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Yong Tuition
Singapore
Registrace 21. 12. 2016
Welcome!
I am an independent researcher and private tutor.
I had been a lecturer in physics, a researcher in electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and consultant in corporate communications. I love music and fine art. Actually I am a portrait artist. I also tutor students in mathematics, physics, and theoretical chemistry.
The content on this channel can be divided into two categories:
1. My talks on basic issues in physics and atmospheric physics in relation to weather and climate, based on my in-depth research, which can be viewed by everone although some special talks are made for members only.
2. My tutoring lessons for high-school and university studentds in physics, mathematics, and computer modeling recorded in recent years, which can be viewed by members only.
One's life is short, the journey for human to understand the nature is long. Hope you can find more sparks in the dark universe.
I am an independent researcher and private tutor.
I had been a lecturer in physics, a researcher in electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and consultant in corporate communications. I love music and fine art. Actually I am a portrait artist. I also tutor students in mathematics, physics, and theoretical chemistry.
The content on this channel can be divided into two categories:
1. My talks on basic issues in physics and atmospheric physics in relation to weather and climate, based on my in-depth research, which can be viewed by everone although some special talks are made for members only.
2. My tutoring lessons for high-school and university studentds in physics, mathematics, and computer modeling recorded in recent years, which can be viewed by members only.
One's life is short, the journey for human to understand the nature is long. Hope you can find more sparks in the dark universe.
Evidence for My Hypothesis: Isobaric Wind | Independent Research 20240823
This is part 4 of my talks on basic issues in meteorology in relation to formation of wind.
#weather #atmosphericpressure #wind #isobaric #density
Why is the air pressure near the surface so stable compared with the surface temperature? That’s my recent concern in my independent research on weather and clymate.
In my previous talks, I argued that air current, or wind, near the surface of the earth can be formed due to horizontal advection and diffusion when pressure gradient force is zero. Today, I would like to show an observational evidence in support of my hypothesis.
By definition, air density is number of air molecules per unit volume. Because air seems everywhere around us, it is not easy to measure time dependent air density directly, although one can collect certain amount of air into a vacuum bottle and then quantify it, as Keeling did for measuring CO2 in the atmosphere.
7.So, in my previous talk, I suggested air temperature and air pressure be measured simultaneously in order to calculate air density instead, although I was unaware that this is a routine measurement in every weather station.
8.To my surprise, one viewer immediately sent me a plot of daily air temperature and air pressure data simultaneously recorded in his local weather station, as shown in this diagram.
9.The vertical axis is air pressure in InHg and the horizontal axis is air temperature in K. As you can see, the pressure was almost as a constant when the air temperature had changed noticeably.
10.Then, I selected more data from the source he used. Here is the second plot of pressure vs temperature. Obviously, the pattern is more complicated than the first plot. Still, the variation in air pressure during this period of time, 48 hours, was still small, between 29.8 and 30 InHg, or 1009 to 1016 in hPa.
11.How about air density? I calculated the air density based on Idea Gas Law, which can be simply written as,
Where rho is air density in kg per cubic meter; P, air pressure in hectoPascal; and T, air temperature in Kelvin. You can use this simple formula to analyze your local air density, too.
12.Then, I plotted the dependence of air density on the surface air temperature. As you can see, air density decreases as air temperature increases, which can be well fitted by an isobaric curve.
13.By zooming into the details, it is clear that the measured data points are located between two isobaric curves, but the two isobaric curves are very close, which implies the surface air pressure during this period of time was almost fixed, although the surface temperature may be noticeably different in the area.
14.This could happen when some places are sunny while other places are cloudy. Because of the departure of air density distribution near the surface from uniform, local wind appears easily to equalize the surface temperature in the area, while the air pressure remains the same.
15.To further illustrate such a natural phenomenon, I have download more data from the Bureau of Meteorology in Australia, as shown in this diagram. This was measured at Melbourne airport, and that was measured at Brisbane airport.
16.As you can see, although the plots of air temperature vs air pressure look irregular, the thermodynamic processes near the surface are mainly associated with the interplay of air temperature and air density, whilst air pressure acts a platform, or an air conditioner, for air molecules to play and run. In this way, the surface temperature can hardly get extremely hot or cold.
17.So, it seems evident now that air molecules can move horizontally by means of advection and diffusion, without air pressure gradient. I only mentioned diffusion, but this differential equation for advection-diffusion tells us all about what can inevitably happen whenever air density gradient shows up. Naturally, such local winds would not be too strong.
18.Apart from acting as a local invariant, atmospheric pressure can also settle down extreme non-equilibrium situations, involving large-scale and large-quantity transportation of air masses globally, by means of general circulation. In these cases, the surface air pressure in different places would be noticeably different. As a result, the horizontal air pressure gradient would be huge, as during a hurricane or typhoon, as shown in this diagram.
19.By and large, the three variables near the surface, namely, air density, air temperature, and air pressure, are confined to this 3D surface derived from Ideal Gas law. Unless air pressure change is apparent, the local air density and local air temperature should always be governed by an isobaric condition, say, 1020 hPa in my place.
#weather #atmosphericpressure #wind #isobaric #density
Why is the air pressure near the surface so stable compared with the surface temperature? That’s my recent concern in my independent research on weather and clymate.
In my previous talks, I argued that air current, or wind, near the surface of the earth can be formed due to horizontal advection and diffusion when pressure gradient force is zero. Today, I would like to show an observational evidence in support of my hypothesis.
