Neptunium - Periodic Table of Videos
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- čas přidán 28. 11. 2012
- We get a close-up look at Neptunium during a visit to the National Nuclear Laboratory at Sellafield.
This video features Mark Sarsfield from NNL - and periodicvideos regulars Steve Liddle and Martyn Poliakoff from the University of Nottingham.
With thanks to NNL: www.nnl.co.uk/
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From the School of Chemistry at The University of Nottingham: www.nottingham.ac.uk/chemistry...
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/ philosophyfile (Philosophy stuff)
/ psyfile (Psychology stuff) - Věda a technologie
"Neptune's the bluey one, yeah." I love that your videos, Brady, are informative as well as being laid back and comical. I feel as though most people are under the impression that chemists/ physicists/ mathematicians are stern introverted people, and I love that this can shed some light on their personalities as well.
And to think they had to mine this stuff on Neptune! What a long way to go for an element!
Neptunium from spent fuel is considered a proliferation risk. The most commonly-produced isotope, Np-237 is capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction under Fast neutron conditions, such as what we find in nuclear weapons. Unlike plutonium, it is easy to produce in high isotopic purity and would not require an implosion device to work in a weapon. However, Np-237 production in reactors is still a very slow process, and its separation from waste is very challenging. The likeliness of it being used in bombs at any point is very low.
It's far likelier to be used to produce plutonium-238 mentioned in this video, which cannot be weaponized and is strictly used as a "hot" radiation source to power Radiothermal Generators for stuff like big rovers and deep-space probes.
Wow, the book The elements is out of date. It says: "actual neptunium is unobtainable".
ΔC = ΔK.
The steps are exactly the same size, it's just that the zero point is different.
On August 25, 1989, 25 years ago, Voyager 2 mades its closest approach to Neptune.
I love how the Professor always uses analogies to help us understand Chemistry as well as science in general
In Chemistry class we were given the mnemonic LEO the lion goes GER. The letters stood for (L)oss of an (E)lectron is (O)xidation & the (G)ain of an (E)lectron is (R)eduction.
Why are U and Pu. So dangerous that you need glove boxes, when Th, Np, and Am can be. Handled in the open air?
Luca, I think those were only released in Japan.
The elements named first were named after thing they were found in. Hydrogen generates water (Greek hydro), Nitrogen generates nitre, Helium was found in the sun (Greek Helios). When you get up to the rare earth elements there's nothing that makes a lot of sense to name them after. So the were named after locations Americium, Germanium, Californium, Berkelium, or people Curium, Einsteinium, Mendelevium or Copernicium. The names such as Unundulium are merely placeholders.
PLEASE do a video on SUPERFLUIDS (like He 2)
these videos are keeping me motivated whilst doing my chemistry A-level .... Keep up the good work guys :D
I have a periodic table on the wall in my apartment, and just the other day I was studying it, realizing that there was an element between uranium and plutonium, and I wondered what's the deal with that. Thanks for enlightening me, your videos are great!
I really like Dr. Poliakoff's red shoes!
PsyFile? A new channel? You rock, Brady.
Yeah! I finished my lab report on dehydration of cyclohexanol during this video!
I envy Brady, he got to meet so many awesome people and stuff
Keep in mind that radiothermal generators, like the ones used in deep-space probes and the Curiosity rover, are powered by a very specific isotope of plutonium, Pu-238. This is a very different isotope than the one used in nuclear weapons and future power reactors, Pu-239.
Pu-238 cannot be used as nuclear fuel and cannot be weaponized. Instead, it's used as a long-lasting source of heat. A chunk of Pu-238 is quite hot and glows a dull red due to its high-energy alpha decay.
Another great video!
Finally!! I've been looking for more radioactive videos since the uploading of the "Nuclear Lab" video!
Super good..!
It can be part of the PUREX process for recycling nuclear fuel. Normally, you want to grab the uranium and plutonium because it is good fuel stock. Ne237 can turn into Pu238 if exposed to a neutron, and Pu238 is what they use in space batteries like the one on the Curiosity rover. Neptunium is completely man made, so as a result, it is one of the only ways to make uncontaminated Pu238 (normal reactor grade plutonium is to contaminated with Pu239,Pu240 and Pu241 to be useful as a battery).
Well said! I completely agree!
True, some fascinating aspects of chemical properties to be explored through chemistry though
Thanks dude!
It's important as a stepping stone to plutonium. U-238 (the non-fissile isotope) absorbs a neutron and becomes U-239, which beta-decays in minutes to Np-239. It in turn decays over a few days by beta decay to Pu-239, the isotope used in bombs and in mixed-oxide nuclear reactors. This reaction also occurs in every uranium reactor, so there's always some plutonium being formed and burned.
In my drawing class we are doing caricatures and I chose Martyn. Also great videos!
That sentence has made my day
I think CGPGrey has a pretty good video on the subject.
what about neptunium I,II and III ?
