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Jason Kendall
United States
Registrace 23. 05. 2006
I taught introductory Astronomy at William Paterson University from 2011 to 2020, and at CUNY Hunter from 2016 to 2018. In my years of teaching, I tried to make my class innovative and interesting, featuring unique assignments and activities. I've also created a series of over 100 videos covering most of introductory Astronomy. These videos are rigorous enough to be possibly used as a low-level, self-taught Astrophysics class.
Most of the videos on this channel are geared towards a full intro astronomy course. It contains all the content of a typical undergraduate course, and then some.
If you like what you see, please consider supporting me through Patreon.
Most of the videos on this channel are geared towards a full intro astronomy course. It contains all the content of a typical undergraduate course, and then some.
If you like what you see, please consider supporting me through Patreon.
Why Do Galaxies have a Redshift Proportional to Distance?
We know that the universe in expanding because of the fact that galaxies are observed to be rushing away from us in all directions. How do we know this to be true?
This is the fourth of the videos in my new series of Cosmology. I'm going through Dr. Barbara Ryden's textbook "Introduction to Cosmology". If you follow along, you'll get a full upper-division undergraduate course in Cosmology. I used this textbook at William Paterson University.
This course will cover the current state of the science of Cosmology. To follow along, it'll be a good idea for you to ge to know your calculus. Here are the topics of this video:
Introductory Cosmology
Chapter 02: Fundamental Observations
Section 03: Redshift is Proportional to Distance
Some things covered:
Nearly all Galaxies Show a Redshift...
Does cosmic redshift happen by chance?
Does the redshift violate the cosmological principle?
How can we quantify the expansion of spacetime?
What are the Hubble Time and Distance?
How does measuring the rate of expansion give us the age of the universe?
What is the Steady State Model?
Why does the Big Bang win over the Steady State?
What's beyond the cosmic horizon?
NGC 1068: ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/nph-objsearch?objname=M+77
2MASS J18082002−5104378: The brightest (V = 11.9) ultra metal-poor star : www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2016/01/aa27456-15/aa27456-15.html#R52
The First Stars: A Low-mass Formation Mode: ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...785...73S/abstract
GOODS: www.stsci.edu/science/goods/
Textbook: www.goodreads.com/book/show/27287494-introduction-to-cosmology
This is the fourth of the videos in my new series of Cosmology. I'm going through Dr. Barbara Ryden's textbook "Introduction to Cosmology". If you follow along, you'll get a full upper-division undergraduate course in Cosmology. I used this textbook at William Paterson University.
This course will cover the current state of the science of Cosmology. To follow along, it'll be a good idea for you to ge to know your calculus. Here are the topics of this video:
Introductory Cosmology
Chapter 02: Fundamental Observations
Section 03: Redshift is Proportional to Distance
Some things covered:
Nearly all Galaxies Show a Redshift...
Does cosmic redshift happen by chance?
Does the redshift violate the cosmological principle?
How can we quantify the expansion of spacetime?
What are the Hubble Time and Distance?
How does measuring the rate of expansion give us the age of the universe?
What is the Steady State Model?
Why does the Big Bang win over the Steady State?
What's beyond the cosmic horizon?
NGC 1068: ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/nph-objsearch?objname=M+77
2MASS J18082002−5104378: The brightest (V = 11.9) ultra metal-poor star : www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2016/01/aa27456-15/aa27456-15.html#R52
The First Stars: A Low-mass Formation Mode: ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...785...73S/abstract
GOODS: www.stsci.edu/science/goods/
Textbook: www.goodreads.com/book/show/27287494-introduction-to-cosmology
zhlédnutí: 1 958
Video
Homogeneity, Isotropy and the Cosmological Principle
zhlédnutí 1,7KPřed dnem
The Universe on the largest scales is both homogenous and isotropic. What this means, and how we know it, are the subject of this video. I also chat about some of the philosophical implications of this amazing idea, plus adding in a couple personal biases. This is the third of the videos in my new series of Cosmology. I'm going through Dr. Barbara Ryden's textbook "Introduction to Cosmology". I...