By definition, air density is number of air molecules per unit volume. Because air seems everywhere around us, it is not easy to measure time dependent air density directly, although one can collect certain amount of air into a vacuum bottle and then quantify it, as Keeling did for measuring CO2 in the atmosphere.
7.So, in my previous talk, I suggested air temperature and air pressure be measured simultaneously in order to calculate air density instead, although I was unaware that this is a routine measurement in every weather station.
8.To my surprise, one viewer immediately sent me a plot of daily air temperature and air pressure data simultaneously recorded in his local weather station, as shown in this diagram.
9.The vertical axis is air pressure in InHg and the horizontal axis is air temperature in K. As you can see, the pressure was almost as a constant when the air temperature had changed noticeably.
10.Then, I selected more data from the source he used. Here is the second plot of pressure vs temperature. Obviously, the pattern is more complicated than the first plot. Still, the variation in air pressure during this period of time, 48 hours, was still small, between 29.8 and 30 InHg, or 1009 to 1016 in hPa.
11.How about air density? I calculated the air density based on Idea Gas Law, which can be simply written as,
Where rho is air density in kg per cubic meter; P, air pressure in hectoPascal; and T, air temperature in Kelvin. You can use this simple formula to analyze your local air density, too.
12.Then, I plotted the dependence of air density on the surface air temperature. As you can see, air density decreases as air temperature increases, which can be well fitted by an isobaric curve.
13.By zooming into the details, it is clear that the measured data points are located between two isobaric curves, but the two isobaric curves are very close, which implies the surface air pressure during this period of time was almost fixed, although the surface temperature may be noticeably different in the area.
14.This could happen when some places are sunny while other places are cloudy. Because of the departure of air density distribution near the surface from uniform, local wind appears easily to equalize the surface temperature in the area, while the air pressure remains the same.
15.To further illustrate such a natural phenomenon, I have download more data from the Bureau of Meteorology in Australia, as shown in this diagram. This was measured at Melbourne airport, and that was measured at Brisbane airport.
16.As you can see, although the plots of air temperature vs air pressure look irregular, the thermodynamic processes near the surface are mainly associated with the interplay of air temperature and air density, whilst air pressure acts a platform, or an air conditioner, for air molecules to play and run. In this way, the surface temperature can hardly get extremely hot or cold.
17.So, it seems evident now that air molecules can move horizontally by means of advection and diffusion, without air pressure gradient. I only mentioned diffusion, but this differential equation for advection-diffusion tells us all about what can inevitably happen whenever air density gradient shows up. Naturally, such local winds would not be too strong.
18.Apart from acting as a local invariant, atmospheric pressure can also settle down extreme non-equilibrium situations, involving large-scale and large-quantity transportation of air masses globally, by means of general circulation. In these cases, the surface air pressure in different places would be noticeably different. As a result, the horizontal air pressure gradient would be huge, as during a hurricane or typhoon, as shown in this diagram.
19.By and large, the three variables near the surface, namely, air density, air temperature, and air pressure, are confined to this 3D surface derived from Ideal Gas law. Unless air pressure change is apparent, the local air density and local air temperature should always be governed by an isobaric condition, say, 1020 hPa in my place.
zhlédnutí: 2 911
Video
A Novel Description of Weather: A Shock for Meteorologists? | Atmospheric Physics | 20240802
zhlédnutí 3,4KPřed 21 dnem
This is Part 3 of my talks on air pressure near the surface of the Earth. It is proposed that the air pressure near the surface can be treated as a constant whenever the fluctuarions in air mass in a vertical unity column can be neglected. It is expected many viewers would think differently or could let me know what I am wrong. #atmosphericscience #weatherforecast #isobars #windspeed #densityex...
A New Explanation: Surface Air Pressure and Atmospheric Height | Knowledge about Earth | 20240726
zhlédnutí 2,8KPřed měsícem
This is Part 2 of my talks on Atmospheric Pressure near the Surface. The key basic issue is: does air pressure near the surface change with the surface temperature? Another seemly irrelevant issue is why the tropospheric height decreases from the equator to the two poles? It turned out that both issues are correlated and dependent of local surface temperature. Enjoy watching this new discovery!...
Atmospheric Pressure above Warming Surface | IRWC 20240719
zhlédnutí 3,1KPřed měsícem
If the surface temperature increases 2K, what would happen to air pressure? This is a new perspective to study climate change. So far, almost all reports on climate change have been focused on global mean surface temperature, or GMST for short, but it would appear nobody has mentioned air pressure near the surface. Does the pressure change with the surface temperature at all? If so, then how? T...
Self-Constrained Climate Sensitivity by Greenhouse Effect | CO2 Blocking of Radiation | IQR 240604
zhlédnutí 2,7KPřed 2 měsíci
You might have heard of climate sensitivity, or ECS, in relation to how much warming might happen given how much CO2 and other greenhouse gases can block the upward infrared radiation by the surface of the Earth. This talk is about an new idea, namely, how climate sensitivity is constrained by the greenhouse effect itself. In the greenhouse effect type 2, it is assumed that the original radiati...
How Much? Surface Warming Caused by Stratospheric Cooling |Manabe's Fig for His Nobel Prize 240518
zhlédnutí 4,8KPřed 3 měsíci
There is a very important figure published by Manabe and Wetherald in 1967. It was this figure that enabled Manabe to win the Nobel Physics Prize in 2021. Here, I will quantitatively evaluate the surface warming based on this figure. Their computational results based on the US standard atmosphere temperature distribution at different CO2 concentrations. They predicted that the surface temperatu...
