How Did Multicellularity Evolve?

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  • čas přidán 13. 12. 2020
  • Visit www.kickstarter.com/projects/... before January 20th, 2021 to help us make the Microcosmos microscope!
    Follow Journey to the Microcosmos:
    Twitter: / journeytomicro
    Facebook: / journeytomicro
    Support the Microcosmos:
    / journeytomicro
    More from Jam’s Germs:
    Instagram: / jam_and_germs
    CZcams: / @jamsgerms
    Hosted by Hank Green:
    Twitter: / hankgreen
    CZcams: / vlogbrothers
    Music by Andrew Huang:
    / andrewhuang
    Journey to the Microcosmos is a Complexly production.
    Find out more at www.complexly.com
    Stock video from:
    www.videoblocks.com
    SOURCES:
    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
    https:/www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/momentous-transition-multicellular-life-may-not-have-been-so-hard-after-all
    www.nature.com/scitable/topic...
    www.nature.com/scitable/topic...
  • Věda a technologie

Komentáře • 533

  • @CloudyAce
    @CloudyAce Před 3 lety +623

    That Tardigrade is trying so hard to eat that Pandorina for like two and a half minutes 😂

    • @notcentered602
      @notcentered602 Před 3 lety +27

      I was laughing so much and its 2 am and im trying to keep quiet!

    • @MystMagus
      @MystMagus Před 3 lety +48

      At least it got kisses.

    • @MatthewJordanMitchel
      @MatthewJordanMitchel Před 3 lety +56

      Now I want a 2 1/2 minute video called "This Pandorina is NOT about to die."

    • @Kazzzack
      @Kazzzack Před 3 lety +4

      What a mood

    • @crabenjoyergoat
      @crabenjoyergoat Před 3 lety +28

      I love how intensively was the pandorina shaking after it escaped

  • @JamsGerms
    @JamsGerms Před 3 lety +375

    One of the proudest moments of my life! Thank you everyone who supported and pledged to the campaign!
    I cannot believe there is a chance that people will be using a microscope at home with my logo on it and watching cute little water bears waddle. 😭
    -James

    • @kuaaajo
      @kuaaajo Před 3 lety +15

      Are you kidding? I did 3 years of Biology but I had to dump it because I had to jump into the family bussiness. But I did love looking through microscopes and your channel brought that to me in the best way possible! Since I started watching your channel I've been wanting to get a microscope but there's a lot to choose from. Your kickstarter solved all my problems and additionally I'm supporting you doing what you love the most! Keep it up James!

    • @luisaparodi8571
      @luisaparodi8571 Před 3 lety +1

      Congratulations James!! 👏👏👏❤

    • @ProfPuffOfficial
      @ProfPuffOfficial Před 3 lety +1

      Very well deserved

    • @ivytarablair
      @ivytarablair Před 3 lety +5

      So so well deserved! And what a gift for you and the team to give to the (lets be honest *intense*) fans of the channel - helping us get to play, too :)) As a photographer, I'm fascinated to dive into the world of tiny lenses - and my fellow microcosmos-mesmerized kiddo, well, okay he can come along too :D (okay okay - it's a birthday present for him but....I can't promise I won't elbow him out of the way on occasion to goggle through the objective :D)

    • @herbertkeithmiller
      @herbertkeithmiller Před 3 lety +1

      Just pledged. The microscope looks to be a darn good one it's loaded with features that I couldn't get at that price otherwise. My previous attempts at micro-photography will a cheaper microscope were only so so. Can't wait till June till then here's some vorticella waving bye bye
      photos.app.goo.gl/mHYF4vU3wp3MV5PR7

  • @PurtyPurple
    @PurtyPurple Před 3 lety +677

    I don't see enough love for the awesome music on this channel, props to Andrew Huang!

    • @erstwhilegrubstake
      @erstwhilegrubstake Před 3 lety +5

      Oh, I thought the intro was by Trent Reznor.

    • @KevintheRhea
      @KevintheRhea Před 3 lety +8

      If you like this song you might like the album Zweitonegoismus by C418. The same artist who did Minecraft.