Core-Collapse Supernovae
zhlédnutí 7KPřed dnem
Learning about the Stellar Evolution of massive stars, we explore the violent Type II Supernova. They explode when they try to fuse iron and nickel in their core, but cannot because these reactions and others near and past the "Iron Peak" have Binding Energies that are lower than for less-massive elements and isotopes. We examine Supernova 1987a as an odd example. When massive stars die, they g...
Evolution of Solar Mass Stars
zhlédnutí 2,7KPřed 14 dny
We trace the Sun's Phases of Life and detail what we know about Stellar Evolution. We watch the Sun as it finishes its Main Sequence life, becoming a Red Giant. At the end of this cycle, it will make a Planetary Nebula, and finish with a Degenerate Matter White Dwarf. I also talk about tiny stars: the Red Dwarfs. The Sun will live and die. What is the Sun's fate and the fate of stars with lower...
The Solution to Olbers' Paradox
zhlédnutí 3,4KPřed 14 dny
Olbers' Paradox asks the question of why the night sky is dark. This odd question leads us to some incredible understandings about the cosmos. This is the second of the videos in my new series of Cosmology. I'm going through Dr. Barbara Ryden's textbook "Introduction to Cosmology". If you follow along, you'll get a full upper-division undergraduate course in Cosmology. I used this textbook at W...
What is Cosmology?
zhlédnutí 2,4KPřed 14 dny
This is the very first of the videos in my new series of Cosmology. I'm going through Dr. Barbara Ryden's textbook "Introduction to Cosmology". If you follow along, you'll get a full upper-division undergraduate course in Cosmology. I used this textbook at William Paterson University. This course will cover the current state of the science of Cosmology. To follow along, it'll be a good idea for...
The Sun: Measuring and Understanding the Closest Star
zhlédnutí 12KPřed 21 dnem
This is the sixth lecture series of my complete online introductory undergraduate college course. This video series was used at William Paterson University and CUNY Hunter in online classes as well as to supplement in-person course material. Notes and links are present in the videos at the start of each lecture. To begin with, I chat about the bulk properties of the Sun, and some other interest...
The Solar Neutrino Problem
zhlédnutí 27KPřed 21 dnem
Here we learn how the Standard Model of Physics was tested, and how the existence of fusion in the core of the Sun was actually determined. This led to two Nobel Prizes, and a lot of dry-cleaning fluid down a deep, deep hole. This is part of my intro Astronomy class taught at Willam Paterson University and CUNY Hunter. Proton-proton chain reaction: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-proton_chain_reac...
The Realm of the Galaxies
zhlédnutí 18KPřed měsícem
This is the thirteenth lecture series of my complete online introductory undergraduate college course. This video series was used at William Paterson University and CUNY Hunter in online classes as well as to supplement in-person course material. Notes and links are present in the videos at the start of each lecture. Here, we learn about galaxies in the universe. The Hubble Sequence of Galaxies...
Energy Transport in the Sun
zhlédnutí 3,5KPřed měsícem
Here we learn how energy moves around in the Sun, and peek at the basic equations of stellar structure. This is part of my intro Astronomy class taught at Willam Paterson University and CUNY Hunter. Solar Convection Zone: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_zone Solar Radiation Zone: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_zone Convection: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection#Stellar_physics Radiative Transfe...
Colliding and Interacting Galaxies
zhlédnutí 1,2KPřed měsícem
Galaxies are not small compared to the distances between them. Therefore, they crash together over hundreds of millions of years, creating new stars and disrupting their shapes. This is part of my complete intro Astronomy class that I taught at Willam Paterson University and CUNY Hunter. This remaster tried to get rid of the background music so there’s some artifacts. Music by Matthew Huffaker ...
What is the Cosmic Redshift?
zhlédnutí 3,7KPřed měsícem
Edwin Hubble discovered the expansion of the Cosmos by seeking the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy. What is the cosmic redshift and how was it found? This is part of my intro Astronomy class I taught at Willam Paterson University and CUNY Hunter.