A Mind-Flow Talk: What Is Living Force (Vis Viva)? | Mythes of Energy 1 | Yong Tuition 240427
zhlédnutí 1,5KPřed 4 měsíci
#visviva #energy #work #inertia #leibniz #newton #galileo Energy is a key word that has been frequently used by physicists and non-physicists. Nevertheless, what is Energy? Is it a substance or not? Do electrical lines transport electirc Energy from on place to another? What is the Rest Energy of proton? What is the Self-Energy of electron? etc. To answer these questions, it is necessary to go ...
Sabine's Free Energy and Waste Heat: Misconceptions about Energy, Work, and Heat | Yong Tutition
zhlédnutí 4,6KPřed 4 měsíci
This talk is about how Sabine #hossenfelder used misconceptions about energy, work, and heat in her recent talk on so-called waste heat. It is pointed out that Sabine shares the same misconceptions about energy and energy source with a self-claimed physicist #veritasium. #freeenergy #energy #energy #work #heat #thrmodynamics The talk by Sabine Hossenfelder in 2023: czcams.com/video/9vRtA7STvH4/...
Can Earth Surface Radiate Infrared Ray? Arrhenius Abhors Air | A New In-Depth Study | ICR 240301
zhlédnutí 2,5KPřed 5 měsíci
The surface of Earth is not in vaccum, but in a highly compressed air layer. In history, Otter von Guericke first discovered this fact by using his newly invented vacuum pump. Do you want to know more? Keep watching this unique talk that you cannot find elsewhere. This talk is about the difference between air atmosphere and vacuum, becuase it would appear Arrhenius naively assumed the surface o...
Can Bad Weather Be Attributed to Global Warming? Tim Palmer and Sabine Hossenfelder Seem Confused
zhlédnutí 1,6KPřed 6 měsíci
The talk is for the general public who are interested in weather change and climate stability. Therefore, detailed theoretical formulae and abstract physical concepts are not used. Hopefully, more people from different backgrounds and age groups could come to watch and discuss. My PayPal link is: www.paypal.com/paypalme/YongTuition 2.Today I would like to discuss some commonly concerned issues ...
Langley's Observations Used by Arrhenius to Build His Climate Model | Yong Tuition 240216
zhlédnutí 1,4KPřed 6 měsíci
This talk is based on my latest research on the original observationa of the transsmitted moon's infrared radiation on the ground by S.P. Langley and his co-worker Very. In passing, Langley was financially suppored by the US goverment to invent flying machine, called aie planw nowadays. Here is the link you can download the 1896 paper on climate model by Arrhenius. www.rsc.org/images/Arrhenius1...
Why Did Sabine Hossenfelder Promote Tim Palmer's Silly Idea? | ICR 240205
zhlédnutí 5KPřed 6 měsíci
It seems amusing that I was told by some viewers that what I added in my second talk was not what Sabine Hossenfelder said in her talk, although my talk was intitled: "What Sabine didn't tell you about the climate sensitivity." By looking into the related papers, I realized more background knowledge about the climate sensitivity in relation to the climate modelling should be discussed. I have b...
What Sabine Didn't Tell You about Climate Sensitivity | Comments on Hossenfelder Part 2 | ICR 240131
zhlédnutí 22KPřed 6 měsíci
I am so glad so many people have watched my previous talk on Sabine Hossenfelder. The comments are just wanderful, although there were a few trouble makers. On the request from one viewer, I just have made another video on equilibrium climate sensitivity, or ECS for short, that Dr Hossenfelder used as a scarecrow in her latest talk on climate. Sabine's Talk: I wasn't worried about climate chang...
Comments on Sabine Hossenfelder's Talks on Climate by a Physicist | ICR 240129
zhlédnutí 17KPřed 6 měsíci
This is my second video on Sabine Hassenfelder's recent talks on climate change. Sabine's recent talk on climate: czcams.com/video/J1KGnCj_cfM/video.html My talk on Klaus Hasselmann and his work: czcams.com/video/ADEQbZiEU8c/video.html
Faking Emission with Optical Depth: Faking Climax without Emission? | ICR 240125 2
zhlédnutí 2,6KPřed 7 měsíci
This is a short talk on some fundamental issues in describing atmospheric absorption and emission, or called radiation sometimes. To do so, I have been considering by which analogy I can explain this difficult and abstract ideas to my viewers. Here is my choice. Please make comments as many as you like.
