for your work!
I always geek out when I see expressionist lighting.
Had to pause 3 minutes in to come say, Thomas, you are a brilliant human being.
I came across your work this year and am impressed by your ability gather interesting ideas, to connect disparate dots, and explain them all clearly.
It’s just 💯 impressive.
My favorite thing about these videos is that it makes my movie-going experience so much richer; great video
Speaking of expressionism/surrealism, did anyone else notice how oddly designed the school bathroom setting in Euphoria is? Like the angles and mirrors seem off (mirrors reflecting one another creating a funhouse mirror maze illusion), there are way too many sinks, the ceiling is weirdly high, and the stalls are in the middle of the room for some reason. The layout made it feel like the bathroom was an extra surreal space in the context of Euphoria's other settings, and a fitting environment for all the bizarre things that happened in it throughout the show
Thomas, your videos have deepened my love for film by inordinate amount. Brilliant breakdown of stylistic alterations of environments in film. This is absolute gold.
I love the fact that the camera is slightly crooked!
i've been on youtube for like a decade at this point, and this may be the single video i enjoyed most, you killed this bro
It's a good day when Thomas Flight uploads a new video. Outstanding video, you surely have given me a reason to now explore these films and understand them from a new viewpoint.
very interrested and well-illustrated videos! i've began to notice these "strange shots", specially in euphoria, but never knew where they drew inspiration from
This was great. Loved how far back you traced the threads of inspiration in film history
Love the crooked background elements and noir lighting when you are on screen. Most excellent details!
Thanks for reminding us of the value of the Expressionist mode. I would like to add that Expressionism overlaps with the Symbolist Movement. Munch (pronounced more like Moonk) was both an Expressionist and a Symbolist. And Symbolism has long tentacles into the present as well. From Italian Diva films of the Teens, to the writing of HP Lovecraft, to the classic Mummy films, and horror in general, to Hammer films, to psychedelic poster art, which actually borrows direct images from Mucha (Art Nouveau being the more practical outworking of Symbolism), to the quest objects of Indiana Jones movies, and most ghost stories, to Stuart Gordon's Dagon, to the Lord of the Rings (modern fantasy is an outgrowth of Symbolism) to last year's the Green Knight, all betray the influence of the Symbolist Movement. Look into it Thomas, I think you'll find a wealth of extra material there.
good point that various artistic movements overlap and coexist(ed). Symbolism is definitely cool and super influential on lots of stuff (including some of the things you mention) but i mean... "modern fantasy is an outgrowth of Symbolism" is a bold and not-that-defensible claim.
i can understand why you might associate Symbolism with fantasy (rejection of realism, use of symbols and symbolic "quest objects' etc) but the truth is more like: "Symbolism and other related and unrelated things led to modern fantasy". (things including: expressionism, art nouveau, the arts and crafts movement, romanticism, mythology, folklore, Christian and other religious mysticism, impressionism, orientalism, Edwardian/Victorian children's fiction, gothic horror, medievalism, magic, camp, Arthurianism, pulp and early scifi, counterculture, the legacy of colonialism, depictions and reactions to depictions of the first and second world wars, the freudian subconscious, etc etc etc)
i think probably there's more of a Symbolist influence specifically on some horror fiction and "weird" fiction (Lovecraft) and on some of the current dystopian and gothic scifi and "art horror" stuff than on modern fantasy in general, as well as a lot of Symbolist influence on cinema as a whole partly because of german expressionist films. there's also a lot of Symbolism in subsequent influential poetry and literary fiction from Yeats to Proust to Eliot to Joyce. but bring on more surreal, Verlaine/Rimbaud/Baudelaire/Poe-steeped, uncanny, Symbolist-influenced fantasy.
@@ReganAtSea There's a lot to reply to here and I don't want to drag this out, except to say most of these 'other' influences are in the continuum that runs from Romanticism through Symbolism to Surrealism and eventually seems to bottom out at Psychedelia and the ultimate nadir of New Age ideas. In other words they are manifestations of the same basic thing. They are the rejection of realism and materialism that exists on the other side of the Enlightenment rationalists. These two have been leap frogging each other since the 18th Century. But basically Romanticism, Symbolism, Surrealism are the big headings. Expression is interesting for being a halfway house between Symbolism and Modernism (which is much more on the rationalist side of the fence along with realism, impressionism, etc.) That's at least what my studies lead me to conclude.