    • @professorkeroessaphdinbage8236
      @professorkeroessaphdinbage8236 Před 3 lety +1

      Ha, will do. Thank you

    • @animationspace8550
      @animationspace8550 Před 3 lety +4

      It's made by him? I know that guy! I think he has a yt channel

    • @nannabannanna3958
      @nannabannanna3958 Před 3 lety +3

      I dont care who you are, this is cool on sooooo many levels. The narrator reminds me of an excited Joe Pera.

  • @agodawg
    @agodawg Před 3 lety +202

    My screen freezes and chrome stops responding.
    Hank: "Your screen is currently filling up with clouds of an algae..."

    • @itzmedb8290
      @itzmedb8290 Před 3 lety +11

      you just got algaed :trollface-emoji:

    • @theeyeofomnipotent
      @theeyeofomnipotent Před 3 lety +1

      @@itzmedb8290 , welp, it doesn't work like discord 🙃

    • @hm09235nd
      @hm09235nd Před 3 lety

      you got 10 min to live

  • @crinosis2302
    @crinosis2302 Před 3 lety +60

    One of my kids just got his microscope. He spends lots of hours exploring microorganisms found all over our plants. He complete forgot about his tablet and video games. This videos are fuel to his aspirations as a future biologist. Thanks for sharing.

  • @rotifer
    @rotifer Před 3 lety +216

    *How did Multicellularity evolve? Through The Cell stage of course! Naturally then it's the creature phase, the tribal stage, the civilization stage, and finally the space stage. Many a microbe is stuck in the cell phase. As for me, well you can say that I've reached a point of microcellular sentience that would make even the Grox jealous!*

    • @LimeyLassen
      @LimeyLassen Před 3 lety +36

      Achievement Unlocked: Reach the Space Stage without evolving

    • @inkfree8297
      @inkfree8297 Před 3 lety +16

      It's always a nice day when Journey to the Microcosmos uploads and to see the Rotifer chime in the comments. Bless you.

    • @Daniel-xr7fc
      @Daniel-xr7fc Před 3 lety +20

      It's nice to know there are still some of us out there. Spore players aren't extremely common

    • @Srcsqwrn
      @Srcsqwrn Před 2 lety +7

      @@Daniel-xr7fc Personally don't really like anything after the creature stage, so I stopped playing. :c

    • @PotionsMaster666
      @PotionsMaster666 Před 2 lety +5

      you forgot the final, Nuclear warfare, stage :>

  • @GordonFreechmen
    @GordonFreechmen Před 3 lety +302

    The opening music track makes it sound like serious microbial mayhem is about to happen.

    • @Stue-e
      @Stue-e Před 3 lety +7

      i thought i had cyberpunk 2077 open :o

    • @TheLegendaryHacker
      @TheLegendaryHacker Před 3 lety +1

      @@Stue-e I did have Cyberpunk open lol

    • @animationspace8550
      @animationspace8550 Před 3 lety

      I feel the first into song they put out that had a sort of electrical bop to it really showed that what we were looking at were really the base units of life. Piece by piece it went with a melody and set of beats I can not easily explain but the feeling of the element within the microcosmos itself.

    • @Roboprogs
      @Roboprogs Před 3 lety

      I was grooving to Andrew’s bit, sure.

    • @thinginground5179
      @thinginground5179 Před 3 lety

      I felt really unnerved to be honest

  • @evanthefish
    @evanthefish Před 3 lety +170

    YT's compression algorithm disliked this video

    • @chewbacca9965
      @chewbacca9965 Před 3 lety +6

      Fuck the algorithm

    • @ObjectsInMotion
      @ObjectsInMotion Před 3 lety +14

      @@chewbacca9965 You're thinking of a different algorithm. It'll be sad day when the entire word algorithm becomes synonymous with one specific website's content selection process.

    • @chewbacca9965
      @chewbacca9965 Před 3 lety +3

      @@ObjectsInMotion k

    • @Animotion3D
      @Animotion3D Před 3 lety

      put it on 4k

  • @peppersalt
    @peppersalt Před 3 lety +24

    2:11
    “Eudorina”
    "No. I'm the rina"

  • @veganpajamas4211
    @veganpajamas4211 Před 3 lety +150

    much more recently”, only 200m years ago >< gotta love science man

  • @tuckerricklefs4830
    @tuckerricklefs4830 Před 3 lety +19

    Watching this video has made me realize just how incredible multicellular life is. It is easy to look at a volvox as a large group of cooperative cells. However, when you look at a plant or an animal, you don't see them as a group of trillions of cells working together, even though that is exactly what they are. It is shocking to think that we are each made up of an unimaginable amount of tiny living things all working together to make "you" exist.