The Misleading Emission Temperature in Sensible ClimaX Research | ICR 240117
zhlédnutí 2,8KPřed 7 měsíci
The Misleading Emission Temperature in Sensible ClimaX Research | ICR 240117
Singularity Revealed in ALL Climate Models with One-Layer Atmosphere | ICR 240110
zhlédnutí 17KPřed 7 měsíci
Singularity Revealed in ALL Climate Models with One-Layer Atmosphere | ICR 240110
New Year Remark on State of the Art Climate Research | Independent Climate Research 240103
zhlédnutí 1,3KPřed 7 měsíci
New Year Remark on State of the Art Climate Research | Independent Climate Research 240103
Silent Night Sung by an Independent Climate Researcher | December 2023
zhlédnutí 241Před 8 měsíci
Silent Night Sung by an Independent Climate Researcher | December 2023
A Review of Modern Physics: Atom, Electron, Quark, Gravity ... | In-Depth, Panoramic, and Critical
zhlédnutí 767Před 8 měsíci
A Review of Modern Physics: Atom, Electron, Quark, Gravity ... | In-Depth, Panoramic, and Critical
Christmas Greeting to All: A 1998 Musical Docu Restored | A Musical Profile of PLC Melburne
zhlédnutí 202Před 8 měsíci
Christmas Greeting to All: A 1998 Musical Docu Restored | A Musical Profile of PLC Melburne
A Climate Chat at Christmas Table: Can CO2 Warm up the Surface?| Independent Climate Research 231126
zhlédnutí 1,3KPřed 9 měsíci
A Climate Chat at Christmas Table: Can CO2 Warm up the Surface?| Independent Climate Research 231126
Strong Evidence for My Prediction: CO2 Emission Spectrum | Independent Climate Research 231113
zhlédnutí 2,2KPřed 9 měsíci
Strong Evidence for My Prediction: CO2 Emission Spectrum | Independent Climate Research 231113
Why Is the 1st Satellite Observation Sidelined? No CO2? | Independent Climate Research 20231106
zhlédnutí 2,5KPřed 9 měsíci
Why Is the 1st Satellite Observation Sidelined? No CO2? | Independent Climate Research 20231106
NASA's Hanel Beaten by Planck's Friend Rubens | Independent Climate Reserch 27 Oct 2023
zhlédnutí 1,4KPřed 10 měsíci
NASA's Hanel Beaten by Planck's Friend Rubens | Independent Climate Reserch 27 Oct 2023
Virtual Cash Flow in the Latest Global Energy Budget | Independent Climate Research 231017
zhlédnutí 1KPřed 10 měsíci
Virtual Cash Flow in the Latest Global Energy Budget | Independent Climate Research 231017
Kinetic and Radiation Atmospheric Temperature | Independent Climate Research 9 Oct 2023
zhlédnutí 2,3KPřed 10 měsíci
Kinetic and Radiation Atmospheric Temperature | Independent Climate Research 9 Oct 2023
The House Swallowed by Clouds: Why Was Ramanathan So Sad? | Independent Climate Research. 231003
zhlédnutí 856Před 10 měsíci
The House Swallowed by Clouds: Why Was Ramanathan So Sad? | Independent Climate Research. 231003
Climate Change vs. Climate Stability: Is the Earth Drunk? | Independent Climate Research 230923
zhlédnutí 1,6KPřed 11 měsíci
Climate Change vs. Climate Stability: Is the Earth Drunk? | Independent Climate Research 230923
Is Hasselmann Hassle Free? | How Did He Know Humans Are Causing Climax Change I ICR 230914
zhlédnutí 3,7KPřed 11 měsíci
Is Hasselmann Hassle Free? | How Did He Know Humans Are Causing Climax Change I ICR 230914
6:42 English automatic: not derived from ideal gas nor... , but: "derived from ideal gas Law..."
Please choose English, not English auto-generated, in the Setting.
It is more likely that the primary temperature feedback is ice sheet albedo. See paper: Modulation of Ice Ages by Dust and Albedo. Which perfectly explains the ice age temperature cycle. Ralph
Why would anyone care?
Nice example of Carnot cycles!
Lately I came up with a horrefying thought that all those windmills generate a lot of extra moisture being caused by friction and so heating the air (action = reaction), that on it's turn stays longer in the air because the balancing out of high and low pressure systems is delayed by these very mills. Sounds like this has been happening lately??????????????????
Prof Yong - Neutral heating by auroral electrodynamics czcams.com/video/SYaEo7udAuA/video.html and measure physical quantities, including the line-of-sight Doppler shift velocity, emission intensity, rotational temperature, and column density. czcams.com/video/Yz-h-cDvPSU/video.html
I get the basics of black body radiation and the Plank curve. But how does an IR thermometer see a wall that's 20 meters away when the air is the same temperature?
Good question. As you noticed that an object is immersed in air, the diplayed temperature on an IR thermometer is close to the interface temperature where air has almost the same temperature as the object surface.
Sabina presented a complex subject in a simplified format to make it understandable. Dr. Yong seems to want to recomplicate it through semantic nitpicking.
NASA posted measured values for the gaseous planets temperature K vs pressure in bar excluding Mars as its atmosphere is just to thin. They showed the temperature above the blackbody temperatures in K calculate. At 1 bar Venus high from the surface was around 350 K, this from memory so i purposely shot high , Venus at the surface was 90 bar and about 738 K. Do not bother looking it disappeared about Feb 2021 with Biden admin. going 5 fire bells alarmist, they removed it or buried it
NASA posted measured values for the gaseous planets temperature K vs pressure in bar excluding Mars as its atmosphere is just to thin. They showed the temperature above the blackbody temperatures in K calculate. At 1 bar Venus high from the surface was around 350 K, this from memory so i purposely shot high , Venus at the surface was 90 bar and about 738 K. Do not bother looking it disappeared about Feb 2021 with Biden admin. going 5 fire bells alarmist, they removed it or buried it
NASA posted measured values for the gaseous planets temperature K vs pressure in bar excluding Mars as its atmosphere is just to thin. They showed the temperature above the blackbody temperatures in K calculate. At 1 bar Venus high from the surface was around 350 K, this from memory so i purposely shot high , Venus at the surface was 90 bar and about 738 K. Do not bother looking it disappeared about Feb 2021 with Biden admin. going 5 fire bells alarmist, they removed it or buried it
12:00 Zeroth law of Thermodynamics made of three close connected systems; A, B and C law based on pure logic, if A temp equal to C temp and they all close together thus B also have same temp. Earth ground is A energetic system, atmosphere which touches ground is B and who is C energetic system, Sun ? It not makes sense. If argument that ground over day not radiates EMW to space it is true, it sounds legit, but at night temp. drops anyway. Sahara desert without water to store immense amount of energy radiates energy back to space that been torched by sun at day time, hot ground capacity is not enough to keep nights warm. In Sahara sometimes drop to -3 Celsius. In Sahara desert biggest threat is cold at night.
