Erica Calman
Erica Calman
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A Practical Guide to Entropy and Thermodynamics
This is an explanation of the three laws of thermodynamics and how they relate to entropy with an eye towards explaining various engine and heat pump cycles in the future. There's a few things I left out for the sake of modularity and brevity like discussing more about how work doesn't change the entropy but heat transfer does. The short answer is Temperature is defined as the change in energy per unit entropy at constant volume and work necessarily requires a volume change. Hopefully it makes sense, please ask questions if you have any.
Intro 0:00
0th Law 1:45
1st Law 6:55
2nd Law 9:10
Temperature 16:18
3rd Law 19:50
Entropy - Microscopic to Macroscopic connection 22:15
Boltzmann Factor 30:10
"Disorder" 32:42
_____
#physics #education #heat #temperature
zhlédnutí: 239

Video

Why Is There A Helium Shortage?
zhlédnutí 145Před 3 měsíci
Why Is There A Helium Shortage?
What Does Relative Humidity Actually Mean? Psychrometrics, Ideal Gases and Partial Pressures
zhlédnutí 88Před 3 měsíci
What Does Relative Humidity Actually Mean? Psychrometrics, Ideal Gases and Partial Pressures
2023 Recap: Factual Errors I Made and Other Thoughts
zhlédnutí 52Před 5 měsíci
2023 Recap: Factual Errors I Made and Other Thoughts
Dogfight Physics 101: Airplane Turn Rate vs Turn Radius
zhlédnutí 789Před 5 měsíci
Dogfight Physics 101: Airplane Turn Rate vs Turn Radius
Luminescence vs Incandescence
zhlédnutí 127Před 6 měsíci
Luminescence vs Incandescence
Visiting New Mexico
zhlédnutí 29Před 6 měsíci
Visiting New Mexico
Stealth and Electronic Warfare
zhlédnutí 213Před 7 měsíci
Stealth and Electronic Warfare
Mental Health In Aviation (and In Life)
zhlédnutí 40Před 7 měsíci
Mental Health In Aviation (and In Life)
How Rollerons Actually Work (Gyroscopic Precession)
zhlédnutí 217Před 8 měsíci
How Rollerons Actually Work (Gyroscopic Precession)
Why can't neutrinos be the dark matter?
zhlédnutí 129Před 8 měsíci
Why can't neutrinos be the dark matter?
Science and Science Fiction
zhlédnutí 60Před 9 měsíci
Science and Science Fiction
Gyroscopic Precession
zhlédnutí 243Před 10 měsíci
Gyroscopic Precession
More Depression (But Soon Angular Momentum I promise)
zhlédnutí 88Před 10 měsíci
More Depression (But Soon Angular Momentum I promise)
Being a Transgender Physicist
zhlédnutí 246Před 11 měsíci
Being a Transgender Physicist
What Is Condensed Matter Physics?
zhlédnutí 5KPřed 11 měsíci
What Is Condensed Matter Physics?
Mia Mulder and The Military
zhlédnutí 89Před rokem
Mia Mulder and The Military
Free and Open Source Physics Education Tools
zhlédnutí 118Před rokem
Free and Open Source Physics Education Tools
Palomar Airport: Why Landing on a Pile of Garbage is Awesome
zhlédnutí 2KPřed rokem
Palomar Airport: Why Landing on a Pile of Garbage is Awesome
I'm a Pilot (more pontificating on identity, I'll do a proper aviation video later this week)
zhlédnutí 99Před rokem
I'm a Pilot (more pontificating on identity, I'll do a proper aviation video later this week)
All Reactions Turn Mass Into Energy, Not Just Nuclear Ones
zhlédnutí 95Před rokem
All Reactions Turn Mass Into Energy, Not Just Nuclear Ones
I'm a Scientist
zhlédnutí 114Před rokem
I'm a Scientist
Sadly SmarterEveryday is Mistaken, Glass Melting is Not a Second Order Phase Transition
zhlédnutí 752Před rokem
Sadly SmarterEveryday is Mistaken, Glass Melting is Not a Second Order Phase Transition
Why Landing at San Diego's Airport is So Hard
zhlédnutí 4,3KPřed rokem
Why Landing at San Diego's Airport is So Hard
Parasocial Relationships 2: Electric Empathy
zhlédnutí 65Před rokem
Parasocial Relationships 2: Electric Empathy
Random Thoughts
zhlédnutí 11Před rokem
Random Thoughts
Violence: Why Contrapoint's Most Important Video is Also Her Least Viewed
zhlédnutí 987Před rokem
Violence: Why Contrapoint's Most Important Video is Also Her Least Viewed
Teaching vs Engineering part 3: I did an interview
zhlédnutí 29Před rokem
Teaching vs Engineering part 3: I did an interview
Flight: A Dream Made Real
zhlédnutí 29Před rokem
Flight: A Dream Made Real
"Excitons in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide van der Waals Heterostructures" (My Dissertation)
zhlédnutí 275Před rokem
"Excitons in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide van der Waals Heterostructures" (My Dissertation)