Perhaps it is more correct to say that Munch (pronounced not with a "Moon" O, but O sounding like in "Know" as the Scandinavian Å, and "ch" in the end as a germanic "K" sound, and not Anglo-Saxon "ch".) was both a (later) expressionist and (early) symbolist. But he was also under the influence of "Vitalism" just like Fritz Lang's dancing carefree resident above the sweaty workers of Metropolis. Sergie Eisenstein's "methods of montage" also had a great influence on many expressionist films from the period. But the very biggest influence came from Italian and Soviet "FUTURISM", which not only influenced expressionist films, but films ever since, e.g. the grandiose buildings of "Metropolis" (1927), "Things to Come" (1936), "Blade Runner" (1982) and many other modern sci-fi.
@@m.i.andersen8167 not really, Munch is pronounced very much like a moon, definitely not with å. You may check how it is done in a 1974 film about him or any dictionary.
@@salganikI am a Dane who has lived in Norway for several years. Here in Scandinavian we don't pronounce it as "moon".
I don't know what you did, but the HD quality of the clips you used is insane; breathtaking- especially The Scream & The Tragedy of Macbeth.
#ThomasFlight: May I add another great example of Expressionism shaping modern television shows.... BATMAN: THE ANIMATED SERIES. Showrunners Paul Dini and Bruce Timm have admitted to being heavily influenced by the German movement. They made it a point to have animators work on black paper in order to draw out light from the darkness! The end result was literally the near illegal airing of barely visible background art. Apparently, BTAS pushed the legal limit of how visibly dark a network show can be.
Favourite film movement from my favourite video essayist? Yes please, I'm in heaven. As an artistic reaction to social trauma, expressionism is pretty much peerless. Makes it one of the more timeless movements in cinema because it's so rooted in feeling. Reminds me strongly of the Night Window scene from 1917: seeing those shadows warping and stretching across the broken landscape finally made it click in my brain what German Expressionism was talking about.
Thank you for describing Expressionism clearly to me. I always confused Symbolism and Expressionism and thought they were almost the same but now I see the differences more.
Beautiful video! So so glad that I found and watched this! Thank you for this video.
It’s not Munch as in crunch. Is Munch as in moonk.
This video has lighted up my curiosity, you´re done a great job!
Thank you for the fantastic video! It popped up on my recommended by chance, and has opened my eyes to the artform of cinematography. I have subscribed and am looking forward to watching more of your videos. 👍
Another fantastic video, really great summary of the legacy of German Expressionism via Noir. Excellent stuff.
I loved this. Learning about expressionism and surrealism makes me realize just how many of my favorite films lean on those methods of creativity.
Kicking myself lol.
1:17 these shots actually reminded me of Citizen Kane, although you went on to talk about Welles's Touch of Evil instead, which I haven't seen but now I'm interested
This is by far one of the most satisfying, and interesting video essays. Amazing job, I loved it.
Thanks Thomas, your content is invaluable and very helpful to anyone and everyone!!
I discovered this video today and was so impressed by it that I subscribed to your channel. Loved it!
Thomas Flight watches Euphoria? That is so cool! I love it when worlds that I thought were separate in my head are one. As is everything! Can't wait for you to do an essay on the visual language of the show created by Marcel Rev's and his team!
Wooow, this video is top quality. Great job :)
Awesome video, thank you!
I love these vidoes, just learning out the depth of art and film makes it all the more impactful
Great video! Would you mind adding the name of the movie shown currently as a tiny label somewhere in the corner? I know it’s in the description, but this would make it so much easier to identify what’s currently shown. Especially as they repeat.
Fabulous video! Thank you for sharing!
Thank you for this wonderful video. Absolutely loved it and learned a lot from it.
You exaggerated lighting and tilted angles in the last shot was genius. Really sent home the concepts of the video. "Show, don't tell" at its finest.