I'm not sure exactly what it is this presenter is trying to prove. Nomally, at the beginning of a paper, there is an abstract that gives you an idea of what the paper is about. Maybe I'm missing something here, but it would be nice if the presenter was a bit more clear about what his theory is, and how it is applied.
He is saying that the ideal gas laws do NOT apply to the air near the surface. He is saying that diffusion of heat doesn't decrease local air pressure at the surface. He is saying that temperature change in vertical gradient is not the driving force of wind at the surface. He is saying that high pressure, high temperature air at the surface diffuses and this diffusion drives horizontal wind at the surface.
An addendum: it is commonly believed that warm air disperses and that as it does so that this creates low air pressure pockets at the surface, this is then filled by vertical deposition of air from above. Furthermore, this vertical cycling of warm and cold air forms a larger atmospheric structure of a cell, of which the earth has several of these cells, the lines between them forming what we call the jet stream(s).
I suspect that for air density, one needs more than two measurements (temp and pressure) - the reason for my thinking in this is that air pressure is a combination of static and dymaic pressures, both of which are normally measured to gether with temperature to determine the density of air. - Now the velocity impact on pressure may or may not be of consequence for most weather observations, I would think that it is worth sizing the density error that could arise from the neglect of air veocity when measurements are taken
Out of phase due to dry hot air leaving ground (so low hot air from nearby will replenish the leaving air) to push against higher levels of air to increase the atmospheric pressure, perhaps? Different with humid hot air, I guess. That air would easier get into porous ground/soil and besides attach/cling their moisture to rocks, trees... to bring heat more easily into their core or layers. Then we have better levelling of temperature (lower gloobal temperature) with heat spread along a larger available area with humid air than with dry air. Mines and "underground activity" should not be closed to air passage. Relative humidity has been lower globally last decades (see humidity paradox). But more billions of buildings cover the ground each decade and make it impossible to water and air to enter right below the ground were levelling is important. Cool cores and earth layers by human activity could be the main reason of climate change.
you may be interested in the work of Makarieva and Gorshkov "Where do winds come from? A new theory on how water vapor condensation influences atmospheric pressure and dynamics". Their mechanism is through mass removal of water from the gas phase through condensation.
Interesting... I see now I could have adapted that to my own comment.
Thank you for recommending the paper by Makarieve et al.. It seems not unexpected that variations in surface air pressure can be caused by water evaporation and condensation in the atmosphere, but their analytical arguments are impressive. Still, whether and how the stored energy can be used to "accelerate" winds remain to be explored. What do you think?
OK, I'm going to follow this. Your opening question has me thinking. Thanks.
The plot before @4:20, it seems both temperature and pressure varies with about 10%?
The two diurnal percentage changes are, 0.7% for air pressure and 3% for air temperature, respectively.
I would also throw in humidity into the rho_formula; because 0 - 100%_rel_humidity makes a big difference in many air parameters, heat_capacity, viscosity, condensation, (speed of sound?), Light absorption, etc. Even density of H2O_vapor is lower than O2 or N2 or CO2 molecules at same p, T.; while the density suddenly increases when droplet condensation starts!
How does one prove or disprove an unreachable possibility?
Please explain.
@@WeighedWilson if temperature coincides with density, what is space and does space get denser closer to center of a galaxy? Kinda makes one think space as we know it is probably a local phenomenon
@@myalterego2878 space is very low density. Is the center of a gallery a black hole? If so, my guess is that it is hot.
@@WeighedWilson so how does one confirm or disprove something you can't reach?
@@myalterego2878 are you asking about the center of the galaxy now? Your question is too vague.
As a pilot, I was taught and I generally observe that 2000 ft winds (nominally and not in mountainous regions obviously) are isobaric. Variations from that are katabatic, thermal, etc. The closer to the land surface, the greater the effect of the boundary layer which generally results in less more variable wind which is usually backed in direction (N. Hem!). This obviously depends on the terrain. Over flat desert, the wind remains very consistent to a much lower level. The same over the sea. This is due to the lack of obstructions such as buildings, trees, etc. Generally at night, even over highly feature rich terrain (buildings, trees, etc), due to lack of convection, the boundary layer is much thinner and there are far fewer variations and virtually no turbulence. But, turbulence at a high level increases: light turbulence is very prevalent at around 35,000' at night (I notice this just as it gets dark at altitude and it reduces into the early hours) when the same route was smooth during the day. As the conditions at altitude are generally very stable, I presume this is due to the various columns of air realigning themselves vertically in relation to the troposphere as the air at lower altitude cools and contracts height of the columns at different rates causing increased vertical movement of air.
Thank you for sharing your experiences as a pilot. You mentioned "2000 ft winds are isobaric", do you mean air currents are horizontal, in the similar way how clouds move in one direction? Besides, I think the reason why turbulence shows up at night could be due to cooling at the surface after sunset, too.
@@yongtuition Yes, as in Buys Ballot's Law (if you are familiar with that).
@@Kefuddle In fact, William Ferrel theoretically derived it first. :)
@@yongtuition Ah! The chap who gave his name to the Ferrel cells!
I noticed that air density is one of important conditions for taking off and landing. I guess the density above an airport is also calculated by using the same formula, rho=2.89P/8.32T, 3:00, I showed here. Do you check air density regularly?
😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘
Hm, interesting.
This book has a chapter devoted to air pressure at 1 bar and 0.1, showing the temperatures above the Blackbody temperatures for the 7 gaseous planets. Mars was left out due to even lower surface pressure. The graphic and values of pressure in Bar vs K is from a NASA publication that has since disappeared from the NASA site or has been buried because this raised questions about the CO2 narrative. The book is found on Amazon in Kindle format, and I found a newly printed paperback copy by searching the internet. It was first published 2011, also available in Google ebooks. This book is an elementary treatment in terms of math, but it does show in detail how calculations are made and explains radiative transport, and it has many examples. BOOK: " Slaying the Sky Dragon - Death of the Greenhouse Gas Theory Kindle Edition by John O'Sullivan (Author), & 7 more Format: Kindle Edition Even before publication, Slaying the Sky Dragon was destined to be the benchmark for future generations of climate researchers. This is the world's first and only full volume refutation of the greenhouse gas theory of man-made global warming. Nine leading international experts methodically expose how willful fakery and outright incompetence were hidden within the politicized realm of government climatology. Applying a thoughtful and sympathetic writing style, the authors help even the untrained mind to navigate the maze of atmospheric thermodynamics. Step-by-step the reader is shown why the so-called greenhouse effect cannot possibly exist in nature. By deft statistical analysis the cornerstones of climate equations - incorrectly calculated by an incredible factor of three - are exposed then shattered.
This book has a chapter devoted to air pressure at 1 bar and 0.1, showing the temperatures above the Blackbody temperatures for the 7 gaseous planets. Mars was left out due to even lower surface pressure. The graphic and values of pressure in Bar vs K is from a NASA publication that has since disappeared from the NASA site or has been buried because this raised questions about the CO2 narrative. The book is found on Amazon in Kindle format, and I found a newly printed paperback copy by searching the internet. It was first published 2011, also available in Google ebooks. This book is an elementary treatment in terms of math, but it does show in detail how calculations are made and explains radiative transport, and it has many examples. BOOK: " Slaying the Sky Dragon - Death of the Greenhouse Gas Theory Kindle Edition by John O'Sullivan (Author), & 7 more Format: Kindle Edition Even before publication, Slaying the Sky Dragon was destined to be the benchmark for future generations of climate researchers. This is the world's first and only full volume refutation of the greenhouse gas theory of man-made global warming. Nine leading international experts methodically expose how willful fakery and outright incompetence were hidden within the politicized realm of government climatology. Applying a thoughtful and sympathetic writing style, the authors help even the untrained mind to navigate the maze of atmospheric thermodynamics. Step-by-step the reader is shown why the so-called greenhouse effect cannot possibly exist in nature. By deft statistical analysis the cornerstones of climate equations - incorrectly calculated by an incredible factor of three - are exposed then shattered.
My understanding is that Happer came up with a number with some high level math equation that indicated it is low #. No doubling of temp. Aka behaves logarithmically.
the obsession with average global annual daytime temperature is a stupid way to look at greenhouse effect. we should look at nighttime temperature fall off in dry and humid conditions. this would probably tell us water vapor has some effect and CO2 very little. We could consider the whole of the infrared spectrum of interest for about 300K as several resistors in parallel. Water vapor has resistance in all of the resistors to some degree. CO2 has resistance in only some. It doesn't matter how much CO2 obstructs heat transfer in its band, the heat will go out the other.
Thank your comments. Indeed, it is unrealistic to use a static description based on a few numbers to predict the future.
Backgorund Van Meer! I like this guy just for that fact.
Calculation is correct, but General Relativity (or a similar theory) is definitely necessary to correct it. Without a relativistic theory of gravity, you get half of the observed value. To be fair, Einstein himself initially obtained a similar result to what you have, before realizing his own mistake.
Go back to Wilhelm Weber, unification is then much clearer, there is only one force required to explain everything and it is a proper Newtonian force.
I thought they have measurements of surface radiation or have i been mislead?
Interesting ideas, as always. Here in Ireland the correlation of High and Low air pressure with temperature seems to be seasonal. In summer: H = hotter temperatures, little wind, little precipitation. L = cooler temps, windy, wet. In winter, however: H = cold temps, no wind, dry. L = milder temps, stormy weather, very wet.
In the days of sailing ships, variations in air pressure were the best indications of future weather. Hence their significance in modern weather maps.
If they could measure air density, they might as well have considered it, too. :)
How does your theory take account of cloud formation? Can it explain why it is often sunnier (less clouds) by the sea?
Formation of clouds is associated with phase change.
We can measure pressure and temperature with readily available instruments. Measuring air density is not so easy. I am not really convinced by this argument, because it omits humidity. This too is key. Moist air is less dense than dry air, because water vapour is less dense than nitrogen and oxygen. We can measure humidity also with readily available instruments. You can calculate density from these parameters that you can measure. But does it give any helpful insights? I suppose, it tells us the potential for air to rise. Whether it will form clouds requires another measurement: density of nucleation particles. Such as pollen grains, soot, aerosols etc. Really I think that cloud formation is key.
Yes, air density can be calculated given air pressure and air temperature.
Interesting, as always. And I see that my understanding of H and L on an isobaric map was backwards somehow. I thought H and L stood for high and low 'air pressure' as opposed to high and low 'air density'. Now I am wondering why the weather is generally warmer and better in H (high density) zones (per the weather reports) when that should mean colder temperatures rather than warmer.