Komentáře

  • @ryanclark2585
    @ryanclark2585 Před 8 dny

    Nice nails bro

  • @bellphorion
    @bellphorion Před 8 dny

    But how did u get the jar of oxygen

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 8 dny

      A magician never reveals their secrets XD But no seriously in the Rocky Mountains drugstores often sell canisters of pure oxygen, supposedly for altitude sickness although I doubt it helps much.

    • @bellphorion
      @bellphorion Před 8 dny

      @EricaCalman but then us civilians can do simple oxygen science experiments! Woohoo! Neeto, much love from bc

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 8 dny

      Oh, I mean you can also get it from welding supply stores or make it half a dozen easy ways, do be careful with it though. It's safe if you do things properly but it is quite reactive.

    • @thomasmarsden1870
      @thomasmarsden1870 Před 8 dny

      He got it from the lorax’s O-hare air business

  • @UseYourBrain00
    @UseYourBrain00 Před 8 dny

    Good Explanation.

  • @dwaynevanmeerten9696

    This approach is not difficult at all. It just takes proper planning and execution. I will give you the perspective from an active airline pilot that flies into this location on a regular basis ( I just landed there two days ago). There is an ILS to KSAN but only to runway 9. We almost never do the localizer approach to 27 as we have the RNAV (RNP) Z approach that gives us vertical guidance. If you're coming from the north you'll join the approach at KLOMN intersection on the downwind leg. If you're coming from the east you'll join the approach from LYNDI intersection. In general you'll slow to 210 knots on the downwind. On base, you'll start extending your flaps and slats and slow to 170. SoCal will usually want you to keep your speed of 170 until REEBO or a five mile final. The approach is a bit steeper as it is a 3.5 degree glidepath instead of the usual 3 degree. For this reason the plane will not slow as easily (depending on what you're flying). You just have to plan for this and extend your landing gear a little earlier to get the drag required to get slowed while maintaining a 3.5 degree glideslope. The biggest threat is the parking garage that is just prior to the airport. For this reason, there is a displaced threshold. Again, this approach is slightly more challenging with the steeper glide angle, but by no means hard or difficult, even if you're doing the visual approach. It's all about energy management and using your drag devices at the appropriate time. In my opinion, landing at places like Orange County (SNA) or Burbank (BUR) are more challenging than San Diego to tell you the truth.

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 9 dny

      I mean it’s not that bad no but definitely a bit harder than average. Runway 9 and its ILS are seldom available, RNAV or GPS for 27 aren’t bad but are a bit steep and non-precision which is a somewhat dicey combo. Again, not super crazy but it presents a challenge. When landing here gets really hard is when there’s low cloud ceilings and a westerly breeze, which fortunately doesn’t happen every day but it’s by no means rare. Usually conditions facilitate either going visual well above MDA or an outright visual approach or if it’s foggy wind is dead calm and 09 can be used. Most days are either clear or overcast at about 1,500 ft with a steady wind from the west. That and dealing with both Miramar and the border but those aren’t a big deal just make the class B shaped weird.

    • @dwaynevanmeerten9696
      @dwaynevanmeerten9696 Před 9 dny

      @@EricaCalman Well, the title of your video suggests to your audience that is hard. It is not and many pilots do it everyday. I am very familiar with landing in San Diego. I do it all the time in various weather conditions in a real 737. I don't quite understand why you feel landing on 27 with low cloud ceilings and a westerly breeze is really hard. I don't know if you've had actually flight training or are a sim pilot only. As a suggestion in the simulator, try extending your landing gear a bit early and get slowed. SoCal will usually ask you to hold 170 knots until 5 miles from the runway. This can be done as long as you get your drag devices out earlier than usual.