  • @stormevans6897
    @stormevans6897 Před 3 lety +36

    I think you might change my life with this kickstarter.

    • @Aereto
      @Aereto Před 3 lety

      I would need a proper microscope to use them effectively.

  • @captainbongwater7790
    @captainbongwater7790 Před 3 lety +83

    This show always opens in such a soft way. This time, the soundtrack made me feel like we’re about to jump out of an airplane.

  • @melektaus6646
    @melektaus6646 Před 3 lety +44

    Thanks for the DIC pics, as always

    • @wyattarich
      @wyattarich Před 3 lety +6

      @Mostly Insects en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_interference_contrast_microscopy

    • @biomuseum6645
      @biomuseum6645 Před 3 lety

      Dic pick 😈

  • @nbrader
    @nbrader Před 3 lety +10

    2:03 That should have been "The algae's always greener on the other *slide*."

  • @MrH2O1998
    @MrH2O1998 Před 3 lety +23

    Wow, that close up of the tardigrade eating algae is really amazing. Good job, James!

    • @mimiteas
      @mimiteas Před 3 lety +3

      Check out a longer video on his channel 😉
      czcams.com/video/mhUlze3gqKA/video.html

  • @professorkeroessaphdinbage8236

    Ha, I have never been quite this early. If you see this, I appreciate the work you guys do! It truly pays off.

  • @KyleBlues1
    @KyleBlues1 Před 3 lety +68

    I read that as "multi-celery"

  • @zachgrochau-wright727
    @zachgrochau-wright727 Před 3 lety +12

    Yes! I've loved this channel since it started but have been hoping for a video like this for ages. I did my PhD in evolutionary biology on the volvocine green algae!

  • @kevinshen9391
    @kevinshen9391 Před 3 lety +9

    How they evolved:
    Cell 1: I'm tired of moving around!
    Cell 2: !'m tired of eating all the time!
    Both: Let's team up!
    Just kidding.

  • @Beryllahawk
    @Beryllahawk Před 3 lety

    What a great video - fabulous music as ALWAYS - and OH MY GOSH I AM SO EXCITED ABOUT THIS KICKSTARTER!
    You have truly journeyed, and I'm so very glad to be along for the ride!!

  • @semaj_5022
    @semaj_5022 Před 3 lety +2

    I will definitely be donating to this kickstarter as soon as possible. If I'm able to get anything for myself in all of 2021, I want, no I _need_ it to be this microscope. And if I could help others get one too, that would be icing on the cake. I'm so glad you guys are doing this. It's such a phenomenal idea! And I will always support anything that helps people experience the joy of discovery and science. Thank you guys for being so amazing!

  • @SophiaKumaraDOTS
    @SophiaKumaraDOTS Před 3 lety +3

    One of the first things I noticed was the music! Very happy to support the Kickstarter, can’t wait for production!!

  • @pelman
    @pelman Před 3 lety +2

    man, this is such a small thing, but i really have to appreciate how these videos always have captions when they come out. i have auditory processing issues and so trying to understand everything without captions would be terrible... its just really nice knowing that some of the channels i watch are contentious of people in situations like mine

  • @adameager7114
    @adameager7114 Před rokem

    Great work Hank! I'm late to the series, but kudos on your ad placement in this one. I was completely invested in seeing that little guy escape the tardigrade's jaws. I didn't dare click away until it happened, and then it did. So satisfying!

  • @rachaelescober2736
    @rachaelescober2736 Před 3 lety

    I love the kickstarter project and have donated to it! I will donate more if the universal allows for it before January 20th. But I will share this project and channel with as many people as I can,
    because this channel has brought me so much joy.
    I used to have had a microscope with a camera on top that connected to my laptop.
    It brought me hours of joy looking through puddle water with my daughter.
    If it can be done with a phone on the top: Hell-to-the-myeah.
    And It was more affordable to support you all in Patreon than I expected.
    Count me in not just for the ride, but chipping in for the gas money.
    Thank you, for all the hard work :)!

  • @mikeljmcphee
    @mikeljmcphee Před 3 lety +4

    The score for this video was unreal You guys are doing amazing work.

