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Nucleus Biology
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DNA and RNA - Transcription
#RNAtranscription #mRNA #RNA
SCIENCE ANIMATION TRANSCRIPT: Now, that we've covered DNA replication, let's talk about Transcription. The first thing you need to know is that transcription has nothing to do with cell replication processes, such as DNA replication, mitosis, or cell division. So what is transcription and why is it necessary? Well, transcription is the first step in the process of using the genetic code in DNA to synthesize or build all the different proteins in your body. One problem with synthesizing these proteins is that the instructions for making them are in the DNA, which is located inside the nucleus. But the place proteins are always made is outside the nucleus, either in the ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm, or in the ribosomes embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. So, how does the genetic code for synthesizing proteins get from the DNA to the ribosome? DNA uses a messenger called messenger RNA or mRNA to carry the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome. The process of building this messenger RNA is called Transcription. Now, let's see how transcription happens. Transcription begins when an enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to a segment of DNA called a gene. A gene contains the code to build a specific protein, which is a macromolecule made up of a sequence of amino acids in a specific order. And within a gene, the specific order of nitrogenous bases dictates the order of amino acids that will make up the protein. Each group of three consecutive bases in the gene is actually a code for a particular amino acid. As a result, each group is referred to as a codon. RNA polymerase causes a particular area of the DNA helix to unwind and separate into two strands. One of the strands, often called the template strand, is the side of DNA that is read or transcribed by the messenger RNA. The other strand of DNA, often called the non-template strand, isn't transcribed by the messenger RNA. So how are DNA instructions transcribed into messenger RNA? Well, using the template strand as a guide, RNA polymerase uses the base pair rule to assemble free nucleotides in the nucleus into a complementary strand of RNA. For example, RNA polymerase reads the DNA base thymine on the template strand then binds it to a free nucleotide containing adenine. This process continues with cytosine binding to guanine and guanine binding with cytosine. Remember though, RNA will never contain thymine. So, whenever RNA polymerase sees adenine on the DNA template strand, it pairs adenine with uracil. By using the template strand of DNA as a guide, the genetic code from the non-template strand of DNA has actually been transcribed into messenger RNA. When transcription is complete, the messenger RNA, which is small enough to fit through a nuclear pore, takes the genetic code out of the nucleus to the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis. The process of actually building the protein at the ribosome is called Translation, which we'll cover in a separate video. To summarize, transcription is the process of transcribing or copying the genetic code for building a protein into messenger RNA. A gene is a segment of DNA containing the instructions or code for building a protein. A codon is a group of three consecutive nitrogenous bases in a gene containing the code for a specific amino acid in a protein. RNA polymerase unwinds the strands of DNA in a gene. The template DNA strand contains the complementary bases that need to be read to generate messenger RNA. The base pair rule is followed when assembling messenger RNA. Messenger RNA is actually a copy of the DNA non-template strand with uracil substituted for thymine.
NSV16039
SCIENCE ANIMATION TRANSCRIPT: Now, that we've covered DNA replication, let's talk about Transcription. The first thing you need to know is that transcription has nothing to do with cell replication processes, such as DNA replication, mitosis, or cell division. So what is transcription and why is it necessary? Well, transcription is the first step in the process of using the genetic code in DNA to synthesize or build all the different proteins in your body. One problem with synthesizing these proteins is that the instructions for making them are in the DNA, which is located inside the nucleus. But the place proteins are always made is outside the nucleus, either in the ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm, or in the ribosomes embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. So, how does the genetic code for synthesizing proteins get from the DNA to the ribosome? DNA uses a messenger called messenger RNA or mRNA to carry the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome. The process of building this messenger RNA is called Transcription. Now, let's see how transcription happens. Transcription begins when an enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to a segment of DNA called a gene. A gene contains the code to build a specific protein, which is a macromolecule made up of a sequence of amino acids in a specific order. And within a gene, the specific order of nitrogenous bases dictates the order of amino acids that will make up the protein. Each group of three consecutive bases in the gene is actually a code for a particular amino acid. As a result, each group is referred to as a codon. RNA polymerase causes a particular area of the DNA helix to unwind and separate into two strands. One of the strands, often called the template strand, is the side of DNA that is read or transcribed by the messenger RNA. The other strand of DNA, often called the non-template strand, isn't transcribed by the messenger RNA. So how are DNA instructions transcribed into messenger RNA? Well, using the template strand as a guide, RNA polymerase uses the base pair rule to assemble free nucleotides in the nucleus into a complementary strand of RNA. For example, RNA polymerase reads the DNA base thymine on the template strand then binds it to a free nucleotide containing adenine. This process continues with cytosine binding to guanine and guanine binding with cytosine. Remember though, RNA will never contain thymine. So, whenever RNA polymerase sees adenine on the DNA template strand, it pairs adenine with uracil. By using the template strand of DNA as a guide, the genetic code from the non-template strand of DNA has actually been transcribed into messenger RNA. When transcription is complete, the messenger RNA, which is small enough to fit through a nuclear pore, takes the genetic code out of the nucleus to the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis. The process of actually building the protein at the ribosome is called Translation, which we'll cover in a separate video. To summarize, transcription is the process of transcribing or copying the genetic code for building a protein into messenger RNA. A gene is a segment of DNA containing the instructions or code for building a protein. A codon is a group of three consecutive nitrogenous bases in a gene containing the code for a specific amino acid in a protein. RNA polymerase unwinds the strands of DNA in a gene. The template DNA strand contains the complementary bases that need to be read to generate messenger RNA. The base pair rule is followed when assembling messenger RNA. Messenger RNA is actually a copy of the DNA non-template strand with uracil substituted for thymine.