No way air pressure can be a constant, that would surely make weather a constant...
I agree. But if you replace "pressure" by "air density" in your statement, it seem also true. :)
@@yongtuition if both are proportional based on Boyles law then both can be true.
@@yongtuition I personally see the atmosphere like a fish tank, the earth is a rock at the bottom, if the rock was removed and the water absolutely still we would have a constant. With a rock in place and kinetic energy that constant would become variables, currents formed and pressure and density would both be variables working according to each other. Time and horizontal distance also become factors.
I posted a comment, and you deleted it. It included a link to a graphic which was a plot of pressure versus temperature from METAR data at a local airport. Despite the fact that the result was not as expected it still needs to be explained. So I posted a link to a image sharing website. When you click on that link the browser (firefox) incorrectly indicates that you are leaving this website. That is not what happens. A new tab opens up with the graphic, and you can switch back and forth from this site to the graphic to read text and look at the graphic. When you close the new tab with the graphic, you are right back here. I don't know any other way to share graphic information in a comment here. Do you have any suggestions?
If you have a relevant reference or website, you can email me. Thamk you.
In incompressible flows, the pressure doesn't appear at all as a term in a simulation. It's subsumed in div.V = 0, i.e., take the solenoidal part of the result of pure convection at each step.
That's right for water, but air is compressible. The question here is whether the air density or air pressure matters close to the surface, or whter their contributions to wind formation are indistinguishable.
Wind doesn't start at the surface. A pilot's rule (N. Hemisphere) is that the winds aloft are coming from 45 degrees further to the right than surface winds. Why is that? It's surface drag (turbulence transfers x momentum in the y direction etc). As a result of that slowdown, the surface winds slow and head towards the low pressure center (away from the high pressure center, same thing) instead of circling it as it does aloft. The circle aloft is either held by a pressure gradient (around a low) or coriolis (around a high). Loss of speed leads to fleeing or entering the pressure centers as these forces fail circling. Side effects: lows fill in from the bottom, raising the centers and condensing water, which further enhances by temperature elevation the rising center of lows; and highs fill from the top (empty from the bottom) resulting in dry colder air there, maintaining the high. As 2D vortices, highs bounce off lows; and highs merge with highs, and lows merge with lows. Merging is due to shear flow instability. Once it all starts, it's self-stabilizing until the large 2D vortices kink and themselves go to turbulence and it starts over elsewhere. Just my big picture.
@@yclept9 Thank you for sharing your ideas. I think wind can form whenever air density distribution is not uniform, irrespective of where.
Dichte( rho)=m/V ist äquivalent zu V=m/Dichte.
Durch die Erddrehung und die diversen Gravitationskräfte sowie die Reibung mit dem Untergrund verschiebt sich die Lufthulle direkt uber dem Boden. Winde und Windzellen entstehen.
Yes. Vertical PGF is alwyas there. This proposal is about how air starts moving near the surface, say lower than 200 m.
Ein Wetterphänomen ist mir immer noch nicht klar: die örtlich sehr begrenzte Böe. Wind fließt durch Druckunterschiede, immer von hohem Druck zu niedrigem. Das heißt, der Raum, in den die Böe "einschlägt", muß vorher plötzlich rapide an Druck verlieren. Warum das?
@@fuerLutzi This indicates the notion of pressure gradience force is the driver for air currents is problematic. I will show more observational evidence for my density-gradient hypothesis in relation to advection-diffusion mechanism.
@@fuerLutzi Luft kann durch plötzliche Kondensation von Wasser stark an Teilchedichte verlieren. Es entstehen massereiche Wassermolekülcluster die weniger Gasraum beanspruchen. Zudem wird bei der Verclusterung entsprechende Bibdungsenergie abgestrahlt, die benachbarte Lufträume erwärmen können, welche dann eine höhere Dicht aufweisen, insofern sich die erwärmten Moleküle schneller bewegen. Damit wird der Dichteunterschied groß genug, um eine Boe auszulösen. So denke ich mir das.
Die Dichte der Luft hängt von ihrem Wasseranteil ab.
Es liegt also an der Diffusion?
Well, the skies are being sprayed to control weather and creat precipitation.
@@yongtuition Vielleicht die Verdampfung von Meerwasser und sonstigem Wasser mit anschließender dichtebedingter Kovektion. Die zusätzliche Energie durch die Sonne bringt eine weitere Verringerung der Dichte warmer, feuchter Luft....Das ist eher Diffusion großer Luftpakete.
Yes, I watched that one and felt there was something incorrect. I love my "waste" heat in the winter! It'll eventually radiate and convect away, sending me back to the energy vendor.
My understanding has been that low pressure means that relatively warm (and so less dense) moist air is rising versus high pressure where cold and therefore dense dry air from the stratosphere is of course descending and in doing so these air masses moving across the surface of the earth are influenced by the coriolis and centrifugal forces as well as local topography. So yes, understanding air pressure and the movement of these air-masses is crucial to understanding weather. I'm looking forward to more of Dr Yong's insights
I live in Ireland. Id love to see high pressure zones ( H) coming in. Contrary to Yongs presentation, H means HIGHER temperatures, especially in summer. Low (L) means LOWER temperatures, more clouds, more rain, often brings closer isobars and higher wind speeds. From Ireland you can spot the usual summer H over the european continent while we get the westerlies w depression and shite weather. One consolation only: it's worse in Scotland..😁
That's interesting. I did mention that isobars and isothems are not always "in phase" as two types of the atmosphere exist, i.e. baroropic and baroclinic. Things can become complicated if one takes vertical variations into account, such as cold core low and cold core high.