  • @Hypex-rr5lp
    @Hypex-rr5lp Před 11 dny

    great video

  • @user-yr2nb4vr3q
    @user-yr2nb4vr3q Před 12 dny

    I feel like saying "we've proven the statistics used to prove the laws are sound, but there is nothing wrong with anything being a working progress"

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 12 dny

      I mean it depends on what you mean by "proven." The internal mathematical consistency of statistics is with few exceptions very solid. In so far as those pieced of mathematics "prove" thermodynamics, in the sense that the macroscopic laws of thermodynamics follow from certain assumptions about the microscopic dynamics of the system (primarily so called ergodicity of space and time) combined with the thermodynamics limit where the system is assumed to be infinite then yes. Those assumptions have a very solid body of evidence supporting them in the form of both experiments validating the macroscopic laws of thermodynamics and some experiments directly probing the micro-physics but nothing in science is ever "proved" the way it is in pure mathematics.

  • @d3admaub938
    @d3admaub938 Před 13 dny

    is life the only thing that can slow entropy

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 12 dny

      No, simple insulation actually does the best job of that. IMO there’s a lot more to biological life than just throttling the increase of entropy.

  • @SimpilotFSX
    @SimpilotFSX Před 13 dny

    I use RNAV(GPS) 27 or RNAV(RNP) 27 that have both horizontal and vertical guidance to runway 27. It works great in X-Plane 12 and MSFS.

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 13 dny

      Those are both options but they are considered non-precision approaches, as is the localizer/DME approach I was semi demonstrating. In both cases I believe the MDA is the same at 680 ft.

    • @dwaynevanmeerten9696
      @dwaynevanmeerten9696 Před 9 dny

      It works great in real life too. Highly recommended.

  • @clist9406
    @clist9406 Před 16 dny

    San Diego approach to 27 never made since to me , seems like it would be better to maintain altitude and 180 back and land on 9

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 16 dny

      So if the wind is dead calm or less than 5 knots that could work but landing downwind is always risky and combine that with the hill that makes landing on 27 so hard the margins for a go-around become dangerously thin. If the wind accommodates landing on 09 they just do that but sea breeze almost always blows in from the west.

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 16 dny

      and in either case you'd want to use the 09 ILS and approach from the west and if you got visual high enough I guess you could fly a visual pattern to land on 27 but using the 27 localizer and then the 09 ILS would never really make sense, and if you can do that you can probably do a visual into 27

  • @SampleroftheMultiverse

    People say I am just plucked guitar strings. But nobody can produce structures with guitar strings. Using My process I have made three component structures. I believe each of the component’s represents a field. I have to induce some energy in the middle field by using Euler’s contain column method for my ground state energy level. Then I compress it in my viselike press to raise to higher energy levels. I made the structure by adding a sheet above and below the center sheet. When I had compress the center sheet as much as I could, I would bond the contact points. The long duration and close proximity of the Sheets field to each other would be ideal in nature for bonding interaction to occur. it would be wild if you took some fields and bonded them together that be something. They say in engineering that trusses are built from a minimum amount of material. to me this shows how something as whimsical as a field can produced a condensed matter structure (if I am using the phrase correctly).12:52

  • @SampleroftheMultiverse

    This field model may be related to the your topic. czcams.com/video/wrBsqiE0vG4/video.htmlsi=waT8lY2iX-wJdjO3 Thanks for your informative and well produced video. You and your viewers might find the quantum-like analog interesting and useful. I have been trying to describe the “U” shape wave that is produced in my amateur science mechanical model in the video link. I hear if you over-lap all the waves together using Fournier Transforms, it may make a “U” shape or square wave. Can this be correct representation Feynman Path Integrals? In the model, “U” shape waves are produced as the loading increases and just before the wave-like function shifts to the next higher energy level. Your viewers might be interested in seeing the load verse deflection graph in white paper found elsewhere on my CZcams channel. Actually replicating it with a sheet of clear folder plastic and tape. Seeing it first hand is worth the effort. 8:36

  • @sputnik4321
    @sputnik4321 Před 21 dnem

    I love this video! Thanks so much for sharing! 🤠

  • @rupert7565
    @rupert7565 Před 22 dny

    What i took away from this was, that all almost all current day physicists are actually chemists.

  • @joba4817
    @joba4817 Před 26 dny

    Hi Erica! I'm a physics student at OSU and just found your channel today but your condensed matter video was extremely informative and I'm looking forward to more of your content. I'm really happy to see LGBTQ representation in this space.

  • @afreightdogslife
    @afreightdogslife Před měsícem

    Yeah, try that J-20!

  • @sercan31
    @sercan31 Před měsícem

    Demre Cemirel

  • @Friify
    @Friify Před měsícem

    Great descriptions! I'm a physics student in training, and condensed physics is where I want to go.