Active Galaxies, Quasars and their Evolution
zhlédnutí 2,5KPřed měsícem
What is the source of the power of an Active galactic nucleus or Quasar? We look at the Supermassive black holes that create these amazing objects. Supermassive black hole: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole NGC 4261: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_4261 Centaurus A: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurus_A Centaurus A: A New Look at an Old Friend: chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2014/cena/ Messier 87:...
Galaxy Evolution and Deep Surveys
zhlédnutí 1,6KPřed měsícem
Where the island universes come from and how they grow over time has been an important recent study. Galaxies start as small clouds and undergo mergers and collisions over their billions of years of "life". We see evidence for the changes in galaxies as we do what is called "pencil-beam" surveys, like the Hubble Deep Field and its antecedents. We see the effects on galaxies as they collide in c...
Groups and Clusters of Galaxies
zhlédnutí 2,3KPřed měsícem
Galaxies appear in groups and clusters. Their mutual gravity reaches out across unimaginably huge distances to pull them together over cosmic time. As a result, these groups are rich with interactions and varied appearances. We find monster galaxies that cannibalize others and we find the largest gravitationally bound structures of the cosmos. The Local Group: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Group ...
Big Bang Cosmology: The Origin and Fate of the Universe
zhlédnutí 15KPřed měsícem
Big Bang Cosmology: The Origin and Fate of the Universe
Dark Energy, Supernovae and the Ultimate Fate of the Universe
zhlédnutí 6KPřed měsícem
Dark Energy, Supernovae and the Ultimate Fate of the Universe
Cosmic Inflation and the Origin of the Universe
zhlédnutí 4,1KPřed měsícem
Cosmic Inflation and the Origin of the Universe
Formation of Large Scale Structure in the Universe
zhlédnutí 4,1KPřed měsícem
Formation of Large Scale Structure in the Universe
Why Does Cosmic Expansion Cause Redshift?
zhlédnutí 1,3KPřed měsícem
Why Does Cosmic Expansion Cause Redshift?
Cosmic Calibration: Measuring the Properties of the Distant Stars
zhlédnutí 6KPřed měsícem
Cosmic Calibration: Measuring the Properties of the Distant Stars
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: The First Three Minutes of the Universe
zhlédnutí 11KPřed měsícem
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: The First Three Minutes of the Universe
The Mass of Proxima Centauri b and Stellar Masses
zhlédnutí 1,8KPřed měsícem
The Mass of Proxima Centauri b and Stellar Masses
Eclipsing Binary Stars, and their Masses and Planets
zhlédnutí 1,2KPřed měsícem
Eclipsing Binary Stars, and their Masses and Planets
Hello! You keep mentioning gases in the suns atmosphere. Are they gases or is it all plasma? Thanks!
I somehow woke up to this on my phone this morning It put me in a very good mood, your passion and interest is contagious, thank you.
Homogeneity? Do you really want to assume the universe's gender preference and pronouns? Maybe they/them identifies as chaotic. Serious question: why do radio galaxies play such lousy music? This channel is the best.
Fantastic presentation. Loved it! Looking forward to learning more.
Hey you got on TV? That's awesome :) I have a question for you. Knowing what you know, having a sense of consciousness that understands these elliptical objects wildly whirling around us at terrific speed, while our planet itself revolves and orbits the sun... How do you comprehend your relativity? Do you feel like you are still - or do you have a connection to these motions that gives you a feeling of constant motion?