  • @MicroscopiaeCiência
    @MicroscopiaeCiência Před 3 lety +1

    Awesome stuff. Thanks for uploading! Thinking about this notion of division of tasks is essential to understand the logic of the evolution of life.
    Division of tasks is essential for anything to become more complex, including the society in which we live.

  • @Niekard
    @Niekard Před 3 lety +2

    I watch all of these one time seriously, and then I use the entire playlist for sleeping. I wish there was more pre-sleep scientific content out there. Thank you so much for giving me my safe place. :)

  • @DanielPizarro184
    @DanielPizarro184 Před 3 lety

    Wow the editing in of this channel has been going crazy I sort this channel at the start of quarantine and now it's completely crazy well done you guys!!! All love💕💕💕

  • @marchechter5047
    @marchechter5047 Před 3 lety

    i really enjoyed this video, good stuff. Keep it coming.

  • @kabirmenon4096
    @kabirmenon4096 Před 3 lety +1

    Every time I watch this to learn something, I feel so sleepyyy. The voiceover and music are just soo calming.
    I really appreciate the amazing work though.

  • @asystoleD
    @asystoleD Před 3 lety

    Holy cow I just found this channel trying to get ahead for my microbiology class this coming semester. Crazy cool content, wow. Subbed

  • @DiggyDax92
    @DiggyDax92 Před 3 lety

    Love when a video comes out from you guys. As always, very interesting and cool.

  • @Jimmehftw
    @Jimmehftw Před 2 lety

    Hope they're gonna use this as a supplemental little video at the university where I had a course on plant reproduction and a course about lower plants and fungi. You use exactly the examples they use because they're excellent at explaining the principle of being multicellular vs being a colony.

  • @NewMessage
    @NewMessage Před 3 lety +40

    That music is quite a departure from the norm... Kinda diggin' it.

    • @TheApostleofRock
      @TheApostleofRock Před 3 lety +1

      Andrew Huang kills it pretty much whatever he does

    • @williansnobre
      @williansnobre Před 3 lety +4

      And as the video goes on it dissolves into a calmer mood. Really cool.

  • @anastasiacalin836
    @anastasiacalin836 Před 3 lety +1

    I purely love you, guys! You make me happy, and I appreciate your efforts! 🙏

  • @Treksh
    @Treksh Před 3 lety +1

    The music was really fitting this time. Thanks for the episode

  • @zavierverbick852
    @zavierverbick852 Před 3 lety +18

    Just pledged ! I've never done anything like that before, but it's a cool idea and I believe in what you guys are doing
    Love the channel, and keep up the great work !

    • @tiffanycarlyle4908
      @tiffanycarlyle4908 Před 3 lety +1

      Me too! This is my first kick starter campaign I have back but I am throwing caution to the wind!!! I have wanted a microscope like this for so long! As I heard the discretion I nearly fell out of my chair leeping to get my wallet!😂

  • @caret_shell
    @caret_shell Před 3 lety

    I don't normally go in for Kickstarters, but your channel is something special. I'm in. I'm gonna get a microscope and take pictures of some tiny things.

  • @diamondisgood4u
    @diamondisgood4u Před 3 lety

    Thank you for taking us on these many journies! I so appreciate the sharing of modern science especially on CZcams ❤️

  • @Rychlas
    @Rychlas Před 3 lety

    You should add the microscope campaign to the title of the video. It tends to bring more attention to the video.
    Also, I love your work. I wish you all the best and all success possible!

  • @alwaysfallingshort
    @alwaysfallingshort Před 3 lety

    Oh man, this is one of those things where I wish I had money to throw around because I'd be getting the top tier in a heartbeat. I am so glad I found this channel, I could legitimately watch this stuff for hours.

  • @dukenukem3dgaming599
    @dukenukem3dgaming599 Před 3 lety +5

    2:17 looks like Volvox-kun enjoyed online class more than i certainly do

  • @damedesuka77
    @damedesuka77 Před 3 lety

    That opening music though...
    I thought I clicked the wrong video because this channel's music is usually very chill 😂

  • @88Cardey
    @88Cardey Před 3 lety

    I love this channel! Keep up the good work.