The other main use of Np, as the professor said, is in the production of Pu-238 for space power generators. Reactors produce Np-237 by several pathways, and being a separate element can be chemically separated. Then the separated Np-237 is put back in a reactor where it absorbs neutrons to become Np-238, which beta decays in a couple days to Pu-238, which is then chemically separated. This avoids a difficult isotopic separation of Pu-238 from more common Pu isotopes.
The absence of beeping in and of itself wouldn't indicate a radiological emergency, just that the system intended to announce such emergencies is not functioning correctly and needs to be attended to. A criticality excursion or radioisotope release would be announced verbally over the megaphones with instructions for evacuation, presumably.
The atoms with different oxidation states may well be ions in solution. But oxidation state is a more technically accurate and general term which is why chemists use it. The atom doesn't take an electron from the surroundings because the surroundings have a greater affinity for electrons than it does. As noted in the video the atom can indeed change its oxidation state by gaining or losing electrons if you change the oxidizing or reducing tendency of the surrounding solution.
Could you turn Neptunium 6 or 5 back into neptunium 4 by charging the liquid with electron source?
Brady, Pluto is mostly ice, with what is believed to be a rocky core. When you say rocky, the terrestrial planets jump to mind.
Though that is a bit of a nitpick, since there are not clear boundaries what body is considered rocky and what icy.
This depends on what you want to corrode, the molar concentration of the acid, and whether it is a strong or weak acid.
In *brief*, an acid is stronger if it dissociates (separates into ions) more in H2O. There are 6 acids which are considered strong by a common definition: Nitric HNO3, Sulfuric H2SO4, Perchloric HClO4, Hydrochloric HCl, Hydrobromic HBr, and Hydroiodic HI. As a human, you really want to avoid Sulfuric acid. As a metal, you should avoid Nitric acid. Watch Brady's videos on these.
pH can also go below 1 -log(1) = 0 (the p stands for the negative decadic logarithm; log to base 10) and even below 0. Superacids is the magic word and the solution you are conducting your experiments in :)
Could there be a neptunium 1?
Indeed there is a difference, I'm aware of that as well. Who considers them as seperate things? An atom is a positive nucleus with a negative electron cloud surrounding it. Whether you want to separate ions from atoms is an arbitrary choice, it basically comes down to you. It doesn't really matter after all. I personally consider them as a sub-set of atoms, since they do fit within the definition of one.
oxidation states are just a way to say what the charge of (metal) ions is
so Np(VI) can be written as Np^6+
It can be used in other circumstances as well, but then it's a bit more complicated
do I smell an idea for an future video?
Thanks :)
so, is it possable to have Neptunium 7?
Its because Kelvin is the SI unit for temperature. SI units are basically the units that scientists all over the world agrees to use to prevent confusion. Celsius is what someone else would use for temperature. An increase of 1 Kelvin is the same as an increase of 1 degrees Celsius, but their starting points (meaning the zero points) are different. They aren't the same, but the difference is small.
The formula for converting Celsius to kelvin is K=C+237.15. What he's saying is that the difference between the melting point and the boiling point of Neptunium is the same whether you're using Kelvin or Celsius. b-m=(b+237)-(m+237)
The acidity is determined by the concentration of H+ (hydrogen nuclei) in the solution. The acidity is measured in pH. pH 1 being the most acid, 7 neutral (water for example), and everything above 7 up 14 being a base. A solution with pH 1 would be the most acidic you can get. But it all depends on the concentration of the acid in the solution.
So did they dissolve the solid form of neptunium or a compound of it in the nitric acid?
no, ions and whole atoms are very different, there is a whole section in chemistry which focuses purely on ions, and without ions a lot of things aren't possible (like mass spectroscopy), whereas it is true that similar rules apply to them, they are still very different, it's like saying an oak tree is the same as a sunflower, simmilar, but not the same (but they can be both classed as plants)
Search for superacids if you want strong acids. Depending of what you define as corrosive they can either be highly oxidizing or whatnot. Some acids dissolve gold, whereas don't touch glass (aqua regia), and it also goes the other way round (hydrofluoric acid iirc). It is a really broad field and I guess they joy/pain is doing a little research yourself as well to see the broad spectrum chemistry has to offer in acids :)
Is Neptunium useful at all in radioactive chemistry, other than just being a by-product of nuclear fission?
The annotation for subscribing to Periodicvideos is to the Numberphile channel, not periodicvideos.
Brady showing off his astronomy knowledge. "Neptune is the bluey one.". lol
Actually, Neptunium is know as, " Nuclear Waste "
please do something about superfluids and superconductvity! and why is it that always helium is used?
''An atom is a positive nucleus with a negative electron cloud surrounding it.'' As I said before, this definition also applies for ions (atoms with a charge, not the molecules). I never said they weren't important. Just as ecology is a part of biology, it still is a different section. But that doesn't matter, whether one thinks that ions are important of broad enough to form a section on its own. An ion remains an atom (or molecule) with a charge.