It usually depends on whether I had espresso or matcha that morning. In all seriousness, these motions are not physically detectable by your or my inner ear or other bodily senses. If they were, there wouldn't have been such a massive battle about them over the ages. It's a triumph of the abstraction of thought, and making the simplest possible explanation for celestial motions. Sometimes, flat-earthers comment on this channel with various "if I can't see it" or "I can't feet it" arguments. But they are always woefully under-imaginative. They really believe that eye-witness accounts are the Most Reliable Explanations, but they forget the "Monkey walks through a room of people throwing balls" experiment. Your eyes can be easily deceived, and that's only because of how we look for things due to 65 million years of evolution. Anyway, on a very dark night, when I watch the stars for a long time while at my telescope, I sometimes start to "feel" the motion of the Earth. And that's because I've become so dark adapted and have been standing so still in one place, that the stars' motions become the only thing I can clearly see move. Then, and only then, do you start to feel the wonder of the celestial motions.
@@JasonKendallAstronomer Thanks for your answer, I was angling for some kind of insight into your ability to tune into to those imperceptible motions merely from having them in your conscious cognitive repertoire of forces acting on us. I won't even comment more than this on flat-earthers. If I can ask you another question, do you think we are trapped here on earth and this local vicinity or will we find a way to travel astronomical distances in space someday? And, one more, do you think space is infinite or finite? I am loving your videos, hope you don't mind the questions.
@@user-pw9bh8vw4t I think that one day, if humanity doesn't do itself in with war, or retreating into ignorance, people will at least colonize the Moon and Mars. Getting to the next star will almost certainly be the purview of complex robots. The kind of people who will make interplanetary journeys on one-way trips will be of a singular character. I have no idea what that would be like, but if history informs us at all about it, it might be hyper-religious people longing for freedom of belief, and escaping dominant societal oppression. If that's the type that will willingly and eagerly go, then that's great. If I'm wrong, and it's others, that's great too. I really don't care who does it, where they are from, what they believe. It's that some group should do it, for the sake of all (whether that's their intention or not.) For fun, have you read the Mars Trilogy by Kim Stanley Robinson? He explores such people in great depth and compassion. It's great fiction.
@@JasonKendallAstronomer Thanks Jason. I'm wondering what if anything can be done to extend human life beyond its current miniscule span. Since the distances are beyond comprehension even at lightspeed Earth might collapse in the interim of arrival, if not return. I think our best bet may lie with some kind of quantum entanglement amplifier which supersedes Time and eliminates our need for using our physicality as a vehicle. No, I've not read that, I will look for it. In my own field of specialty making a new type of individual suited to galactic space faring is also of great interest. I am certain such individuals would have to be created through bioengineering if they don't emerge naturally. Thanks a lot for your time Jason, I see how much effort goes into all your videos and just wanted to show my appreciation. I am really enjoying them, thanks!
I love your straight-forward, well-informed approach without gimmicks and cut-ins or extraneous commentary. It really appeals to me as a novice trying to get a handle on astronomy, and I feel like I am learning a great deal from these videos. Thank you so much!
the Henry Daper colour chart for planet spectra you showed you could make out a pattern, eddies almost. then what if we had a coloured light source, for as many different pigments and each pigment a coloured light source, could these beams then focus on a single point? just a curious thought
The best teachers are those who have a genuine passion for the subject, and I haven't seen cosmology so eloquently discussed in such an easy to understand way since Carl Sagan.
don't red dwarfs live trillions of years Jason???
Yes, but, the universe isn't trillions of years old, so none have become "black dwarfs" yet.
Redshift is also proportional to age. The younger universe was expanding, but has it slowed down?
Audacity has free plugins that will help you get rid of that persistent annoying sound
I've remastered it, and you can watch it here: czcams.com/play/PLyu4Fovbph6e0oPk9ch3q2II9a8BT8gfL.html Also, I want to completely re-record it anyway, and that's in the works.
@@JasonKendallAstronomer Wonderful. Thank you for the time and effort you are putting into this content. It's very well written and valuable content. You do a great job writing in a way that appeals to the people who know the science well as well as the people who have never learned about it before. Keep up the incredible work (but only if you want to)
1100 views, and only 59 likes? Smash the like button for this guy!
Excellent lesson. Keep them coming brother!
Thanks! Will do!
Vesto Slipher sounds like a bad ass Jedi Knight
I know what’s at the edge!!
Bono?