  • @ardentlouise2809
    @ardentlouise2809 Před 3 lety +1

    I always wonder what people are thinking when they thumbs down great videos like these

  • @CAKRAWALAMIKROSKOP2021

    proud for microcosmos team, amazing video ... and super

  • @cheaterman49
    @cheaterman49 Před 3 lety

    Whoa, the music was really great in this episode, and kickstarting a microscope project is a fantastic idea!

  • @DjMann63
    @DjMann63 Před 3 lety

    That tardigrade gave me a good laugh. It would not give up! You could almost hear it grumbling "Get in my belly!".🤣

  • @gandalf1753
    @gandalf1753 Před 3 lety +4

    love what you guys do

  • @treefiddy2470
    @treefiddy2470 Před rokem

    Thanks for making this easy to understand.

  • @Zman44444
    @Zman44444 Před 3 lety +1

    You know... I’ve never given to a Kickstarter campaign. I’m not sure why? I have never felt the want to, and I’ve always been a tad weary of them.
    This changes now. I stumbled blindly across your videos, and I have been very pleased for the past year. It opened a door in biology that I didn’t know I loved. Now I’m planning to further study the microbial world, thanks to your channel.
    Have my money. Absolutely. And make a damn good product that inspires young people to get into science.
    Fuck yea. This is awesome!

  • @nightthought2497
    @nightthought2497 Před 3 lety +1

    I would love to see an organism on the very edge of colony and multicellular. One where the division is almost complete, but the features remain that would allow both types to be an individual cell, albeit a cell with essentially no longterm survival capacity.

  • @akaniotevanos9861
    @akaniotevanos9861 Před 3 lety

    This was an energetic video, nice tunes 😎👍🤙

  • @kuaaajo
    @kuaaajo Před 3 lety +18

    I backed you guys as soon as I could. I believe in you guys! And everyone that's a Scientist. If shit goes south I know you're gonna do the right thing. Good luck with the kickstarter!

  • @cosmoplakat9549
    @cosmoplakat9549 Před rokem

    So cool, as always!

  • @attackemartin
    @attackemartin Před 3 lety

    just now found this channel, and my first action was: pledging for the microscope on Kickstarter :D
    looking forward to it!

  • @ianallen738
    @ianallen738 Před 2 měsíci

    One of your best videos, bar none.

  • @finn9233
    @finn9233 Před 3 lety

    this imagery is incredible! love this channel

  • @ryanmccawley5467
    @ryanmccawley5467 Před 3 lety

    I think this channel is great and kinda watch just to chill too. All for some change of music now and then but I hope we can keep some chill music vibes too. Just some constructive criticism. I personally enjoy the soundtrack for Halt and Catch Fire if you are looking for any inspiration on some more 80s techno sounds. Great work so far Andrew Huang!

  • @blahsomethingclever
    @blahsomethingclever Před 3 lety

    Possibly the best episode yet, or of the whole series.
    At least for me. Everything was something I didn't know, and it sparked deep thoughts I'd had before, and enriched them.

    • @erickpenguelly3944
      @erickpenguelly3944 Před 3 lety

      Definitely a great video, but my favorite is the one called What is dead? Or something like that

  • @Theo_Caro
    @Theo_Caro Před 3 lety

    I wish my high school freshman self had this video. It would have saved me so much confusion and heartache.
    In the most sincere way possible, thank you for making this.

  • @OboeFiles
    @OboeFiles Před 3 lety

    Damn I wish I had found this channel earlier so I could have jumped in on the Kickstarter !

  • @evilqueen13
    @evilqueen13 Před 3 lety +3

    Backed a microscope for me and my niece, she's going to absolutely love this. We spend a lot of time outside poking things with sticks for fun.

  • @ChefVegan
    @ChefVegan Před 3 lety

    I just subscribed. I’m now hooked 👍🏻

  • @waurdhiewaurchei5473
    @waurdhiewaurchei5473 Před 2 lety

    Very insightful!

  • @xjunkxyrdxdog89
    @xjunkxyrdxdog89 Před 3 lety

    I would love to see longer videos. I feel like these could all easily be 30 mins, and I would definitely watch them.

  • @randywatson8347
    @randywatson8347 Před 3 lety

    Very beautifull footage.

  • @noraanivac1293
    @noraanivac1293 Před 3 lety

    Love this channel

  • @marysue9661
    @marysue9661 Před 3 lety +6

    Me, trying to Fall asleep:
    The Soundtrack: how about no

  • @spenserlol
    @spenserlol Před 3 lety

    Rad kicktarter, you guys rock!