Nuclear chemistry is a branch of Inorganic chemistry, more specifically, metal complex chemistry.
I was wondering how do you make High Fructose Corn Syrup from regular corn syrup.
Yes, and as they're all named after planets, and the sun is 93 million miles away, that is a cool guide to where they are on the periodic table uranium= 92 neptunium=93 plutonium=94
Is there any practical application of neptunium?
Essentially the same, as in, if you say you're changing the temperature by X amount of degrees Celsius, it means you're changing the temperature by X amount of Kelvin, except with the ~273 difference.
I suppose I should have been more clear. I was referring to the transition metals.
Oh indeed, my mistake, they do reach 0. However I do not understand how they could become negative, well I do, but I have never heard of a superacid. From what I have just found, it seems they function a little differently and are not classed by the concentration of H+, but rather just the strenght of their reaction with a base.
273.15
1 unit Kelvin is the same as 1 unit Celsius. The lines on the scale have the same spacing so to speak. Only their starting points vary.
O.K., I see now. Thank you for the clarification.
the last of the elements (ununbidium-ununoktium) is just temporal names, they get official names when they are confirmed to exist several times.
Hey!
An ion is an atom, a positively or negatively charged atom. (True, they could also be a molecule, but in that case it's still a atom with a charge within the molecule.)
That's not the reason. The reason is we are talking about differences in temperature (IE the magnitudes of degrees to go from liquid to gas). Take water which evaporates at 100C =373K and melts 0C=273K take the difference between either in C or K and it's always 100.
What happened to Neptunium I II and III?
So why did he say "essentially the same" instead of simply "the same"? He also said "strictly speaking, it's Kelvin" - why is there need for a distinction at all?
When oxygen reacts with things it tends to remove electrons from them. Chemists have therefore generalized oxidation to mean the removal or loss of electrons from something. There are other things besides oxygen that can oxidize atoms or molecules, for example chlorine. If chlorine reacts with copper to form copper chloride then the copper is oxidized and the chlorine is reduced.
I love how much he talks with his hands, makes me seem like I don't even move them when I talk! XD
Brady you should get an intro for each of your channels.
I could listen to the crazy haired professor for days. I feel that my IQ would increase by at least 24 just by talking to him. And he also has awesome hair.
I know what it is, but the two are considered separate things. I understand your point, but I'm pretty sure they tend to keep the two separate, and atom is only really correct when it's not gained or lost electrons.
i like this old guy because he is not afraid as a scientist to say he doesnt know everything
Everything is not random, atoms are governed by forces. As far as we know, these forces apply everywhere in the universe; gravity, electromagnetic, weak, and the strong force (perhaps even more). A structure with a billion protons would be very unstable, since protons are positively charged, and objects with the same charge repel each other. A structure with a billion protons would be very unlikely to exist, even elements as uranium are already unstable, yet they have 'only' 92 protons.
Well I'm positive that they would like to do so (:
What would happen if you drank those solutions?
Probably not. There actually aren't very many elements that can have an oxidation state of 1. Copper and Silver are the two most common. But Copper 1 if left out in the open will eventually oxidize to copper 2. Silver is the only one I can think of that only has an oxidation state of 1.
Laughing much more than I should right now. Thanks for that =)
The color of an arbitrary planet orbiting some arbitrary star in some arbitrary galaxy sure as shit sounds like trivia to me.
I think he is saying "actinides" (a group of radioactive elements in the periodic table) but the accent does make it a little hard to recognize.
It's their everything's ok alarm. It's not clear if the Simpsons serendipitously happened on the idea as a joke or heard about the existence of the alarm at nuclear facilities like this, but it's a pretty accurate description of what it does:
/watch?v=lTzByQTeyJQ
Why were elements named for planets?
237.15 was doubtless a typo. 273.15 is correct.
Good luck with your A levels!
did you know that Uranus was going to be called Neptune, and vice versa, CGP grey did a video about it.
Is that a gieger counter I hear clicking occasionally in the background?
Thumbs up if you watched the whole "All the chemical elements in order" playlist, Holy shit I sat through seven hours of this guy! FOR SCIENCE!
what is the half life of Neptunium V
Well he is talking about the difference one degree C = one degree K, in actual fact there is a difference of 273.15 between the two when converting.
Can't they just add fructose? (I always assumed that's how it went lol)
did i hear it right? 2:17 degrees C = K??
Do you mean nucleus? Cos there's the protons in the nucleus, and the number of protons is the same as the number of electrons.
i think neptunium also fits very well because it has such a big range of temperature where it's fluid so it fits because the god of water is neptune
@4lifeNerdfighter I think that the planets were named the same as Gods of the ancient times, and Gods names are pretty cool, so... Why not?
top row of the bottom two seperate rows on the periodic table i think, if not its the second one,
I think he means the layer of electrons around the atom