You, talking about pasta. Me, getting hungry for some pasta.
Hi. This is an uniroinic, backhanded compliment explaining how pleasant it is to sleep through this lecture.
Great remake. Lemaitre was a badass
I REALLY enjoy getting into the actual formulas and do some maths! Such a pleasure to see it, as opposed to all the "popular" channels that seem to be scared to show any numbers at all
At 28:30 it says there is no energy produced above the core, but what about the photo sphere? I thought there was a type of fusion occurring somewhere around there, somewhere above the surface, where the solar wind is accelerated?
I love these videos from Professor Kendal, I feel like I've unlocked so much from the universe from his lessons!
Makes the presentation really clear. I like how light he makes it.
Gluons might act like little springs and bounce.
The sun voice
Love your content. Would love some degenerate stellar matter videos. Evolution of accretion into balls of neutrons and how they play a galactic role into the substrate of the galactic environment. What are neutron stars role exactly? How do they contribute?
This was a great episode, I love these early universe explanations, they always raise other questions in my mind however. I struggle with photons colliding as the Pauli exclusion principle doesn't apply to photons or gluons as they are massless. Hence we have lasers. Though gluballs seem different again. And weak force bosons require energy for creation, do they take it from the photons or from spacetime itself? Thoroughly enjoyed it Mr. Kendall, thank you.
1:41:45 "the sun takes 2 1/4 million years to orbit the milky way" Uh no. The sun only makes it 1% of the way around in that time. You have made an error.
Thanks for the catch! It's more like 225 million years, or a quarter of a billion years.
I knew you knew that, its correct later in the same video. Glad to help. 👍
Great ❤❤
What's the mass of a quark? Is it close to the size of an electron?
I've been wanting to write a blues song about neutrinos. "I must be a neutrino baby... cause you don't seem to notice when I pass through"
Big bang nucleosynthesis
The aliens would firehouse whatever they drink out of their nostrils and roll on the floor screaming with laughter, when they learn we call our galaxy “The Milky Way”.
I recall the time of the neutrino capture in Japan was off by several hrs from all the Western nations impacts. It was thought at the time that Japan had mistimed the event somehow. Now I don't believe that was the case. But probably as the gamma ray burst was emitted that further neutrinos were emitted at a different time. This should really be examined in the model calculations. Every time examination should be calculated in the model, which shows to me not every thing has been understood fully.
Very good videos, can you put them in series so as it will be easy to follow from the first to ......
Please look at the playlist in the description. Thanks!
Thanks for the history, very interesting by itself.
The time scale for these events go from billions of years down to milliseconds. Incredible to contemplate.
Definetely not recommending this as a go-to-sleep vid. It's too much interesting for the brain to just shut off. Thanks Mr Jason, you got my sub :)
Glad you enjoyed it
i love this lecture so much, i have listened to it more than 10 times and i understand it better and better every time
2:34:00 need this image on a shirt.
Dude.
What about direct urca process?
Why can people see northern lights with naked eye in Belgium these days? Is it the sun itself, or its magnetic field of our planet ?
I teach GCSE and A-level Astronomy and watch these videos all the time.
@Jason Kendall Thank you for explaining some things for me, so much to learn more
I just want to protest the megaparsec. I mean well all know the age of universe, and speaking in Mly and Gly just seems more natural. And while the light year is a unit tied to the 🌏, it is in a natural way. The parsec is also tied to the 🌏, it also involves a man made unit, the arcsecond. I guess the only truly natural unit of time is one over the Hubble constant…
This is awesome. I loved the detailed physics of what is actually happening step by step as a star collapses.
Hello from within 200Mpc of this broadcast!
Hello professor Kendall, I showed up to the “wrong” lecture hall again. You are seriously making me want to take an astronomy course, even at my age of 49….
You should read Aftermath by Sheffield. It is a great fictional account of Alpha Centauri do just this. Highly fictionalized but an outstanding read
From the nature of the universe to the birth of nature. Philosophy meets science. Jason, you’re a content machine!