  • @FirstLast-Area52
    @FirstLast-Area52 Před měsícem

    👍🏼. The GTA V Online version of this plane is a lot of fun. No Gs nLess noisy 😂 👍🏼✌🏽

  • @spacefreedom
    @spacefreedom Před měsícem

    cool beast

  • @EricaCalman
    @EricaCalman Před měsícem

    Apparently these specific ones were used by the corona program but not the satellites themselves, rather aerial photogrammetry tests en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Grande_Photogrammetric_Test_Range

  • @dannychenski687
    @dannychenski687 Před 2 měsíci

    This is an underrated video!! Super helpful, and interesting explanations! Didn't know this was how the fields of research were divided. It's definitely gonna take me a while to decide between plasma, optical, condensed matter and nanotechnological physics though.

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 2 měsíci

      Thank you! Those are all good options but you have time, especially if you're still in undergrad. They all have their own merits and challenges but they're all interesting.

  • @EricaCalman
    @EricaCalman Před 2 měsíci

    1/W is not U, I need to write actual notes.......

  • @Ted_Youtuber
    @Ted_Youtuber Před 2 měsíci

    Just discovered this channel!, I honestly learnt a lot about helium..I have a question tho..Why dont we just suck helium out of all those balloons haha

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 2 měsíci

      Well welcome in then! As for balloons it’s basically because balloons are generally negligible in their helium use compared to industrial uses. In things like blimps etc they actually do pump the helium out when doing maintenance or otherwise grounding the aircraft for a long period of time.

  • @Lenax913
    @Lenax913 Před 2 měsíci

    I’m in San Diego rn and saw it

  • @jayronfinan
    @jayronfinan Před 2 měsíci

    My kids learn so much in this 10 minute video. Thank you so much for taking the time to put it together!

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 2 měsíci

      Thank you for saying so! I'm so glad they were able to learn something from it!

  • @bingusfungus2674
    @bingusfungus2674 Před 2 měsíci

    thete isva helium sgortage causr im breathing ig

  • @hehheh382
    @hehheh382 Před 3 měsíci

    before i wached any of this: the jim eagle joe junta sold off our largest public reserves to private buyer in the last 1-2 months. they probably pawned it off to outside the country from there.

  • @radwizard
    @radwizard Před 3 měsíci

    You haven't heard the news coming out of Minnesota.

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 3 měsíci

      It is a positive development to be sure, but it's still a finite resource that has to be managed carefully. Also it's early and discovered doesn't necessarily mean accessible.

  • @ahl.56
    @ahl.56 Před 3 měsíci

    as a physics student at uni trying to figure out what field to go into, thank you for this 😊

  • @sherryprice8906
    @sherryprice8906 Před 3 měsíci

    Love FAT Albert....signals Blue Angels about to show their stuff

  • @bhuvaneshs.k638
    @bhuvaneshs.k638 Před 3 měsíci

    New subscriber. Im from ECE Background. I got acceptance from University Wisconsin Madison for masters in physics Quantum computing. So i was searching about condensed matter physics. Beautiful video

  • @Gormbauer
    @Gormbauer Před 3 měsíci

    Watch Some More News, their content is informative, funny, and relevant

  • @ChuckDizzle04
    @ChuckDizzle04 Před 3 měsíci

    That is not how you pronounce the word cyan haha

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 3 měsíci

      Oh did I say Kay-yan lol?

    • @ChuckDizzle04
      @ChuckDizzle04 Před 3 měsíci

      @@EricaCalman yeah like the pepper so I was like wait what?? haha

  • @marcelamarques1868
    @marcelamarques1868 Před 3 měsíci

    would y'all rather a fake news sloppy fast video?

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 3 měsíci

      Not really but that's a false dichotomy. I want reasonably impartial investigative journalism but that's hard to come by these days. I mostly follow AP news and Reuters these days, they don't go out into the field that much but they're at least reputable and cover a wide range of topics.

  • @VietTran-lg4dh
    @VietTran-lg4dh Před 3 měsíci

    Hilarious intro and great detail into the Condensed Matter Physics field. I had no idea what it was prior to watching your video! You may have just changed my academic path! Lol

  • @johnhanson9245
    @johnhanson9245 Před 3 měsíci

    You mentioned that 2 red and 2 white lights mean you are on a proper decent rate...Not correct...It means you are on proper Glide Slope...To maintain proper glide slope you have to be on glide slope AND have/maintain proper decent rate..ie. a stabilized approach..

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 3 měsíci

      Yeah I misspoke, on glide slope is more correct. Being on glide slope and on correct approach speed result will result in a proper decent rate and vice versa though.