NSV16039
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spent 2 hours on a 7-minute video. THANKYOU.
thank you very much !
I love this channel so much it keeps giving me so much knowledge !!!!!
🎉🎉🎉
CORRECTION: This video said that recombination happens in every tetrad and that this produces batches of gametes wherein every individual cell is genetically unique. This is not true. Recombination is rare, and most gametes are parental (i.e., not recombined).
Hi I am from Pakistan.This video is very informative and explained fantastically but there is a mistake that the word mitosis is used instead if karyokinesis.Mitosis is the overall process involving karyokinesis and cytokinesis.Karyokinesis is the nuclear division not mitosis.Mitosis is the overall process.But well explained.
Ribosomes
👍👌
it's feels awesome when you understand the whole lecture within 3 minuets
What is the policy of four daughter cell?
Bro please come back we need you
Wonderful videos for study helped me deepen my studies here in Brazil.
Maravilhoso vídeo, muito obrigada, sou estudante de enfermagem no Brasil me ajudou mudo para mais entendimento, gratidão e sucesso.
Hi sir I'm from india I want to create this types of animated videos can you please guide me which type of tool or application you are using.
Hi sir I'm from india I want to create this types of animated videos can you please guide me which type of tool or application you are using.
thank you so much sir
Anyone from pw 🤍🖤 🤚
Damn good video with great animation for any biology student to learn meiosis with ease . Cheers !
1:52- gene 2:12- code, codon 2:37- template non-template strand
Bro really just summarised what my teacher would take 50 minutes in 4 minutes love bro
اتمنى في شخص يقدر يترجم هذي الفيديوهات للعربية علشان الكل يقدر يشوفها وخاصتا طلاب السادس بالعراق
Where is chiasma here ?
I've taken this course over ten years ago and I'm brushing up for the HESI exam. I was confused about how DNA and RNA back then and now. After watching this with the animation, the fog in my brain has lifted. Thank you for your work.
Form India ❤
Any one aakash student
Thanks❤
seriously before this video i was confused about equational or reductional divisions 😂😂😂 wth finally I understand thanks bro
Outstanding! Thank you and God bless you.
كلش حلو 😞❤️❤️
And some deny the intelligence and power behind all this truly admirable demonstration of power and art exhibition from nanoscales to gigascales can't be without creator
better than 2 hours of fuckin shit classes
It's that easy.. I don't know why the books and teachers made it so complicated 😕
thankyou
guddabalga cheppinav ga sulliga 😊
This is an incredible simplified explanation and it's saving my life right now. Everyone else in the comments in Bio I, we will get through this 💪🏼💪🏼
شكرا
تمام اوكي
طالب سادس 😂
اوكي
I am crying 😭😭 this is so damn better then textbook language ..
للمعلومة طلاب السادس فعلو خاصية الترجمة بطئو الفيديو راح تفهمون❤
طلاب السادس وينكم ؟
انه😂
for every like this comment gets 5 Minuits s on super red vs blue
Beautiful animation ❤
طالب سادس بالانقسامات
who’s there from dhs schools
Thank you for covering the topic in such a simple and spellbinding way!
really enjoyed the video--so vivid and well-done!
Vert good explanation Thankyou !
Excellent content!
Any sose ???