Ein Winterhoch ist eisigkalt, ein Sommerhoch trocken heiß. Der fehlende Wasseranteil, die Trockenheit der Luft lässt Strahlung in jede Richtung ungehindert durch. Wustennachte sind bekanntlich auch sehr kalt. Es gibt da nur 0,3% Wärmeenergie Speicher des Wasser in der Luft. Zu den nur 0,04% des Nichtdipolmolekülsit kleinen Absorptionsbereichen (Wikipedia Treibhauseffekt, Absorptionsdiagramme) kann sich jeder seine eigenen Gedanken machen.
You don't understand sh!t. Go away.
This looks logical and interesting. my question is, how does the air mass affect the constant density curves?
Thank you. The distribution of dry air density is determined by pressure and temperature, irrespective of molar mass.
@@yongtuition Thank you. Can this be used to approximate the behavior of aerosol particles in air
Another interesting but counter-intuitive factor in atmospheric behavior is that wet air is less dense than dry air. The molecular weight of water is 18; air is 29 (average). This can result in gravity convection (vertical). BTW, speed of sound only depends on temperature.
I'm no chemist, so what's the reason? I thought water 'liked' water and an H20 molecule is much more dense than 2x H's and one 0 floating around alone along with the other atm. gases? Is H20 actually repulsive as a molecule until you reach some density tipping point?
@@schalkvandermerwe3838H2O Moleküle sind Dipole, die sich gerne unter Bildung von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen anziehen und dabei die entsprechenden Energie abstrahlen. Deshalb erzeugen sich bildende Regenwolken eine Konvektion.
@@schalkvandermerwe3838 Your question is quite reasonable, and that's why I said upfront that this is counter-intuitive. At a given pressure and temperature, a fixed volume of gas has a fixed number of molecules independent of their composition. Air is primarily nitrogen and oxygen. Each of those elements have gas molecules comprised of 2 atoms. For instance, nitrogen has and atomic weight of 14; therefore, a nitrogen molecule (N2) has a molecular weight of 28. Likewise, oxygen's molecular weight is 32. Now, consider for instance a volume that contains 8 nitrogen and 2 oxygen molecules; its weight will be 8x28 + 2x32 = 288. If we add a water molecule (molecular weight = 18), we must remove either a nitrogen of oxygen molecule since the fixed volume can contain only 10 molecules. If the molecule that we removed is nitrogen, then the weight in that fixed volume will become 7x28 + 2x32 + 1x18 = 278. So, that volume now weighs less; so, it is less dense.
Speed of light also depends on density, i assume that also means temperature... i think 30mph was about the slowest... i think we may solve the claimed climate issue and time travel on here... why go t o the speed of light / sound when you can bring those speeds to you...
@@schalkvandermerwe3838 Water molecules do attract one another (because the oxygen end of the bent water molecule is negatively charged, and the two hydrogen atoms are positively charged, which produces some attraction between them, and also, more importantly, "hydrogen bonding" can occur between molecule, increasing the attraction, thus: H2O + H2O <-> H3O+ + HO-. Those attractions are the reason water has such a high boiling point (+100C) - THAT is largely the consequence of those attractions, whereas another molecule, methane CH4 with a similar molecular weight but with no +ve and -Ve ends or H-bonding between them, (H2O = 18amu, CH4 = 16amu) has a boiling point of -161C. Gases condense into liquids when the attractive forces between them overcome the energy of motion of the molecules. The comparison between 2 H atoms and O atom is not appropriate since they do not exist in the atmosphere. The correct comparison is between gaseous water molecules with molecular weight 18, and O2, mol. wt. 32 and N2, mol. wt.28.
My subjective personal experience tells me that Highs and Lows do not directly relate to temperature, but cloud coverage. But my guess is that we have the whole thing upside down anyway. I suspect the driving force behind weather are the electric currents on a global scale (global electric circuit). E.g. for local thunderstorms it's not the air movement that causes high voltage and lightning, but the increased voltage and currents in that area cause strong winds. Hence it seems difficult to me to argue about density vs. pressure.
And one has to differentiate between seasons. Low pressure zones are corrolated w more clouds, so less sun. In summer, when the sun is strong L means cooler temp and H means less clouds and higher temp. In Europe at least. Westerlies and easterlies have a big impact. For temperatures it actually flips between summer and winter. In winter easterlies means cold, in summer it means hot. That's why in Ireland we get 'moderate' weather, meaning shite summers AND winters and a lot of rain..screwed by both sides. But at least we are not in Scotland!!😁
@@AegonCallery-ty6vy Exactly!
@@AegonCallery-ty6vy It appears inconsistencies exist in textbook descriptions.
There are 3 modes of heat transfer and diffusion is not one of them; "hot" air particles do not infiltrate volumes of "cold" air particles! "Isobar" means EQUAL pressure, not CONSTANT pressure.
In engineering we see the three modes of heat transfer. Please remember our assumptions we use with these three modes. But we also study mixing of gasses.
@@randytucker3083 I'm not aware of any branch of engineering that thinks there are N2 molecules sneaking into a parcel of identical N2 molecules and delivering a stash of heat or, perhaps, anti-heat. The mixing of gases relates to dissimilar species concentration gradients.
Air or gas temperature is the average kinetic energy of the molecules. The molecules do bit all have the same kinetic energy. If you introduce hot air into cold air, the average energy and hence temperature will increase. The hot air diffuses through the cold air and warns it.