  • @killkesscmbn
    @killkesscmbn Před 3 měsíci

    The Hornet does more than 7.5g it's software limited to 7.5

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 3 měsíci

      In terms of the absolute maximum the airframe can handle yeah it can go a fair bit higher but the probability of structural failure gets higher and higher as you exceed 7.5 g by more and more. I've heard you can jink it a touch above 7.5 with very rapid control inputs but the computer will quickly reduced the elevator deflection to get it back under 7.5g. The maintainers do not have a good day after that happens and are generally owed a case of beers haha.

    • @killkesscmbn
      @killkesscmbn Před 3 měsíci

      @@EricaCalman I would rather own the crew some beers if it prevents battle damage 🍻 the paddle switch enables the unrestricted 9g+ for the Hornet and I doubt any pilot would hesitate to use it if needed in combat. Is the viper rated 9g+ without limitations?

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před měsícem

      No but it can be momentarily pushed past it with aforementioned high g onset rate. The real issue in both cases is energy management. It's definitely worth it to over-g the airframe if it evades getting hit but you can't do it for long without bleeding speed and energy. The viper's big strength isn't the structural limit but the sustained g limit. I didn't talk about actual energy maneuverability theory in this video though, I will in the future.

  • @isoEH
    @isoEH Před 3 měsíci

    Take off, eh!

  • @tolgahk84
    @tolgahk84 Před 3 měsíci

    Another amazing video Erica, very informative. I love these videos of yours especially when you show the different experiments and diagrams explaining things 🙂

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 3 měsíci

      Thank you! I still made some editing mistakes but hopefully all the ideas are correct. I think I also missed a factor of two in the algebra but we'll just sweep that under the rug......

  • @enue3194
    @enue3194 Před 3 měsíci

    Slowed by 1 trillion times?

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 3 měsíci

      Yeah, thermal RMS velocity for O2/N2 at room temperature is about 400 m/s and to have the density be correct (at 45C and 100 kPa=1 atmosphere pressure) that cube would be about 15 nm on a side so to have the velocity right it is sped down about a trillion times.

    • @enue3194
      @enue3194 Před 3 měsíci

      Thank you for the info.✌🏻

  • @TheKrighter
    @TheKrighter Před 4 měsíci

    Thank you! I've been looking for an explanation of how the rollerons work and this finally showed me.

  • @tolgahk84
    @tolgahk84 Před 4 měsíci

    I hope to be landing there one day soon to catch up with y'all, first gotta deal with mum's medical issues though 😢

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 4 měsíci

      Someday! Also hopefully you get the runway 27 approach that takes you past downtown and over mango man's house, although coming form Australia is one of the few times you approach from the west since the shortest route to most places in Asia or anywhere far to the east but in the northern hemisphere is almost due north

    • @EricaCalman
      @EricaCalman Před 4 měsíci

      Although which runway is generally a matter of wind and visibility, not the direction you approach from so it probably will be 27.

    • @tolgahk84
      @tolgahk84 Před 4 měsíci

      @@EricaCalman unfortunately there isn't any direct flights from Australia into San Diego, on the west coast the flights only come into LA or SF, I'd have to catch a domestic flight down to SD 😉

  • @tolgahk84
    @tolgahk84 Před 4 měsíci

    Love it, the visual representation of the Otto cycle, when I was in high school our automotive teacher taught us a simple way to remember it Sucks(intake), Squeeze (compression), Bang (power/ignition) and Blow (exhaust) and he made a joke saying it was just like sex, our class full of teenage kids burst out into laughter hearing that 😅

  • @tolgahk84
    @tolgahk84 Před 4 měsíci

    That's so sick 😁 reminds me when I went to visit my aunt in Bandırma Turkey, my uncle was in the Turkish Airforce so they lived near the air base there, we'd see F4 Phantoms and F16's flying around over the city doing maneuvers like that and sonic booms all over 😅

  • @jeremypiper4309
    @jeremypiper4309 Před 4 měsíci

    He dropped it into 4th and let go of the clutch

  • @justinrandall9358
    @justinrandall9358 Před 4 měsíci

    This Makes Me Think Of Hong Kongs Kai Tak Airport That Was Also A Dificult Landing Because Of The Weather And The Mountains And The Water

  • @kk4ra
    @kk4ra Před 4 měsíci

    Thank you! I was debating if I should do a condensed physics minor as a chemistry major and you really convinced me to do 😁😁

  • @-droid-j7-225
    @-droid-j7-225 Před 4 měsíci

    Bro u just go older that’s it it’s not them it’s you that is just more mature now

  • @MypronounIsKing
    @MypronounIsKing Před 4 měsíci

    Awesome !!!!