  • @asjghajksidfgoa8shef
    @asjghajksidfgoa8shef Před 3 lety +3

    Jumping into this with both feet and no clue what I'm doing or how to make the most of it. I want to be able to teach and inspire a love of science in my son as he grows up (he's only 6 months old now) and it seemed a better use of 500 dollars then buying another gaming console to suck up my time.

  • @caimstear
    @caimstear Před 3 lety

    love the music, this episode is rather... funky fresh

  • @dr_kellogg
    @dr_kellogg Před 3 lety

    I'm all over that kickstarter!

  • @TheWretchedOwl
    @TheWretchedOwl Před 3 lety

    That Kickstarter is exactly the content I came here for. 👍

  • @kartikeypatel7426
    @kartikeypatel7426 Před rokem

    Well information. Good show. Well show.

  • @Cavalorn12
    @Cavalorn12 Před 3 lety

    One of the best episodes!

  • @bismuth7730
    @bismuth7730 Před 3 lety

    Music on this channel is always sooo good!

  • @matthewtheobald1231
    @matthewtheobald1231 Před 3 lety

    Can't wait to get my first microscope and join you in the microcosmos

  • @luck5380
    @luck5380 Před 3 lety

    Mind-blowing! Thanks for educating.

  • @BenCDawson
    @BenCDawson Před 2 lety

    This is an amazing video, a great display of life

  • @idahagglund524
    @idahagglund524 Před 3 lety

    Wish I had a spare 400 laying around. I'd totally support your microscope idea! Seems awesome!

  • @astrobotanical
    @astrobotanical Před 3 lety

    The music at the start of this video is sick 🤘

  • @TheyCallMePhinq
    @TheyCallMePhinq Před 3 lety +2

    That intro song really made me feel like I was about to fight a boss in Portal.

  • @Guydude777
    @Guydude777 Před 3 lety

    Thank you as always!

  • @ILiekDeadpplz
    @ILiekDeadpplz Před 3 lety

    Pledged! And thank you! I got a microscope and two phone adapters from Amazon for micro photography. It’s been a compatibility nightmare to get a good angle. I’m hope it gets funded

  • @elliediringer3821
    @elliediringer3821 Před 3 lety

    Been needing a microscope for years. backing this now!

  • @nannabannanna3958
    @nannabannanna3958 Před 3 lety

    This show is gr8.. I dont care who u r, its cool on sooo many levels. The narrator reminds me of an excited Joe Pera.

  • @suelane3628
    @suelane3628 Před 2 lety

    Fascinating. I would also like a presentation covering the evolution of the embryo. That seems to have happened only 3 times. So far I have been unable find any hypothesis involving any evolutionary significance.

  • @dianagibbs3550
    @dianagibbs3550 Před 3 lety

    BEST MUSIC YET.

  • @gabrielle1962
    @gabrielle1962 Před 2 lety

    This channel is perfect

  • @daishiv
    @daishiv Před 3 lety

    These videos help keep me sane through all this 2020 insanity. Thank you so much!

  • @meetthecassiani
    @meetthecassiani Před 3 lety +1

    I’m loving the new music. I like the old music too.

  • @conner13.c16
    @conner13.c16 Před 3 lety

    Amazing! Now everything makes sense to me about multicellular life.

  • @willowarkan2263
    @willowarkan2263 Před 3 lety +1

    God i love volvox, it's was one of the best days in the lab, during my second semester botany course, watching volvox rolling around.

  • @bokchoiman
    @bokchoiman Před 3 lety

    AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA THIS IS TOO COOL! The quality is insane!

  • @Dron008
    @Dron008 Před 3 lety

    That is so great!

  • @Dragrath1
    @Dragrath1 Před 3 lety

    I think there is an important distinction between evolution of multicellularity and the presence of conditions suitable for supporting multicellularity, The main factor oxygen concentrations seems to have limited complex aerobic multicellular organisms to a brief window in the Paleoproterozoic eon following the Great Oxygenation event and the associated glaciation where oxygen levels rose above 5% and the late Neoproterozoic eon where oxygen levels again rose above 5% concentration.

  • @davidbergmann8948
    @davidbergmann8948 Před 3 lety

    Love this stuff haha 🍄