I love your videos but this felt magical like nothing before. Thank you
Thank you, Thomas, for my acquaintance with CS/Nebula, first heard about through your channel. Finally signed up, through your promo code. Thanks again and Much continued success to you.
I love this look at German Expressionism. I really found it compelling how you described in the creation of the scream as a scream passing through nature, and connected that to the representation of the environment in German Expressionist cinematography and set. This also, however, makes me think similarly about how Japanese animation differently from much western animation portrays character’s emotions and feelings less through characterization or character animation, but through setting around them, like cuts to rain representing sorrow, or cuts to fireworks representing surprise or reveals. This might be a really interesting lense you could look at this through with Japanese film, especially animation, for a future video.
Thanks for the great video!
Oh Orson ❤ I love how much he's peppered within this video, even indirectly. He did love shadows and darkness and what you can do with architecture and how the body fits within that. I don't know if you know this, but Denzel based his Mac on Orson's, and if you watch Orson's Mac you see a LOT of those visuals as well. Anyway, fantastic video, really enjoyed it!
I enjoyed this video so so much. I love expressionism (and video essays) and this is the best video I've watched connecting it with film and TV.
I appreciate this video very much, thank you Thomas.
I like how your commercial at the end stayed with the theme.
I'm currently doing a bibliography essay for film school on german expressionism and i'm gonna use this video as my final source, so thank you dude
Thanks for the movie references! I really appreciate this.
Amazing video, as always!
Dude! You said so much I haven't been able to put in words until now.
Excellent video! Thank you!
Great content, great analysis and commentary.
the casual off-kilter background at the end is great :D
Excellent video as usual. Thanks.
Thank your for sharing!
Great video! Kudos for using Jameson Nathan Jones' "Signals"! The odd feeling it evokes fits perfectly
This video was inspiring on so many levels, the least of which is that it motivates me to re-watch some of the films you mentioned such as Touch of Evil. I think this style and the ideas expressed within it are more relevant than ever in this time of increased surveillance and financial pressures on the average working citizen.
The scream is one of my favorite paintings of all time. Right up there with Garden of Earthly Delights
This is such a great video!
This was so beautifully explained. I don't even have much interest in film per se. But you can't study art movements without learning about German expressionism along the way. Great video.
Just love your content.
You know I just got done reading the chapter on German Expressionism in my intro to Film Theory book. Thanks for the visual aid.
I took a german film and art class as a part of my german minor and the films of that era are so cool, I'm glad the style is coming back
can already tell this gonna be a CLASSIC
Didn't expect to see you here lol
@@udaykiranpanjala2710 what the hell
Excellent article, thanks for sharing. All the best in the New Year.
Awesome video! I want a list of all the movies and shows that these clips are from!
what a great content, keep up buddie
Your best video yet!
great video, thank you
Great analysis as always. Would love to see you dive in M.Gondry films ❤
Great vid! Surprised the use of liminal spaces/ claustrophobic spaces wasn’t also pointed out.
Great video, I'm just sad The Night of The Hunter isn't shown or mentioned!
Great work, thank you sir
I'm learning again and it's such a joy ✨
Despite Noir and Neo-Noir being one of my hugest influences, I never connected how expressionist a movement/style it is. Noir isn't just about stark visual contrast or high-key lighting, but about the stark contrast between dark/light in our own subconscious reading of things around us. Great video!
Brilliant essay thank you
amazing video! !
Really great video
Good job 🙏🏽🙌🏽
Very good. Thank you.
wow it's so funny, at the moment I'm doing a project for my film class comparing nosferatu and Charles Laughtons 'Night of the Hunter' and their German expressionist elements. This video could not have come out at a better time :) loved the vid keep it up!
Do you have a list of the movies from the shots used in this video? I love this kind of stuff and I really need to watch more of these.
check the description 🙃
Great video!
Thank you. It was interesting and very educational ❤🤍
Great, amazing video! But I was kinda waiting for you to mention MC Escher :)
I loved this essay I think it was a shame you never mentioned that the “scream of nature” munch talked about was perfectly timed with Krakatoa
Thanks for the vid
amazing video! definitely subscribing to your channel for more of this